大鼠在体心脏缺血后处理模型的建立与优化

目的建立并优化大鼠在体心脏缺血后处理(I-postC)模型。方法采用冠状动脉左前降支垫扎球囊法建立在体心脏I-postC模型,健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为7组(n=8):缺血/再灌注(I/R)组(冠状动脉左前降支缺血45min/再灌注2h)、缺血预处理(IPC)组(I/R前先行3轮缺血5min/再灌注5min处理)、I-postC组(包括4个亚组,于冠脉缺血45min后先进行3或4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s或再灌注60s/缺血60s后处理后再进行冠脉再灌注)以及假手术(sham)组。氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)法测定心肌梗死面积,试剂盒检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果I/R引起明显的心肌梗死和组织损伤,采用冠状动脉左前降支垫扎球囊法进行I-postC可以显著减少I/R后心肌梗死面积,尤以3或4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s组保护作用明显,其梗死区占缺血区百分比分别比I/R组下降30.26%和58.81%(P分别<0.05),与IPC保护效果相近。结论I-postC可以减轻心肌I/R损伤,其中4轮再灌注30s/缺血30s诱导的I-postC在限制心肌梗死面积方面作用最明显,是理想的大鼠在体心脏I-postC模型。     

丹参酮ⅡA预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究

目的探讨丹参酮ⅡA对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的作用。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、丹参酮ⅡA预处理组,后两组进行冠状动脉左前降支结扎30min后再灌注120min。期间全程监测心率和血流动力学指标。实验结束后取心脏做Trc染色及HE染色,观察心肌梗死面积和组织学改变。结果模型组大鼠心脏功能明显下降并发生心肌梗死提示造模成功。与模型组比较,丹参酮ⅡA组在缺血30min,再灌注30、60、120min各时间点,左心室收缩末压、左室内压最大上升及下降速率明显增高、心率基本恢复正常。组织学染色显示,与模型组比较,丹参酮ⅡA组心肌梗死区面积降低、心肌细胞变性坏死程度明显减轻。结论丹参酮ⅡA预处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

益心口服液对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注心肌细胞内钙离子的影响

目的 :观察益心口服液对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注心肌细胞内钙离子的影响。方法 :( 1 )采用大鼠左冠状动脉前降支结扎、放松制造急性心肌缺血再灌注模型。动物分成正常组、假手术组、模型组、预处理组、益心口服液组、消心痛组 (各 1 0只 )。 ( 2 )心肌细胞内Ｃａ2 测定 :离体心脏挂于Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ上 ,用无钙的Ｋ -Ｈ液恒压灌流 5ｍｉｎ( 6～ 8ｍＬ/ｍｉｎ) ,然后用含 50 μｍｏｌ/ＬＣａＣｌ2 、0 1 %Ⅱ型胶原酶的Ｋ -Ｈ液恒压灌流 30ｍｉｎ ,取下心脏 ,剪去心房和大血管组织 ,用含 0 1 %Ⅱ型胶原酶、50 μｍｏｌ/ＬＣａＣｌ2 、1 …     

大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤时细胞色素P-450含量变化

本实验复制大鼠缺血再灌注损伤及缺血预处置模型 ,通过观察心肌组织中细胞色素Ｐ450 (ＣＰ450 )含量及室性心律失常严重程度 ,探讨ＣＰ450在心肌缺血再灌注损伤及缺血预处置中的作用。方法 :采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支 60ｍｉｎ和完全放松 30ｍｉｎ的方法复制心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型 :采用缺血 5ｍｉｎ/再灌注 5ｍｉｎ两次造成缺血预处置。雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠 ,随机分为 5组 :( 1 )假手术对照组 (ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,ｎ =6) ;( 2 )缺血再灌注组 (Ｉ/Ｒ ,ｎ =6) ;( 3)ＣＰ450抑制后缺血再灌注组 (ＣＬＯ ,ｎ =6) ;给予细胞色素Ｐ450单氧化酶抑制…     

绞股蓝总皂甙对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

结扎大鼠冠状动脉40分钟,解除结扎恢复血流再灌注20分钟,复制大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察绞股蓝总皂甙(GP)对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。结果,GP明显提高心肌组织GSH-Px活性,降低心肌MDA含量,使降低的线粒体膜流动性恢复,减轻再灌注导致心肌超微结构损伤。提示,GP对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤有保护作用,作用机理与抗氧化作用有关。     

低浓度11,12-EET预干预对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 :观察外源性低浓度 11,12 -EET预干预对大鼠在体心肌缺血 /再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :雄性Wistar大鼠 ,开胸 ,结扎和松开冠状动脉左前降支 ,复制心肌缺血 /再灌注模型 ;采用缺血 5min/再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 3组 :对照组 ;缺血预处置组 ;外源性 11,12 -EET预干预组。每组再分为A、B 2小组 :A组动物心肌缺血 10min/再灌注 10min ,主要观察缺血 /再灌注各时程之心律失常 ;B组动物缺血 6 0min/再灌注 30min ,主要观察缺血期心律失常、心功能的变化及再灌注后心肌梗死范围。结果 :缺血预处置和 11,12 -EET(6 2 4× 10 -8mol/L)预干预均可减轻缺血 /再灌注心律失常及心功能的变化 ,降低心肌梗死范围。结论 :11,12 -EET预干预具有类缺血预处置样的心肌保护作用     

低浓度11,12-EET预处置对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌11,12-EET含量的影响

目的：观察低浓度外源性11,12-EET预处置对缺血/再灌注心脏EET水平的影响，探讨EETs预处置保护心肌的可能机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠，结扎冠状动脉左前降支60 min和松开30 min复制心肌缺血/再灌注模型；阻断冠脉血流前，静脉给予6.24×10^-8 mol/L 11,12-EET造成11,12-EET预处置。实验分4组：①11,12-EET预处置缺血/再灌注组；②11,12-EET预处置假手术组；③假手术组；④缺血/再灌注组。采用气相色谱法测定心肌11,12-EET的含量，并观察缺血/再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果：11,12-EET预处置可减轻缺血/再灌注造成的心肌收缩和舒张功能降低程度及心肌内源性11,12-EET增加程度。结论：11,12-EET预处置通过引起心肌11,12-EET少量生成，进而抑制其后缺血/再灌注损伤时的11,12-EET大量增加，可能是11,12-EET预处置保护心功能的机制之一。     

兔心肌缺血及缺血再灌注模型的制备

目的　探讨制备兔心肌缺血及缺血再灌注损伤模型的最佳选择血管。方法　 30例兔心脏乳胶灌注后解剖观察左冠状动脉及分支的走行。活体观察左冠状动脉分支的位置和形态 ,制备模型并验证模型效果。结果　典型左室支 2 2例 ,占73 3%。前降支呈现三种类型 :Ⅰ型 17例占 5 7% ,Ⅱ型 10例占 33% ,Ⅲ型 3例占 10 %。结论　在制备兔心肌缺血及缺血再灌注损伤模型时应以左冠状动脉的左旋支发出的左室支为模型制备的首选血管 ,具有操作简便效果可靠的优点     

碘杂环—65对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

本文用在体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察IHC—65(Iodium-heterocycle-65,IHC-65)的保护作用。雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分4组,结扎左冠状动脉40分钟再灌注120分钟,心脏NBT染色,分离梗死与正常     

低浓度11,12-EET预干预对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察外源性低浓度 11,12-EET预干预对大鼠在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠,开胸,结扎和松开冠状动脉左前降支,复制心肌缺血/再灌注模型;采用缺血 5min/再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 3组:对照组;缺血预处置组;外源性 11,12-EET预干预组。每组再分为A、B 2小组:A组动物心肌缺血 10min/再灌注 10min,主要观察缺血/再灌注各时程之心律失常;B组动物缺血 6 0min/再灌注 30min,主要观察缺血期心律失常、心功能的变化及再灌注后心肌梗死范围。结果:缺血预处置和 11,12-EET(6 2 4× 10^-8mol/L)预干预均可减轻缺血/再灌注心律失常及心功能的变化,降低心肌梗死范围。结论:11,12-EET预干预具有类缺血预处置样的心肌保护作用.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.