反相高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸丁卡因胶浆中2组分的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸丁卡因胶浆中盐酸丁卡因和羟苯乙酯含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为C8,流动相为甲醇-无水乙醇-水-三乙胺(70∶15∶15∶0.05) ,检测波长为280nm。结果:盐酸丁卡因与羟苯乙酯的检测浓度线性范围分别为10～50μg/ml(r=0. 9997)、2～10μg/ml(r=0 .9999) ;平均回收率分别为100.82 %、100.16 %。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,适用于盐酸丁卡因胶浆的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分含量的方法。方法:采用Dismonsil(Dikma)C18(20cm*4.6mm,5μl)色谱柱,0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾-甲醇-三乙胺(77:23:0.02)为流动相,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为215nm,柱温:40℃。结果:所选流动相适用范围较广,耐用性好,样品中四种组分均能达到良好的分离度。可可碱、盐酸麻黄碱、茶碱、咖啡因的浓度分别在5.392μg/ml～53.92μg/ml(r=1.0000)、4.894μg/ml～21.24μg/ml(r=1.0000)、2.124μg/ml～48.94μg/ml(r=1.0000)、2.98μg/ml～29.8μg/ml(r=1.0000)范围内线性关系良好。可可碱的平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.5%),盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为100.5%(RSD=1.0%),茶碱的平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.6%),咖啡因的平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.7%)。结论:本测定方法简便、准确、精密度高,可有效控制复方茶碱麻黄碱片中四种组分的含量。     

HPLC法测定复方克林霉素乳膏中盐酸克林霉素和甲硝唑的含量

目的建立复方克林霉素乳膏中盐酸克林霉素和甲硝唑的含量测定方法。方法采用HPLC对盐酸克林霉素和甲硝唑的含量进行测定。盐酸克林霉素:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6×150 mm,5μm),以磷酸二氢钾-乙腈(55∶45)为流动相,检测波长为210 nm,柱温为25℃,流速1.0 ml/min;甲硝唑:色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6×150 mm,5μm),以甲醇-水(20∶80)为流动相,检测波长为320 nm,柱温为30℃,流速1.0 ml/min。结果复方克林霉素乳膏中盐酸克林霉素含量在90.2~901.6μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率102.3%(n=6),精密度RSD=0.53%;甲硝唑含量在12.9~414.0μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率103.1%(n=6),精密度RSD=0.01%。结论该方法简单,结果准确、重现性好,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法 。     

HPLC法同时测定复方可待因口服溶液中磷酸可待因、盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸曲普利啶的含量

目的建立同时测定复方可待因口服溶液中磷酸可待因、盐酸麻黄碱、盐酸曲普利啶3组分含量的高效液相色谱法.方法采用Hypersil-BDS CN柱,流动相为乙腈-0.4%乙酸铵溶液-三乙胺(30:70:0.2),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长257nm,外标法计算.结果线性范围分别是磷酸可待因125～1 000μg/ml,r=0.9999,盐酸麻黄碱75～600μg/ml,r=0.9996;盐酸曲普利啶18～140 μg/ml,r=0.9997.回收率分别为磷酸可待因99.9%、盐酸麻黄碱99.7%、盐酸曲普利啶100.3%.结论本方法分离效果好,辅料无干扰,快速,简便,适合于该制剂3组分的同时测定.     

HPLC同时测定糖足泡剂中盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的建立同时测定糖足泡剂中盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱含量的HPLC方法。方法色谱柱为Gemini C18(4.6×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈(A)-0.03 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(B)梯度洗脱;流速:0.8 ml/min;检测波长:282 nm;柱温:30℃。结果盐酸黄柏碱和盐酸小檗碱分别在0.77~15.40μg/ml(r=0.9999,n=6),3.51~70.20μg/ml(r=0.9999,n=6)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率97.9%,RSD分别为1.8%和1.3%。结论建立的方法简便、准确可靠,可用于测定糖足泡剂的质量控制。     

用RP-HPLC法测定盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶中盐酸林可霉素的含量。方法:采用Diamond C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相:0.05mol/L硼砂溶液(用磷酸调节pH至7.4)-甲醇(50∶50),流速:1.0ml/min,检测波长:214nm。结果:盐酸林可霉素在2～48μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),日内和日间精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,低、中、高浓度(11.608、17.584、41.501μg/ml)的加样回收率分别为(91.40±1.27)%、(97.55±0.93)%和(99.13±1.11)%(n=3)。3批样品中盐酸林可霉素的平均含量分别为标示量的(98.67±1.21)%、(99.90±0.44)%和(99.28±1.17)%(n=3)。结论:该方法准确、灵敏,重现性好,可用于盐酸林可霉素眼用温敏凝胶的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定维A酸霜中两组分的含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法同时测定维A酸霜中维A酸和盐酸苯海拉明含量的方法。方法 :色谱柱为LUNAC18 柱(250mm×4 6mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇 -磷酸盐缓冲液 (85∶15) ,流速为1ml/min ,检测波长为254nm ,采用外标法。结果 :维A酸、盐酸苯海拉明的线性范围分别为1 0～12 5μg/ml和10 0～133 5μg/ml ,回收率分别为98 7 % (RSD=1 1 % )和99 4 %(RSD=0 5 % )。结论 :本法可同时准确测定维A酸霜剂中维A酸和盐酸苯海拉明的含量。     

HPLC法检测减肥类保健食品中非法添加的酚酞和盐酸西布曲明

目的:建立高效液相色谱法检测减肥类保健食品中非法添加的酚酞和盐酸西布曲明。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.02 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(用乙酸调节p H至4.0)-甲醇(45∶55),流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温为35℃,检测波长为225 nm。结果:酚酞和盐酸西布曲明分别在10.77~107.70μg/ml(r=0.999 9)和11.15~111.50μg/ml(r=0.999 9)范围内,浓度与其峰面积呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.37%(RSD为0.73%)和98.97%(RSD为0.60%)。结论:本方法简便易行、准确可靠,可用于检测减肥类保健食品中非法添加的酚酞和盐酸西布曲明。     

连朴饮传统煎剂与中药配方颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量比较

目的:建立连朴饮传统煎剂(合煎剂)与中药配方颗粒(分煎剂)中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法并比较二者含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Diamonisl C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(50:50,V/V)(每100ml加十二烷基磺酸钠0.1g),流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为265nm。结果:盐酸小檗碱进样量在2.0～10.0μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9992);平均加样回收率为97.30%,RSD=1.22%(n=6)。结论:与传统煎剂比较,连朴饮中药配方颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量更高。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氟西汀的含量

目的建立测定盐酸氟西汀含量的高效液相色谱法。方法选用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5μm);流动相:四氢呋喃-甲醇-三乙胺缓冲液(取三乙胺10ml,置1 000ml量筒中,加水980ml,用磷酸调节pH值至6.0)(301060);流速为1.0ml/min;检测波长:227nm;进样量:10μl;柱温:25℃。结果方法的线性范围为55.17~165.51μg/ml(r=0.999 9);最低检测限:0.15μg/ml;回收率在99.9%~100.0%之间,重复性RSD为0.1%(n=6)。结论方法简便灵敏,结果准确可靠,可用于盐酸氟西汀的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.