血浆N末端B型钠尿肽前体对脓毒性休克心肌抑制患者严重程度及预后的预测价值

目的 探讨血浆N末端B型钠尿肽前体(NT-proBNP)对脓毒性休克心肌抑制患者病情严重程度及预后的预测价值.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,选择2009年8月至2011年8月入住北京世纪坛医院重症监护病房(ICU)的脓毒性休克患者102例,于入院1、3、5d检测血浆NT-proBNP水平,并记录当日急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA).根据28 d生存情况分为存活组和死亡组,比较两组血浆NT-pro-BNP水平及APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分;根据入院24 h内心排血指数(CI)分为心功能正常组(CI＞50.0 ml·s-1·m-2)和心功能抑制组(CI＜50.0 ml·s-1 ·m-2),比较两组血浆NT-proBNP水平.采用多因素logistic回归分析28 d病死率的独立预测因素.结果 ①死亡组(45例)患者APACHEⅡ评分(分)、SOFA评分(分)及血浆NT-proBNP水平(μg/L)明显高于存活组(57例,1d APACHEⅡ评分:23.8±0.6比14.3 ±0.3;1 d SOFA评分:12.4±3.0比7.7±2.8;NT-proBNP 1 d:4.13±1.05比1.65±0.26,3 d:5.32±0.93比1.87±0.29,5 d:6.90±1.33比1.23±0.19,P＜0.05或P＜0.0I).②心功能抑制组(47例)患者血浆NT-proBNP水平明显高于心功能正常组(55例),且两组内死亡者NT-proBNP水平高于存活者.③多因素logistic回归分析显示,1、3、5 d APACHEⅡ评分和NT-proBNP水平是28 d病死率的独立预测因素(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 动态监测血浆NT-proBNP水平的变化趋势有助于评估脓毒性休克心肌抑制患者的预后及严重程度;NT-proBNP与APACHEⅡ评分同样是预测28 d生存情况的独立指标.     

NT-proBNP对脓毒症患者的预后评估

目的评价N端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)对脓毒症患者预后评估的临床价值。方法选取2011年1月—2013年6月我院重症医学科收治的60例脓毒症,按患者入院28 d后的生存情况分为生存组42例和死亡组18例,比较两组入院2 h内NT-proBNP水平及入院24 h内急性生理学与慢性健康状态评价系统Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronichealth evaluation,APACHEⅡ)评分,通过建立受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线探讨NT-proBNP对脓毒症患者预后评估的价值。结果入院2 h内,死亡组NT-proBNP水平为(5873.24±1768.37)pg/ml明显高于生存组的(2170.45±625.28)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(t=2.660,P=0.015);死亡组APACHEⅡ评分为(26.47±5.32)分,也明显高于生存组的(21.54±4.35)分,差异有统计学意义(t=2.390,P=0.020)。Pearson相关性分析显示,NT-proBNP与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.509,P=0.003)。NT-proBNP水平和APACHEⅡ评分的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.730和0.715,两者评估预后效能相仿。结论 NT-proBNP对脓毒症患者预后评估有较好的临床价值,可作为脓毒症患者预后判断的一个参考指标。     

脓毒症患者降钙素原与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性探讨

目的 探讨脓毒症患者血清降钙素原(PCT)与急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及预后的关系,进而了解PCT对脓毒症早期诊断和预后的影响.方法 采用前瞻性方法进行研究,将北京大学第三医院急诊重症监护病房(EICU)脓毒症90例患者按照APACHEⅡ评分分组,测定患者入院后24h内PCT、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及乳酸的水平,比较PCT、白细胞和乳酸的差异.后再根据患者28 d结局不同(分为生存组和死亡组两组),比较PCT、APACHEⅡ评分、白细胞及乳酸的差异.结果 低危组患者PCT为(0.15±0.14) ng/ml,低于中危组(0.62±0.61) ng/ml和高危组(5.32±5.20) ng/ml,中危组PCT低于高危组,其差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).死亡组PCT和APACHEⅡ评分明显高于生存组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01);死亡组的白细胞和乳酸高于生存组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但PCT和APACHEⅡ评分更为明显.结论 PCT与APACHEⅡ评分具有较好的相关性;联合PCT检测和APACHEⅡ评分是预测脓毒症预后较为敏感的指标.     

老年急性心力衰竭患者血清NT-proBNP水平及APACHEⅡ评分与预后的相关性分析

目的探讨老年心力衰竭(以下简称心衰)患者血清NT-proBNP水平、APACHEⅡ评分与预后的相关性。方法测定97例ICU心衰患者血清NT-proBNP水平和进行急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ评分)。以APACHEⅡ评分10分和20分为界分为3个组别。比较各组与NT-proBNP水平的关系。另外将生存组和死亡组分别作血清NT-proBNP水平及APACHEⅡ评分比较。结果 APACHEⅡ评分21～30组血清NT-proBNP水平明显高于11～20分组(P0.05),APACHEⅡ评分30分组动脉血清NT-proBNP水平明显高于20分组(P0.05)。NT-proBNP水平与APACHEⅡ评分相关,死亡组NT-proBNP水平明显高于存活组。结论血NT-proBNP检测方便、快捷与APACHEⅡ评分结合,可更客观反映老年心衰患者的预后。     

急诊脓毒症改良死亡风险评分对急诊脓毒症患者危险分层的应用

目的 探讨急诊脓毒症改良死亡风险评分(NMEDS)对急诊脓毒症患者危险分层的应用价值.方法 连续入选海南省农垦总医院急诊科2015年1月1日至2015年8月31日急诊就诊并且明确诊断为脓毒症患者164例,随访28 d按照患者预后分为死亡组(48例)和存活组(116例)两组,比较两组患者入院后24h内NMEDS与急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分;并描绘受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),分析NMEDS与APACHEⅡ评分对急诊脓毒症患者死亡危险预后能力的比较.结果 死亡组患者在入院24h内NMEDS分值明显高于存活组(13.4±1.8)vs.(5.8±2.1),P ＜0.01;APACHEⅡ评分相比较,死亡组(27.4±3.6)分较存活组(17.6±4.1)分高,P=0.003;NMEDS评分不同分值28 d患者病死率:≤4分为4.5％,5～8分为10.0％,9～12分为19.4％,13～16分为42.4％,≥17分为66.7％.NMEDS对患者28 d死亡风险预测的ROC曲线下面积为0.788,数值上较APACHEⅡ评分曲线下面积为0.701高,但差异无统计学意义,P=0.056.结论 NMEDS对急诊脓毒症患者是可以应用的危险分层评分系统,在急诊临床工作中具有应用价值.     

脓毒症患者血清NT-proBNP水平检测临床意义的研究

目的通过动态观察脓毒症患者血清NT-proBNP水平,探讨其在脓毒症中的意义.方法47例脓毒症患者(进一步分为非严重脓毒症组25例及严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克组22例),一般感染组患者18例及健康组人群17例,分别测定各组研究对象于入院时、入院12h、入院24h、入院72h的血清NT-proBNP水平.并同时动态观察相同时间点各组的血清PCT、CRP水平,及测定入院时、入院1周的左室射血分数(LVEF)及评估急性生理和慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ评分).结果脓毒症组患者血清NT-proBNP水平明显高于其它一般感染组及健康组(P<0.01);血清NT-proBNP水平与血清PCT、血清CRP水平及APACHEⅡ评分均呈正相关(P值均<0.05);严重脓毒症/脓毒症休克组患者较非严重脓毒症组血清NT-proBNP水平明显升高(P<0.01);脓毒症患者死亡组血清NT-proBNP水平高于存活组(P<0.01);logistic分析及ROC曲线分析发现入院72h血清NT-proBNP对诊断脓毒症28d死亡有较高的准确性,对于评估脓毒症患者的预后有意义.结论血清NT-proBNP水平变化有助于评估脓毒症病情严重程度以及预后判断,可能成为一种新的临床评估手段.     

弥散性血管内凝血评分在脓毒症中的应用

目的 研究弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)评分系统与脓毒症患者病情评估及预后间的关系.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2008年12月本院重症监护病房(ICU)收治315例脓毒症患者的资料,按住院28 d的预后分为生存组(194例)与死亡组(121例).比较两组患者血小板计数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、凝血酶原时间(PT)及纤维蛋白单体的差异;用logistic单因素回归分析急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、DIC评分与预后的关系,评价APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分在脓毒症诊断中的价值.结果 死亡组PLT、Fib显著低于生存组,PT、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血时间(ACT)和纤维蛋白单体值显著高于生存组,且APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分显著高于生存组(P<0.05或P<0.01).APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分与脓毒症预后间均呈显著正相关[DIC评分:χ2=17.741,P<0.001,优势比(OR)=1.413,95%可信区间(CI)为1.203～1.659;APACHEⅡ评分:χ2=36.456,P<0.001,OR=1.109,95%CI为1.072～1.147].APACHEⅡ评分曲线下面积(0.706)高于DIC评分曲线下面积(0.611).结论 APACHEⅡ评分、DIC评分均可作为脓毒症预后的预测指标,但DIC评分对脓毒症的诊断和预后判断价值低于APACHEⅡ评分.     

急诊脓毒症死亡风险评分对急诊脓毒症患者危险分层的价值研究

目的 探讨急诊脓毒症死亡风险(MEDS)评分对急诊脓毒症患者危险分层的价值.方法 选取2010-03～2010-10就诊于苏北医院急诊室、拟诊为脓毒症并住院的586例患者,进行MEDS评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)和动脉血乳酸测定,记录28 d转归情况.通过Logistic回归分析评价各预测因子分值与预后的关系,通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对三种独立预测因子的预后能力进行比较.结果 586例患者28 d死亡54例,死亡组三个预测因子均明显高于存活组(MEDS评分11.5分比4.2分,APACHEⅡ评分24.9分比19.2分,乳酸4.8 mmol/L比3.3 mmol/L,P均＜0.01).MEDS评分≤4分患者病死率为2.7％,5～7分为4.7％,8～12分为13.8％,13～15分为30.0％,＞15分达60.0％,趋势检验P＜0.001.MEDS评分、APACHEⅡ评分及血乳酸的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.86、0.72、0.76,MEDS评分对28 d病死率预测能力优于血乳酸(P=0.017)及APACHEⅡ评分(P =0.008).结论 MEDS评分对急诊脓毒症患者是良好的危险分层工具,预测预后能力优于APACHEⅡ评分和血乳酸.     

儿童脓毒症N末端脑钠素原水平的变化及意义

目的:研究脓毒症患儿N末端脑钠素原(NT-pro-BNP)水平对判断脓毒症病情及预后的意义.方法:随机选取脓毒症惠儿(脓毒症组,103例)、一般感染患儿(非脓毒症组,55例)和非感染性疾病患儿(对照组,28例)进行研究.检测各组患儿NT-pro-BNP水平及变化,分析脓毒症患儿APACHEⅡ评分,探讨NT-pro-BNP水平变化及其与APACHEⅡ评分的关系,探讨不同预后患儿NT-pro-BNP水平的差异.结果:脓毒症组患儿NT-pro-BNP水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.01)及非脓毒症组(P＜0.0l).非脓毒症组及脓毒症组患儿随着治疗进展,NT-pro-BNP水平逐渐降低(P＜ 0.01).NT-pro-BNP与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(P＜0.05),并发MODS的患者及死亡患者NT-pro-BNP水平明显增高,NT-pro-BNP水平与28d生存状况及MODS发生率相关.结论:血浆NT-pro-BNP水平可以作为小儿脓毒症病情严重程度及预后的一项评价指标.     

监测严重脓毒症患者舌下微循环对病情严重程度及预后判定的临床意义

目的 探讨动态监测严重脓毒症患者舌下微循环的变化对判断病情严重程度和预后的临床意义.方法 采用前瞻性研究方法,收集北京友谊医院重症医学科2010年6月至12月符合入选标准的住院患者65例,其中脓毒症30例,严重脓毒症35例;严重脓毒症患者进行早期目标导向液体复苏治疗;于治疗0(治疗前)、6、12、24、48、72 h,采用旁流暗视野技术测定各组患者舌下微循环总血管密度(TVD)、灌注血管密度(PVD)、灌注血管比例(PPV)、微血管流动指数(MFI),并记录急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、住重症监护病房(ICU)天数及28 d病死率.另以同期30例健康体检者作为健康对照组.结果 脓毒症组舌下微循环PPV、MFI较健康对照组明显降低[PPV:(73.60±16.77)％比(85.17±7.60)％;MFI:3.23±0.77比3.78±0.35,均P＜0.05];严重脓毒症组PVD、PPV、MFI较脓毒症组明显降低[PVD(mm/mm2):7.53±4.38比12.15±2.88;PPV:(49.13±33.74)％比(73.60±16.77)％;MFI:2.21±1.41比3.23±0.77,均P＜0.05].严重脓毒症患者经早期目标导向液体复苏后,舌下微循环指标均较治疗前(0 h)明显改善,以12h最为明显[TVD(mm/mm2):5.76±2.25比6.72±4.37;PVD(mm/mm2):7.57±1.77比5.48±4.39;PPV:(69.47±19.24)％比(34.55±30.82)％;MFI:3.17±0.49比1.55±1.14,均P＜0.05].与脓毒症组比较,严重脓毒症组APACHEⅡ评分(分)有所增加(24.77±7.45比19.30±10.36,但P＞0.05),住ICU天数(d)明显延长(20.60±19.87比10.33±9.53,P＜0.05),28 d病死率有所升高(45.71％比36.36％,但P＞ 0.05).在严重脓毒症患者中,与存活组(19例)比较,死亡组(16例)舌下微循环PVD、PPV、MFI降低更明显[PVD(mm/mm2):6.70±5.15比8.53±3.13;PPV:(44.23±37.71)％比(54.96±28.41)％;MFI:1.89±1.65比2.58±0.98,P＜0.05或P＜0.01];APACHEⅡ评分(分:23.19±6.46比20.31±6.03)及住ICU天数(d:16.13±10.90比19.19±9.90)差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).相关性分析显示:PPV与患者预后呈显著负相关(r=-0.374,P＜0.05).结论 严重脓毒症患者舌下微循环动态监测可用于判断病情严重程度,对指导预后有一定意义.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.