关节镜下自体及同种异体髌韧带移植重建膝前交叉韧带的对比研究

目的观察及比较关节镜下自体及同种异体髌韧带移植重建膝前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）的临床疗效。方法自2000年1月至2003年8月，对58例外伤性膝ACL断裂的患者采用关节镜下分别以同种异体骨-中1／3髌腱-骨（B—PT—B）复合物（异体组28例）及自体B—PT—B复合物（自体组30例）进行移植重建，术后随访12个月以上，并对两组患者在肌力恢复、关节稳定性、膝关节功能评分、隧道扩大现象等方面进行对比研究。结果两组患者术后膝关节稳定性、关节症状均有明显好转，早期异体组肌力恢复较自体组为快。12个月时两组肌力恢复、膝关节功能评分、稳定性等比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0，05）。两组X线片均存在隧道扩大现象，异体组较自体组多见（P〉0．05）。结论关节镜下同种异体韧带移植重建膝ACL疗效满意，应用方便，副作用少，是自体材料的良好替代物。     

半腱肌股薄肌腱打结骨栓嵌入固定镜下重建前交叉韧带的初步观察

目的　探讨自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结、骨栓嵌入挤压固定法在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)的可行性。　方法　 15例前ACL损伤 ,采用自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结 ,骨栓嵌入挤压固定法镜下重建ACL。半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱预张力后 ,肌腱中间打结嵌入 12mm×6mm骨栓。经ACL导向器打入导针 ,用环钻建立股骨和胫骨隧道。胫骨和股骨隧道下 1 3的直径为 5～ 7mm ,股骨隧道近 2 3为 11mm。将肌腱从股骨隧道的近端经关节腔牵入胫骨隧道 ,将肌腱拉紧、膝关节屈伸活动 2 0次 ,使肌腱结和骨栓完全嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内。将 4股肌腱从胫骨隧道和其下方 10mm处分别穿出 ,交叉打结并缝合固定在骨桥上。　结果　 15例患者得到随访 ,关节稳定 ,功能恢复正常。按膝关节疗效评定标准 ,优 11例 ,良 2例 ,可 2例 ,优良率 86.7%。　结论自体肌腱打结骨栓嵌入固定法重建ACL为生物固定 ,创伤小 ,固定可靠 ,费用低 ,有利于愈合 ;可免除金属内固定物 ,术后不影响MRI检查     

同种异体胫前肌腱和自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带临床研究

目的:探讨关节镜下同种异体胫前肌腱与自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。方法:回顾了60例陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤重建病例,分为A组30例,B组30例。分别应用同种异体胫前肌腱(A组)和自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱(B组)重建ACL,A组平均随访29.4个月,B组平均随访31.6月。采用Lysholm、Tegner、IKDC、KT2000对患者进行术前和术后膝关节功能测试、评分,并用等速测试仪测量各组术后伸膝、屈膝、内旋和外旋肌力。结果:两组手术前后Lysholm、TegnerI、KDC、KT2000测试结果均有显著性差异(P<0.01);但两组间术后评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。等速肌力测试结果显示术后B组内旋、屈膝肌力较术前下降(P<0.05),而A组术后肌力较术前无明显下降(P>0.05)。结论:关节镜下采用同种异体胫前肌腱重建前交叉韧带疗效满意,不良反应发生率低。     

关节镜下应用同种异体胫前肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带临床分析研究

对32例前交叉韧带(ACL)断裂在关节镜下应用同种异体胫前肌腱移植重建治疗,术后平均随访24个月,所有病人术后无明显严重并发症以及病毒、细菌感染;其中1例术后切口渗液2周,经换药后愈合.     

异体移植解剖重建前交叉韧带的疗效观察

目的观察前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤后应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL后2～4年的中期临床疗效,探讨解剖重建ACL的可行性和必然性。方法自1999年9月至2002年10月,对15例应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACE的单侧膝关节ACL损伤患者进行回顾分析。平均随访36．9个月,对中期的肌力恢复程度、活动度、Lachman试验、轴移试验、Lysholm评分及X线片隧道扩大现象进行对比研究。结果大腿周径与健侧相差(0．976±0,119)cm。伸膝受限＜3°12例。屈曲受限＜5°13例。Lachman试验均阴性。Lysholm评分从术前(66．2±4．6)分提高至术后(89．4±3．2)分。X线片所显示的隧道无扩大现象。结论关节镜引导下应用深低温冷冻保存的异体骨-ACL-骨钮扣钢板固定法重建ACL,可以使ACL同时达到等长重建和解剖重建。在重建ACL方面,骨-ACL-骨更有利于ACL的功能恢复。     

自体胭绳肌腱与同种异体胫前肌腱重建前交叉韧带的对照研究

目的观察自体胭绳肌腱与同种异体移植物关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）的疗效与差异。方法将54例ACL损伤患者分为2组,自体胭绳肌腱移植组33例,同种异体肌腱移植组21例,均采用美国强生公司生产的Rigidfix及Intrafix系统固定,评价项目包括手术时间、发热天数、大腿周径患健侧比值、Lachman试验、中立位前抽屉试验（ADT）和国际膝关节评分委员会（IKDC）、Lysholm及Tegner评分。结果两组患者术后膝关节稳定性均较术前得到明显好转,除手术时间外,物理检查及功能评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论关节镜下自体及同种异体肌腱重建ACL都有较好的疗效,可根据患者的病情及主观要求灵活选择。     

关节镜下双骨道多股自体腘绳肌腱解剖重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下双骨道多股自体腘绳肌肌腱解剖重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的方法和疗效。方法31例ACL损伤患者,年龄18～45岁,平均27岁。在关节镜下应用两组骨道,用多股半腱肌腱在屈膝50°～60°位拉紧并固定重建前内侧束,用多股股薄肌腱在屈膝10°～15°位拉紧并固定重建后外侧束。结果31例患者术后进行3～13个月(平均5.2个月)随访,术后膝关节活动度均在正常范围。术后前抽屉试验和轴移试验均为阴性;Lachman试验:25例“-”,5例“1+”,1例“2+”。术后Lysholm评分为(88.7±9.4)分,较术前(47.4±9.6)分显著提高(t=3.14,P<0.01)。术后Tegner活动评分为(6.9±1.3)分,较术前(3.1±0.9)分显著提高(t=3.13,P<0.01)。结论双骨道多股自体腘绳肌腱重建ACL能够更好地恢复膝关节在不同伸屈角度的稳定性。     

同种异体植骨修复取骨区预防骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带术后膝前痛的探讨

目的探讨关节镜下自体髌腱中1/3重建膝关节前交叉韧带术中供区骨槽骨缺损行同种异体植骨对术后膝前症状的影响. 方法关节镜下取自体髌腱中1/3重建前交叉韧带51例,其中35例行供区同种异体植骨修复骨缺损,16例未特别处理. 结果术后随访6～12个月,比较两组之间供区的压痛、跪地痛以及髌股关节症状.植骨组膝前供区压痛、跪地痛的改善情况明显优于未植骨组,但是对于髌股关节痛并无影响. 结论关节镜下髌腱中1/3重建交叉韧带术中,供区骨槽行同种异体植骨可有效降低供区压痛和跪地痛发生率.     

腘绳肌腱结与骨栓嵌入固定法关节镜下重建后交叉韧带初探

目的 :探讨自体绳肌腱结与骨栓嵌入固定法关节镜下重建后交叉韧带 (PCL)损伤的可行性。方法 :自 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 5月对 1 0例PCL损伤 ,取自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱进行重建。根据移植肌腱的直径建立隧道 ,股骨隧道的下 1 /3和胫骨隧道的直径为 5 -7mm ,股骨隧道近 2 /3段为 1 1 -1 2mm ,股骨隧道呈倒置的酒瓶状。肌腱预张力后中间打结并嵌入 1 2mm×6mm骨栓 ,将肌腱从股骨隧道经后关节腔牵入胫骨隧道 ,分 2束在胫骨隧道穿出 ,交叉打结缝合固定在骨桥上。结果 :所有患者术后膝关节屈伸功能无受限 ,关节稳定性加强 ,抽屉试验阴性 8例 ,Ⅰ°阳性 2例。按照膝关节韧带损伤的功能评估标准 ,优 6例 ,良 3例 ,可 1例。结论 :自体绳肌腱打结骨栓嵌入挤压固定重建PCL ,方法可行 ,疗效可靠。生物固定有利于肌腱与骨的愈合 ,免用高值耗材 ,不影响MRI检查。     

腂绳肌腱结与骨栓嵌入固定法关节镜下重建后交叉韧带初探

目的探讨自体腂绳肌腱结与骨栓嵌入固定法关节镜下重建后交叉韧带(PCL)损伤的可行性.方法自2000年1月～2002年5月对10例PCL损伤,取自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱进行重建.根据移植肌腱的直径建立隧道,股骨隧道的下1/3和胫骨隧道的直径为5-7mm,股骨隧道近2/3段为11-12mm,股骨隧道呈倒置的酒瓶状.肌腱预张力后中间打结并嵌入12mm×6mm骨栓,将肌腱从股骨隧道经后关节腔牵入胫骨隧道,分2束在胫骨隧道穿出,交叉打结缝合固定在骨桥上.结果所有患者术后膝关节屈伸功能无受限,关节稳定性加强,抽屉试验阴性8例,Ⅰ°阳性2例.按照膝关节韧带损伤的功能评估标准,优6例,良3例,可1例.结论自体腂绳肌腱打结骨栓嵌入挤压固定重建PCL,方法可行,疗效可靠.生物固定有利于肌腱与骨的愈合,免用高值耗材,不影响MRI检查.     

关节镜下运用4股腘绳肌腱同期重建前后交叉韧带损伤

目的 关节镜下运用Intrafix和可吸收界面螺钉固定自体4股腘绳肌腱，同期重建前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）、后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament，PCL），评估其疗效。方法 ACL、PCL同时损伤的患者16例，关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为重建移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉固定移植物股骨端，Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定胫骨端，同期行ACL和PCL损伤重建术。7例行内侧副韧带修补，4例行外侧副韧带复合结构修复，2例行内外侧同时修复。所有患者按照国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee，IKDC）评分标准进行术前评估，均为D级。术前Lysholm评分为（36．5±3．7）分。结果 随访时间为12～18个月，平均14．6个月。终末随访时，IKDC总体评价：A级6例（38％），B级9例（56％），C级1例（6％），无D级患者。Lachman试验0～2mm8例；3～5mm6例；6～10mm2例（P〈0．05）。屈70°前后总位移0～2mm10例；3～5mm5例；6～10mm1例（P〈0．05）。屈70°后位移0～2mm12例；3～5mm4例（P〈0．05）。术后2个月Lysholm功能评分为（90．4±2．9）分，终末随访时为（93．4±3．5）分，与术前相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉、Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定股骨胫骨端同期重建ACL和PCL损伤，有利于早期积极的功能康复，膝关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

目的评估关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的技术和效果方法1999年10月-2003年12月共56例患者经关节镜检查证实为ACL断裂,26例伴半月板破裂,7例伴内侧副韧带损伤,12例伴后交叉韧带断裂。均于关节镜下行自体四股腘绳肌腱ACL重建术,采用Bionx生物可吸收挤压螺钉或钛挤压螺钉解剖位固定重建韧带。结果本组术后早期均未发生严重并发症。术后随访6-48个月,平均20个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分由术前45-80分(平均58.36分),提高至随访时70-100分(平均92.77分)(P<0.01)。国际膝关节文件编制委员会(IKDC)综合评定由术前异常(C级)14例、显著异常(D级)42例,改进为随访时正常(A级)23例、接近正常(B级)29例、异常(C级)4例(P<0.01)。56例患者中,52例恢复伤前运动水平,4例运动水平较伤前降低。结论关节镜下自体四股腘绳肌腱重建膝ACL具有手术损伤较小、术后膝关节功能恢复良好的优点,值得采用。     

关节镜下自体半腱及股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

 目的 探讨关节镜下以自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及疗效.方法 自2006年3月～2007年12月,关节镜下绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤39例.膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和生物可吸收挤压螺钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能.术后即行功能锻练.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,8～10周膝关节屈伸功能恢复正常.随访时间3～15个月,平均8个月.抽屉试验和Lachman试验阳性者2例,可疑阳性者6例;余患者均为阴性.根据敖英芳临床判断标准,本组优23例,良11例,中3例,差2例.Lysholm评分术后(87.6±4.6),与术前(45.3±4.2)比较,差异显著(P<0.01).结论 绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式.     

Arthroscopic intra- and extra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with gracilis and semitendinosus tendons

Numerous surgical procedures have been developed and used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patellar tendon is probably the most common graft used, but gracilis and semitendinous tendons present some interesting advantages: small incision, large graft when doubled, characteristics close to ACL, rapid harvest. We describe a combined intra- and extra-articular arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons which includes some original steps. The tendons are harvested, leaving the distal insertion intact, and sutured together. After drilling of the tibial tunnel, an over-the-top arrangement is formed, creating a groove in the posterolateral aspect of the femur. The tendons are then fixed with double staples in the groove, and their remaining part is fixed distally to Gerdy’s tubercle passing under the fascia, but over the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). This technique ensures sufficient strength in the graft and permits correction of any associated instability, because of the presence of the extra-articular portion of the tendons. Furthermore, the over-the-top arrangement reduces trauma and possible pitfalls related to tunnel construction and permits isometry of the extra-articular portion to be established. Forty patients involved in sports activity were prospectively selected and evaluated at a minimum 2 years’ follow-up. IKDC score and Lysholm score were used for clinical evaluation, and the KT-2000 was used for instrumental laxity measurements. Resumption of sport and time to that point were recorded as well as Tegner activity score. We had 92.5% normal and fairly normal knees according to IKDC score and only 7.5% abnormal knees. Mean Lysholm score was 95. Mean Tegner score was 7.2. KT-2000 showed a mean injured/uninjured difference of 2.1 mm. In all, 90% of patients resumed sports at the same level, 67.5% in 3–4 months and 27.5% in 4–6 months. The highly satisfactory results of this series with no major complications confirm the reliability of this techinque and the possibility of guaranteeing functional behaviour in the knee. Received: 5 April 1997 Accepted: 25 July 1997     

Arthroscopic-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the central third patellar tendon A 5–8-year follow-up

We reviewed 89 arthroscopically assisted patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions for chronic isolated injuries with an average follow-up of 7 years (range 5.4 to 8.6 years). Pain was present in 7 knees (8%). Giving-way symptoms were reported by 7 patients (8%). A KT-2000 side-to-side difference over 5 mm at 30 lbs was recorded in 12 cases (16%). The pivot shift was glide in 17 cases (19%) and clunk in 10 (11%). A 3°– 5° extension loss compared with the normal side was present in 20 knees (22%) and 6°–10° in 4 knees (4%). The intra-articular exit of the femoral tunnel was misplaced in the anterior 50% of the condyles along the roof of the notch in 10% of the knees. This positioning significantly (P = 0.003) increased the frequency of graft failure (62.5%) compared with the cases with a more posterior placement (graft failure 12%). An anterior position of the intra-articular exit of the tibial tunnel (in the anterior 15% of the sagittal width of the tibia) significantly (P = 0.01) increased the frequency of extension loss > 5°. Medial meniscectomy was associated with a 35% incidence of narrowing of the medial joint space, which was significantly higher compared with knees with normal menisci (9%; P = 0.04) or with medial meniscal repair (7%; P = 0.05). In conclusion this study showed satisfactory anterior stability (KT-2000 side-to-side difference up to 5 mm and pivot absent or glide) in 83% of the knees. This percentage increases to 88% in the knees with a correct posterior and proximal femoral tunnel placement. Accuracy in tunnel positioning is essential for the success of ACL surgery. Meniscal repair was effective in decreasing joint space narrowing and should be attempted when possible. Received: 15 November 1996 Accepted: 17 March 1997     

关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带合并半月板损伤

目的　探讨关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)合并半月板损伤的临床效果。方法　 4 8例患者全部在关节镜下完成ACL、半月板损伤的修复重建术。术前临床症状、体征包括 :膝关节行走痛 4 1例 ,膝关节不稳定感 36例 ,关节交锁史 8例 ,Lachman试验阳性 4 5例 ,前抽屉试验阳性 38例 ,外侧轴移试验阳性 2 4例。半月板损伤采用系列导管下特制长缝合针由内向外缝合法修复 ;ACL损伤修复采用半腱肌、股薄肌 ,闭合拉出微型钢板法重建 ,术后采用康复治疗。　结果　本组随访 13～ 6 5个月 ,平均 2 7个月。 1例剧烈活动后膝关节胀痛 ,2例活动受限 2 0° ,其余关节功能正常。Lyshlom膝关节评分 ,术前 5 8± 9,术后 95± 5 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　关节镜下同时修复重建ACL、半月板损伤的疗效显著 ,值得推广。     

A meta-analysis of stability of autografts compared to allografts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Allografts have recently become increasingly popular for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in the United States even though many studies have shown high allograft failure rates (Gorschewsky et al. in Am J Sports Med 33:1202, 2005; Pritchard et al. in Am J Sports Med 23:593, 2005; Roberts et al. in Am J Sports Med 19:35, 2006) and no meta-analysis or systematic review of allograft clinical stability rates in comparison to autog rafts has previously been performed. We hypothesized that allografts would demonstrate overall lower objective stability rates compared to autografts. To test this hypothesis we performed a meta-analysis of autograft and allograft stability data. A pubmed literature search of all allograft series in humans published in English was performed. Articles were then bibliographically cross-referenced to identify additional studies. Series inclusion criteria were arthrometric follow-up data using at least 30 lb or maximum manual force, stratified presentation of stability data and minimum two-year follow-up. Twenty allograft series were thus selected and compared to a previously published data set of all BPTB and Hamstring (HS) autograft ACLR series using the same study inclusion criteria and analytic and statistical methodology. IKDC standards of 0–2 mm (normal) and >5 mm (abnormal) side-to-side differences were adopted to compare studies. Normal stability for all autografts was 72 versus 59% for all allografts (P < 0.01). Abnormal stability was 5% for all autografts versus 14% for all allografts (P < 0.01). Bone-patellar-tendon-bone (BPTB) autograft normal stability was 66% versus 57% for BPTB allografts (P < 0.01). Abnormal BPTB autograft stability was 6 versus 16% for BPTB allograft. Hamstring autograft normal or abnormal stability rates were 77% and 4% and were compared to soft tissue allografts as a group which were 64% and 12% (P < 0.01). This is the first meta-analysis comparing autograft to allograft stability in ACLR. Allografts had significantly lower normal stability rates than autografts. The allograft abnormal stability rate, which usually represents graft failure, was significantly higher than that of autografts: nearly three times greater. It would therefore appear that autografts are the graft of choice for routine ACLR with allografts better reserved for multiple ligament-injured knees where extra tissue may be required.     

Tibial tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate changes in the diameter of the tibial tunnel over time following the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft in 44 patients. The changes in the geometry of the bone tunnels were measured radiographically during the immediate postoperative period and at time intervals between 3 and 36 months after surgery. The dimensions at 1 year were correlated with the 1-year clinical results. The distance between the sclerotic margins of the tibial tunnel was measured at the distal tunnel exis on the medial tibial cortex, in the middle of the tunnel, and proximally at the level of the joint line. The dimensions were calculated by using a magnification factor determined by reference to the interference screw of known diameter located within the tunnel. The position of the centre of the tibial tunnel with regard to Blumensaat's line was also measured. The average tunnel diameter at the proximal tibial exit increased from 12±1.9 mm (mean ± standard deviation) postoperatively to 14±2.2 mm at 3 months. The average proximal tunnel diameter did not significantly change from 3 months to 2 years, and then decreased to 13±2.4 mm at 3 years. At 1 year, most of the patterns of osteolysis were of the cone type (57%), followed by the cavity type (40%) and line type (3%). The degree of osteolysis was not related to the tibial tunnel position with respect to Blumensaat's line. There was no correlation between the changes in tunnel diameter and either the IKDC score or the residual joint laxity measured by a KT-1000 arthrometer. The aetiology of tunnel enlargement is currently unknown. Possible factors responsible for bone resorption include micromotion of the graft relative to the tunnel wall, leading to an inflammatory response in the tunnel, or stress shielding of the tunnel wall proximal to the interference screw.     

模拟重力下前交叉韧带的解剖运动学研究

目的研究模拟重力下前交叉韧带(ACL)的解剖运动学变化。方法本组21个尸体膝关节,比较在膝关节受模拟重力下,ACL前内侧束与后外侧束位移变化的差异;比较膝关节高度屈曲时韧带的位移变化。结果前内侧束最大位移为1.58mm,后外侧束为1.40mm。两束韧带的位移变化差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高度屈曲每增加10°,两束韧带的拉长都具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论膝关节受模拟重力时,ACL两束韧带起着不同的作用,高度屈曲受重力时韧带的变形显著增大。