基质金属蛋白酶8,C-反应蛋白,IL-6与胎膜早破患者绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系研究

目的 探讨胎膜早破孕妇血清中及羊水中基质金属蛋白酶8(MMP-8)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)及血清中C-反应蛋白(CRP)与绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系.方法 选择40例胎膜早破患者为研究组,同期正常40例孕妇为对照组,采用酶联免疫吸附法和放射免疫法检测MMP-8和IL-6水平,CRP水平测定采用数率散射比浊法,同时行产后胎膜病理检查.结果 胎膜早破孕妇羊水中MMP-8和IL-6水平明显高于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05);羊水中MMP-8和IL-6及血清中IL-6和C-反应蛋白在绒毛膜羊膜炎组差异显著(P＜0.05).结论 胎膜早破孕妇羊水中IL-6、MMP-8和血清IL-6、血C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平对诊断绒毛膜羊膜炎有临床应用价值.     

母血、羊水、脐血中MMP-9及其组织抑制物TIMP-1水平变化与胎膜早破关系的临床研究

目的探讨母血、羊水、脐血中基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)及其组织抑制物1(TIMP-1)的水平变化与胎膜早破发生的相关性,分析其作为一种新型的生物学标志物对绒毛膜羊膜炎和新生儿预后判断的临床价值.方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测58例胎膜早破母血、羊水、脐血中MMP-9/TIMP-1水平的水平变化,同时进行胎膜的病理检查.结果胎膜早破组母血、羊水、脐血中MMP-9的含量均高于对照组,尤以羊水中MMP-9水平升高更明显,而TIMP-1水平变化则明显低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).MMP-9的含量随破膜时间的延长而增高,尤其破膜时间超过24h增高更为明显.而TIMP-1则随破膜时间的延长而下降,尤其破膜时间超过24h降低更为明显.并发绒毛膜羊膜炎者其MMP-9水平明显高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎患者,而TIMP-1水平则明显低于非绒毛膜羊膜炎患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).胎膜早破组产妇所生新生儿Apgar评分≤7分者,其MMP-9的含量显著高于Apgar≥8分的新生儿,而TIMP-1的含量则显著低于Apgar≥8分的新生儿(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论MMP-9的异常升高及其抑制物TIMP-1的显著下降是胎膜早破发生的重要发病机制.MMP-9/TIMP-1含量变化可以成为一种新的生物学标志物用于胎膜早破并绒毛膜羊膜炎特别是尚处于亚临床感染状态的孕妇进行早期诊断,并有助于评估新生儿预后.     

羊水中白细胞介素-8水平与绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系

目的探讨胎膜早破孕妇羊水中白细胞介素-8（IL-8）水平与绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系。方法用酶联免疫法（ELISA法）测定62例胎膜早破孕妇和46例正常足月妊娠未临产孕妇羊水中IL-8浓度;病理检查两组分娩后的胎膜组织,确定有无绒毛膜羊膜炎。结果胎膜早破组羊水中IL-8浓度高于对照组（P〈0.05）,破膜时间超过24h其羊水中IL-8水平明显高于破膜时间小于12h内的患者,绒毛膜羊膜炎组羊水中IL-8浓度高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论胎膜早破及绒毛膜羊膜炎孕妇羊水中IL-8水平显著升高,可作为绒毛膜羊膜炎的早期诊断指标。     

IL-6、MMP-9、TNF-α在胎膜早破早产孕妇血清、羊水中的表达及意义

目的研究IL-6、MMP-9、TNF-α在未足月胎膜早破早产孕妇的血清、羊水中的含量及表达,探讨其与胎膜早破早产的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测30例胎膜早破早产孕妇（PPROM组）与20例正常孕妇（对照组）血清和羊水中的IL-6、MMP-9、TNF-α的含量,同时进行胎膜的病理检查。结果 PPROM组母血清及羊水中IL-6、MMP-9的含量均高于对照（P〈0.05）,羊水中TNF-α的含量较对照组高（P〈0.05）。PPROM组绒毛膜羊膜炎者血清、羊水中IL-6、TNF-α（P〈0.05）、MMP-9（P〈0.01）水平均高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎者。结论孕妇血清、羊水中IL-6、MMP-9、TNF-α水平与PPROM感染引起的早产有关,检测其水平可作为PPROM良好的预测指标。     

胎膜早破孕妇不同时段血清和羊水中MIF、MMP-3及IL-8的对比研究

目的探讨血清和羊水中MIF、MMP-3及IL-8的检测在胎膜早破的意义及与绒毛膜羊膜炎之间的关系。方法采用ELISA法分别检测75例PROM分娩组和70例非PROM分娩组的血清及羊水中MIF,MMP-3及IL-8的水平分布和表达,采用HE染色的方法确诊绒毛膜羊膜炎。结果 PROM组MIF、MMP-3、IL-8水平均明显高于对照组,PROM绒毛膜羊膜炎组MIF、MMP-3、IL-8水平均明显高于PROM非绒毛膜羊膜炎组。在PROM组中,随着破膜时间的延长,血清和羊水中MIF、MMP-3、IL-8水平逐渐增加。经统计学分析,各组间两两比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论 MIF、MMP-3、IL-8在胎膜早破的发病机制中起着重要的作用,MIF、MMP-3、IL-8与绒毛膜羊膜炎有密切关系。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9、白介素-1β与未足月胎膜早破的关系

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）与未足月胎膜早破（PPROM）及绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系。方法采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测未足月胎膜早破组56例、足月胎膜早破组38例、正常妊娠组30例孕妇的血清、羊水、脐血中MMP-9、IL-1β的水平,并进行胎膜的病理检查。结果胎膜早破孕妇的血清、羊水、脐血中MMP-9、IL-1β水平明显高于对照组,而且未足月胎膜早破孕妇的MMP-9、IL-1β水平亦高于足月胎膜早破者（P〈0.01）;未足月胎膜早破组的绒毛膜羊膜炎的发生率明显高于足月胎膜早破组（P〈0.01）;发生绒毛膜羊膜炎的胎膜早破孕妇的血清、羊水、脐血中MMP-9、IL-1β水平明显高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎的胎膜早破孕妇（P〈0.01）。结论检测孕妇血清的MMP-9、IL-1β水平可作为未足月胎膜早破良好的预测指标,测定孕妇血清、羊水的MMP-9、IL-1β水平还有助于胎膜早破并绒毛膜羊膜炎的早期诊断。     

MMP-9和iNOS在胎膜早破胎膜组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的: 探讨基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在胎膜早破胎膜组织中的表达及相关性。 方法: 选择2010年4月-2011年1月我院在临产前行剖宫产终止妊娠的孕妇60例,分为早产胎膜早破组(pPROM)、足月胎膜早破组(tPROM)和正常足月妊娠组(对照组),每组各20例,采用免疫组织化学方法检测胎膜中MMP-9和iNOS的 表达,分析其差异性及相关性;同时取静脉血及羊水,应用ELISA法进行MMP-9 定量检测;采用HE染色检测胎膜,分析MMP-9、iNOS与绒毛膜羊膜炎的关系。结果: MMP-9在tPROM组和pPROM组胎膜组织、母血及羊水中的表达水平均高于对照组(P<0.01),iNOS在pPROM组胎膜中的表达水平高于对照组(P<0.01)。绒毛膜羊膜炎孕妇胎膜中的MMP-9(P<0.05)和iNOS(P<0.01)表达水平均高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎,二者呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论: MMP-9和iNOS表达升高与pPROM及绒毛膜羊膜炎的发生相关;MMP-9和iNOS在PROM发病机制中存在关联作用。     

血清IL-6水平与胎膜早破合并宫内感染的关系

目的探讨血清IL-6水平与胎膜早破合并宫内感染的关系.方法选取胎膜早破孕妇46例(其中早产早破组22例,足月早破组24例),和产科门诊定期产检的正常孕妇50例为对照组(其中未足月对照组22例,足月对照组28例),用酶联免疫法测定血清IL-6含量,分娩时取部分胎盘胎膜组织送病检.结果胎膜早破孕妇组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎的发生率为52.4%(24/46).早产早破组与足月早破组血清IL-6水平相比无差异(P>0.05),但均高于对照组(P<0.05=),无论是早产早破组还是足月早破组,有组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎者血清IL-6水平均高于无组织学绒毛膜羊膜炎者及对照组(P<0.05=).结论血清IL-6水平升高可作为早期诊断胎膜早破合并宫内感染的指标.     

PCT、IL-6和CRP水平预测未足月胎膜早破患者并发绒毛膜羊膜炎及新生儿早发性败血症的价值研究

目的 观察联合检测PCT、IL-6和CRP水平预测未足月胎膜早破患者并发绒毛膜羊膜炎及新生儿早发性败血症的临床价值。方法 将2017年1月~2018年6月在我院治疗的70例未足月胎膜早破（PPROM）患者设为观察组,选取同期在我院产检孕周正常的70例孕妇设为对照组,根据病理检查将观察组分为绒毛膜羊膜炎组与无绒毛膜羊膜炎组,同时依据新生儿感染情况分为败血症组和非感染组。对比观察组和对照组外周血、脐血PCT、IL-6、CRP水平表达情况,并对观察组孕妇分娩后胎盘胎膜进行病理学检查以及追踪新生儿感染情况。结果 观察组孕妇外周血中PCT、IL-6、CRP水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;无绒毛膜羊膜炎组PCT、IL-6、CRP水平低于绒毛膜羊膜炎组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;联合检测PCT、IL-6及CRP诊断绒毛膜羊膜炎的敏感性为68.75%、特异性为93.75%、阳性预测值为97.05%;脐血PCT、IL－6、CRP水平在败血症组新生儿中显著升高,与非感染组新生儿及对照组新生儿比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 PPROM孕妇外周血PCT、IL-6、CRP水平较高,三项指标联合检测对绒毛膜羊膜炎预测价值高,脐血PCT、IL－6、CRP水平检测有利于早期诊断新生儿早发性败血症。     

孕妇血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1在胎膜早破中的临床意义

目的 分析孕妇血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血管内皮细胞粘附分子-1(CVAM-1)在胎膜早破中的临床意义.方法 回顾性分析我院自2016年3月至2017年3月收治93例胎膜早破孕妇临床资料,作为观察组;另选同期93例正常孕妇作为对照组.采取酶联免疫吸附法测定血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1,比较两组孕妇不同破膜时间及有无并发绒毛膜羊膜炎的胎膜早破孕妇的血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平;采用Spearman相关性分析胎膜早破孕妇血清CRP、TNF-α与CVAM-1表达的相关性.结果 两组年龄、孕周、产程、孕次、新生儿体重差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);观察组血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平均高于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组不同破膜时间孕妇血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平随着破膜时间而提高,破膜时间＜12h、12 ～24 h、＞24h的孕妇血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平存在差异(P＜0.05);绒毛膜羊膜炎组血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平均高于非绒毛膜羊膜炎组(P＜0.05);Spearman相关分析,胎膜早破孕妇血清CRP与TNF-α、TNF-α与CVAM-1、CRP与CVAM-1表达均呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 孕妇血清CRP、TNF-α、CVAM-1水平升高与胎膜早破密切相关,三者在胎膜早破发病中可能起到协同作用,及时检测其血清水平有利于评估胎膜早破预后,指导治疗.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.