2015年河南省健康人群脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平分析

目的了解2015年河南省健康人群脊髓灰质炎(以下简称脊灰)中和抗体水平。方法采用随机抽样和中和实验测定抗体的方法,抽取洛阳市新安县和许昌市禹州市部分健康人群。结果共检测273份血清样本,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率分别为96.70%、93.77%、89.38%,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1:37.74、1:27.90、1:15.40。不同地区间脊灰Ⅰ型抗体阳性率的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),脊灰Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率和Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体GMT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同年龄组间脊灰Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ型抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体GMT差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同性别间脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型抗体阳性率差异和Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型抗体GMT差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论河南省健康人群脊灰抗体水平维持在较高水平,已形成较牢固的免疫屏障。     

东莞市2001年人群脊髓灰质炎抗体水平监测分析

目的了解东莞市健康人群脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)抗体水平,为制定免疫策略提供科学依据。方法2001年对企石、黄江和万江三个镇(区)的幼儿园和中小学随机抽取2~4、6~8、13~15岁3个年龄组的人群用脊髓灰质炎中和抗体测定法(微孔塑料板法)测定脊髓灰质炎抗体水平。结果共抽取174人,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率分别为98.28%、93.68%和90.80%,GMT分别为1∶76.88、1∶31.25和1∶18.03,3个年龄组人群的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊灰抗体阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。不同镇(区)间Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义,Ⅲ型抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(F=3.331,P<0.05)。结论东莞市健康人群脊灰免疫状况良好,较低年龄组的抗体水平较高,但随着年龄增长,抗体水平也会下降。     

肇庆市健康儿童脊髓灰质炎抗体水平检测结果分析

目的了解肇庆市健康儿童脊髓灰质炎抗体水平。方法2005和2006年对肇庆市辖下3个县3～15岁儿童共465人进行脊髓灰质炎中和抗体测定;检测方法用微量组织培养法。结果465名儿童脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率分别为98.7%、99.8%、97.6%,几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1:145、1:104、1:40。3县间脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率和GMT比较差异无统计学意义;三个年龄组间脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率比较差异无统计学意义,GMT差异有统计学意义;男、女性别差异无统计学意义。结论肇庆市通过OPV常规免疫和强化免疫,已形成对脊灰病毒有效的免疫屏障,年龄较大的儿童脊灰抗体水平偏低。     

广东省2010年本地健康人群脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平分析

目的了解广东省本地健康人群脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)中和抗体水平。方法 2010年采取多阶段随机抽样的方法,对广东省21个地市本地户籍健康人群进行个案调查和血清样本采集,采用微量细胞中和抗体试验测定血清脊灰中和抗体,分别采用2检验和F检验比较分析不同人群之间的脊灰中和抗体阳性率和几何平均滴度(GMT),多个样本均数间两两比较使用SNK-q检验。结果全省共调查1 309人,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率分别为94.58%(1 238/1 309)、95.72%(1 253/1 309)和89.38%(1 170/1 309);几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶77.59、1∶56.67、1∶30.23。不同年龄组人群脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。全省21个地市人群脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。城市和农村人群的脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),Ⅱ型脊灰中和抗体阳性率则城市高于农村(P<0.01)。结论广东省本地人群脊灰中和抗体阳性率、GMT总体保持在较高水平,但是个别地区的脊灰中和抗体阳性率较低。     

江苏省2011年健康人群脊髓灰质炎抗体水平监测分析

目的了解江苏省健康人群脊髓灰质炎(简称"脊灰")中和抗体水平,为及时制订免疫策略、维持无脊灰状态提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取连云港、扬州两市健康人群,应用细胞中和实验法检测脊灰中和抗体。采用SPSS18.0统计软件进行分析。结果在检测的736名健康人群的血清标本中,脊灰Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型抗体的阳性率分别为98.51%、98.37%和94.97%;几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1︰186.21、1︰125.89和1︰47.86;不同地区健康人群脊灰抗体阳性率和GMT无显著性差异;不同年龄段健康人群脊灰抗体阳性率有差异,抗体水平总趋势随着年龄增长而递减。结论江苏省健康人群脊灰抗体阳性率和GMT均保持在较高水平,已经形成了牢固的免疫屏障。     

中山市15岁以下健康人群脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平监测分析

目的了解中山市15岁以下健康人群脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)抗体水平,为及时制定免疫策略提供科学依据。方法2005年分别随机抽取2￣4、6￣8、13￣15岁3个年龄组的健康对象进行脊灰中和抗体水平监测。结果共随机调查15岁以下健康对象159人,脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率分别为95.6%(152/159)、98.7%(157/159)、89.3%(142/159),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶59.2、1∶113.8、1∶23.3。同一年龄组人群的脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体GMT水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),以Ⅱ型最高;不同年龄组脊灰抗体GMT水平比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),其中以2￣4岁组水平最高。结论中山市15岁以下健康人群免疫状况良好,可以对脊灰病毒有效屏障;各年龄组人群的脊灰病毒各型抗体阳性率随年龄增长而出现下降的趋势。     

韶关市健康人群脊髓灰质炎抗体水平监测

为了解韶关市健康人群脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )抗体水平 ,为及时制定免疫策略提供科学依据 ,2 0 0 2年分别对 1岁、2～ 4岁、6～ 8岁、1 3～ 1 5岁、2 0～ 4 0岁 5个年龄组共计 2 2 6人进行了脊灰中和抗体水平监测。结果表明 :脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率均达到 1 0 0 %,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为 1∶2 2 3 7、1∶2 1 3 6、1∶1 5 1 5。表明韶关市计划免疫冷链系统运转状况良好 ,脊灰疫苗免疫效果显著 ,健康人群对脊灰已形成牢固的免疫屏障。     

2014-2015年广州市人群脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平分析

目的 了解广州市2014-2015年人群脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）中和抗体（Neutralizing Antibody,NA）水平,为科学评估疾病发生风险及疫苗免疫效果、及时调整脊灰免疫策略提供依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,从全市6个区抽取0~ 49岁人群,采集静脉血标本,用微量中和试验测定脊灰NA。结果 全市共抽取629人。脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型抗体阳性率分别为95.55%、90.30%、95.07%,抗体几何平均滴度（Geometric Mean Titer,GMT）分别为1∶67.63、1∶28.22、1∶65.64。不同户籍、性别抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义。不同年龄组、地区、免疫史人群抗体GMT差异有统计学意义。结论 广州市人群对脊灰具有免疫屏障,可有效应对脊灰野病毒的传播并防止脊灰疫苗衍生病毒的循环。     

2011年仪征市健康人群脊髓灰质炎抗体水平分析

目的了解仪征市2011年健康人群脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）抗体水平,为及时制订免疫策略、维持无脊灰状态提供科学依据。方法采集〈1岁、1岁～、3岁～、5岁～、7岁～、15岁一和1〉20岁等7个年龄组健康人群的血清386份,用微量细胞中和试验测定血清脊灰中和抗体。结果调查对象的脊灰中和抗体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型阳性率分别为98．70％、97．93％、95．85％;抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）分别为1：216．27、1：141．13和1：57．54;不同性别抗体水平差异无统计学意义;随着年龄的增长,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型GMT有下降的趋势。结论仪征市健康人群脊灰抗体水平较高,对脊灰已形成了免疫屏障。     

重庆市不同地区人群脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平调查

目的了解重庆市人群脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）中和抗体水平,发现脊灰免疫薄弱环节。方法根据重庆地域分布特征,随机缺陷取3个区县,每个区县7个年龄组,分别为〈1岁,1～2岁,3～4岁,5～6岁,7～14岁,15～19岁,≥20岁,每个年龄组随机抽取30名对象开展血清学检测和问卷调查。结果共调查629名对象：①Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊灰抗体几何平均值（GMT）分别为1∶77.86、1∶76.5、1∶26.41,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊灰抗体阳性率分别为85.85%、90.78%、73.29%。②各型抗体GMT均随年龄增长呈明显下降的趋势。③男性Ⅰ、Ⅱ型脊灰抗体水平较女性高。④有疫苗免疫史人群各型抗体GMT和阳性率比无免疫史和不详的人群高。⑤Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型脊灰抗体阳性率在地域分布上差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论调查地区人群脊灰中和抗体阳性率70.00%以上、GMT总体保持在较高水平,但是各型抗体GMT均随年龄增长呈明显下降的趋势;在经济地理环境较差的地区,应加强脊灰疫苗接种的质量评价;针对大年龄儿童及成人适时开展补充免疫等措施保持人群较高的免疫水平。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.