Augmented amputations of the lower extremity

Ten patients who had amputations of a lower extremity for high-grade sarcomas underwent bone augmentation with either allograft or autograft between 1988 and 1996. There were eight transfemoral amputations and two transtibial amputations. The transferred segments consisted of one proximal tibia and six distal tibia autografts, two allografts, one autograft talar dome and first metatarsal, and one with a patellar cap of a supracondylar amputation. The average length of followup was 54 months. There were no nonunions of any of the grafts. There were three wound problems requiring additional operations. One autograft resorbed, and one autograft had a late infection. There was one local recurrence. Augmentation to provide length resulted in a 42% increase in bone length in those performed purely for length. All patients were able to use standard prostheses. Functional outcome was appropriate to the amputation level. Half of the patients avoided more proximal levels of amputation because of the ability to augment the osteotomy. The use of nonvascularized structural autografts or allografts is a simple procedure that can produce a superior residual limb in patients undergoing amputation. Its use should be considered in patients for whom traditional amputation techniques will result in poor function, difficulty in fitting a prosthesis, or greater than necessary anatomic loss.     

股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损

 目的 总结以股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后骨缺损的手术技术要点,探讨其手术适应证。方法 自2006年10月至2011年5月,对5例骨盆恶性肿瘤患者采用同侧股骨近端截骨上移重建骨盆环连续性、肿瘤型人工关节假体重建髋关节,男3例,女2例;年龄19~55岁,平均30.6岁。软骨肉瘤3例、原始神经外胚层瘤2例。3例肿瘤累及骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区,2例累及Ⅱ+Ⅲ区。所有患者均获得随访,统计并发症发生情况,采用国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS)功能评分评价患肢功能,评价肿瘤学预后。结果 至末次随访时5例患者中1例死亡,1例带瘤生存,其余3例无瘤生存。主要并发症包括肿瘤局部复发、假体松动、植骨不愈合、浅表感染、坐骨神经麻痹。1例患者术后15个月发生植骨不愈合,内固定松动,可扶拐行走。1例患者因假体松动,术后26个月行翻修手术。1例患者术后6个月肿瘤局部复发改行截肢手术;1例术后18个月局部复发,未进一步处理带瘤生存。MSTS评分为11~25分,平均19.2分。结论 同侧股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效重建骨盆连续性的方法,既适用于骨盆Ⅱ+Ⅲ区缺损,也适用于骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区缺损。但此术式仍具有较高的并发症发生率,其近期效果与骨盆假体类似,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

Impact of the presence of orthopedic hardware on technical performance of major amputations

Metallic prostheses used for joint reconstruction or open reduction of fractures were discovered pre- or intraoperatively during the performance of six above-knee amputations. The prosthesis was found fortuitously before surgery in two cases on the basis of a surgical scar or radiograph of the leg. In four patients, discovery occurred intraoperatively, with adverse impact on the procedure in two cases: more proximal amputation level to allow hip nail removal was necessary in one case, and difficult transection of the prosthesis stem was encountered in one case. Orthopedic prostheses will be found with an increasing incidence in the population undergoing major amputation. As preparation for amputation, a careful review of the patient's history, a search for scars over the leg and hip, and survey radiographs of the leg must be obtained to prevent a surgical mishap caused by accidental discovery of a prosthesis.     

Reconstruction of the pelvis after tumor resection in children and adolescents

Thirty patients younger than 19 years with malignant bone tumors of the pelvis were treated by limb salvage surgery between 1970 and 1998. Functional and oncologic results were reviewed retrospectively. In 10 patients the defect was reconstructed by an endoprosthesis and in 20 patients reconstruction by autologous grafts (n = 7), allograft and prosthesis combinations (n = 2), bone cement reconstruction (n = 1), iliosacral arthrodesis (n = 1), modified Girdlestone procedure (n = 3), or resection without reconstruction (n = 6) was done. Three and one-half reoperations per patient were necessary postoperatively after allograft reconstruction, 2.5 reoperations per patient were necessary after endoprosthetic reconstruction, and 0.8 reoperations per patient were necessary after other or no reconstruction. After a mean followup of 52 months (range, 2-241 months), 17 patients were alive, 15 of whom were continuously disease-free, and 13 patients had died of their disease. Functional ratings were 81% after autograft, 73% after allograft, and 60% after endoprosthetic reconstruction. Defect reconstruction varied according to the type of resection. Type I resections were best reconstructed by biologic methods. Endoprosthetic reconstruction after periacetabular resection with the advantage of preservation of a functional hip and body integrity was associated with a high rate of complications and reoperations. Its role compared with allograft reconstruction, modified Girdlestone procedure, or no reconstruction requires additional investigation.     

肿瘤型人工关节重建下肢骨肉瘤切除后的骨缺损

目的总结应用肿瘤型人工关节重建下肢骨肉瘤切除后骨缺损的效果及并发症。方法1997年7月~2004年7月共对167例下肢骨肉瘤实施广泛性切除后人工假体重建保肢术,100例获得随访。其中男56例,女44例。年龄13~57岁。股骨近端5例,股骨远端57例,胫骨近端38例。Enneking分期A期3例,B期85例,期12例。使用国产假体71例,进口假体29例。17例患者采用灭活肿瘤骨结合人工假体复合重建缺损,21例采用异体骨人工关节复合体,余62例采用人工假体进行重建。所有成骨肉瘤患者术前均行1~2个疗程规范化疗,术后3~5个疗程化疗。术后采用MSTS保肢评分系统对随访患者进行功能评价。结果所有患者获随访1~8年,中位随访时间3.5年。人工关节3年生存率为81.8%,5年生存率为65%。6例假体折断,13例假体迟发性感染,2例假体松动,5例移植物与宿主骨接合处不愈合,2例异体骨吸收,2例假体下沉,1例骨折。7例于术后6个月~2年内肿瘤局部复发,其中软组织肿瘤复发4例,接受肿瘤再切除治疗;另3例接受截肢手术。患者MSTS评分平均为23.30±5.17。肢体功能优62例,良27例,中7例,差4例,优良率为89%。结论与其他保肢重建方法比较,肿瘤型人工关节能保留最好的关节功能。但并发症发生率仍较高,人工关节的设计及加工有待于进一步改进。     

Does Adding Femoral Lengthening at the Time of Rotation Hip Transposition After Periacetabular Tumor Resection Allow for Restoration of Limb Length and Function? Interim Results of a Modified Hip Transposition Procedure

BackgroundReconstruction after pelvic tumor resection of the acetabulum is challenging. Previous methods of hip transposition after acetabular resection have the advantages of reducing wound complications and infections of the allograft or metal endoprosthesis but were associated with substantial limb length discrepancy. We therefore developed a modification of this procedure, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening, to address limb length, and we wished to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of complications and functional outcomes.Questions/purposesIn this study, we asked: (1) What were the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores after this reconstruction method was used? (2) What complications occurred after this reconstruction method was used? (3) What proportion of patients achieved solid arthrodesis (as opposed to pseudarthrosis) with the sacrum and solid union of the femur? (4) What were the results with respect to limb length after a minimum follow-up of 2 years?MethodsFrom 2011 to 2017, 83 patients with an aggressive benign or primary malignant tumor involving the acetabulum were treated in our institution. Of those, 23% (19 of 83) were treated with rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening and were considered for this retrospective study; 15 were available at a minimum follow-up of 2 years (median [range], 49 months [24 to 97 months]), and four died of lung metastases before 2 years. No patients were lost to follow-up before 2 years. During the period in question, the general indications for this approach were primary nonmetastatic malignant bone tumor or a locally aggressive benign bone tumor that could not be treated adequately with curettage. There were seven men and 12 women with a median age of 43 years. Nine patients underwent Zones I + II resection, eight patients had Zones I + II + III resection, and two received Zones II + III resection. After tumor resection, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening reconstruction was performed, which included two steps. The first step was to lengthen the femur with the insertion of an allograft. Two methods were used to achieve limb lengthening: a “Z” osteotomy and a transverse osteotomy. The second step was to take the hip transposition and rotate the femoral head posteriorly 10° to 20°. The median (range) operative time was 510 minutes (330 to 925 minutes). The median intraoperative blood loss was 4000 mL (1800 to 7000 mL). We performed a chart review on the 15 available patients for clinical and radiographic assessment of functional outcomes and complications. Arthrodesis and leg length discrepancy were evaluated radiographically.ResultsThe median (range) Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 21 points (17 to 30). Eleven of 19 patients developed procedure-related complications, including six patients with allograft nonunion, two with deep infection, two with delayed skin healing, and one with a hematoma. Two patients had minor additional surgical interventions without the removal of any implants. Local recurrences developed in four patients, and all four died of disease. All seven patients treated with a Z osteotomy had bone union. Among the eight patients with transverse osteotomy, bone union did not occur in six patients. After hip transposition, stable iliofemoral arthrodesis was achieved in seven patients. Pseudarthrosis developed in the remaining eight patients. The median (range) lower limb length discrepancy at the last follow-up visit or death was 8 mm (1 to 42 mm).ConclusionAlthough complex and challenging, rotation hip transposition after femur lengthening reconstruction with a Z osteotomy provides acceptable functional outcomes with complications that are within expectations for resection of pelvic tumors involving the acetabulum. Because of the magnitude and complexity of this technique, we believe it should be used primarily for patients with a favorable prognosis, both locally and systemically. This innovative procedure may be useful to other surgeons if larger numbers of patients and longer-term follow-up confirm our results.Level of EvidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study.     

髋臼周围肿瘤的切除与重建

目的 探讨髋臼周围肿瘤切除与重建的方式及合并症。方法 回顾分析1997年7月至2003年7月髋臼部位原发肿瘤患者行肿瘤切除重建手术的临床资料。3l例患者中,男性19例,女性12例,年龄12～78岁,平均年龄37岁。其中,软骨肉瘤12例、尤文瘤1例、骨肉瘤3例、淋巴瘤1例、癌肉瘤1例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例、骨髓瘤2例、骨巨细胞瘤9例、动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例。2l例患者行髋臼切除、骨盆重建,其中人工半骨盆8例、马鞍式关节7例、灭活再植 人工髋关节置换6例。10例患者行肿瘤刮除 骨水泥填充 人工髋关节置换。结果 21例行Ⅱ区肿瘤切除、髋臼重建的患者中,5例出现局部复发,其中3例为行半骨盆灭活再植的患者。3例骨肉瘤中2例死亡;12例软骨肉瘤患者中,随访9人,6例无瘤生存。术后2个月后,21例患者能够正常坐、扶单拐行走。结论 髋臼区域的肿瘤切除后可行异体或人工半骨盆移植进行修复,或将瘤段骨壳灭活再植进行重建。髋臼周围肿瘤切除重建的过程中应注意：(1)广泛切除肿瘤;(2)熟悉各种髋臼重建方法的优缺点,防止合并症的发生;(3)髋臼重建后的稳定性较差,应注意站立时在健侧拄一手杖,保护再造髋关节;(4)预防皮缘坏死及伤口感染,骨盆肿瘤切除容易发生伤口问题。     

Implantation of hemipelvic prosthesis after resection of sarcoma

Twelve adult patients with pelvic sarcoma had implantation of a hemipelvic prosthesis. Eight patients had hemipelvic resection, and four patients had acetabulopubic resection. The implanted prosthesis was a special Vitallium prosthesis, which was specially designed for each patient with the aid of a computer. At a median followup of 57 months, eight patients were free of disease. In four patients with local relapse, two had additional resection, one had hindquarter amputation, and one was observed. In three patients with deep infection, the prosthesis was removed; however, one patient had hindquarter amputation. One patient had dislocation of the hip and prosthesis loosening. Overall survival of patients was 70%, and the survival of prostheses was 42%. In eight patients, the functional evaluation showed that the average functional score with the prosthesis was 11.6 (39%) and without the prosthesis the functional score was 7.0 (23%). Implantation of a megaprosthesis seems to indicate a high complication rate and a poor functional result after hemipelvic resection.     

Long-term results of allograft composite total hip prostheses for tumors

The functional results of standard reconstruction prostheses are impaired by instability because of poor muscular reinsertion, especially of the gluteal muscles. In 21 patients, composite hip prostheses including proximal femoral allografts were used after primary malignant tumor resection. Ten reconstructions used combined bone-tendon allografts that allowed reinsertion of the gluteal muscles to the allograft tendons. None of the 21 patients had dislocation or infection. Ten patients died within 2 years of surgery without complications requiring reoperations. The mean followup in the 11 other patients was 10 years. Eight patients had reoperation: four for loosening (two at 3 years, two at 11 and 12 years), and four had autologous graftings for nonunion of the trochanter or of the distal graft-bone interface. Evaluation of function in the 11 patients with follow-ups ranging from 4 to 15 years showed an average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score of 77%. Satisfactory strength of the abductor muscles was achieved by reinsertion of the trochanter or by suture of the patients gluteal muscles with the combined tendon-bone allograft. At long-term, radiologically, the bony allograft showed no change in five patients, very mild resorption in five, and severe resorption in one. Stem fixation was excellent in 10 patients and fair in one. Comparison between the functional results of reconstruction prostheses versus composite prostheses showed a significant improvement with the composite prosthesis. In the authors' institution, at 10 years, the mechanical survival of composite prostheses was 81%, as compared with only 65% for reconstruction prostheses.     

High complication rates with pelvic allografts: Experience of 22 sarcoma resections

We performed 22 reconstructions by allografts in patients with pelvic sarcoma: 14 Ewing's sarcomas, 7 chondrosarcomas, and 1 osteosarcoma. All patients with Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma received chemotherapy. No patients with chondrosarcoma had adjuvant treatment. 12 reconstructions were iliosacral arthrodesis after resection of an ilium tumor, 1 was iliofemoral arthrodesis and 9 were pelvic reconstructions with total hip prosthesis after re section of an acetabulum tumor. in the surviving patients, the mean length of follow-up was 4 (2-6) years.

2 allografts fractured and 8 allografts developed an infection. the infection was commoner in patients who had chondrosarcomas, large tumors, and a long operation time. Neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy increased the infection rate. All infected allografts had to be removed.     

Allograft fractures revisited

A retrospective review of patients with allograft fractures was done at the authors' institution. Between 1974 and 1998, 185 of 1046 (17.7%) structural allografts fractured in 183 patients at a mean of 3.2 years after transplantation. Initial allograft fixation included internal fixation with plates and screws in 181 patients. Patients with grafts that were longer than the average length (15.5 cm) tended to have worse results. Adjuvant therapy had no effect on fracture rate. Seventy-three patients with fractures had other allograft complications. Infection and nonunion with allograft fracture significantly worsened the outcome. The incidence of fracture in the patients with osteoarticular and arthrodesis transplants was significantly higher than those patients who had intercalary and composite reconstructions. Treatment of the allograft fractures included open reduction and internal fixation in 41 patients, reconstruction with a new allograft in 38, allograft-prosthesis composite in five, oncologic prosthesis in 19, amputation in 15, arthroscopic removal of loose bodies in three, resurfacing of fractured osteoarticular allograft surfaces in 39, allograft removal and cement spacer placement in 15. Twenty patients did not receive treatment. Eight of the fractures in patients who were not treated healed spontaneously. Outcomes were judged as excellent in nine patients (4.9%), good in 72 patients (38.9%), fair in 17 patients (9.2%), and in 85 patients (45.9%) the allograft reconstruction failed.     

Intercalary reconstruction following resection of diaphyseal bone tumors: A systematic review

IntroductionThe options for the reconstruction of diaphyseal defects following the resection of bone tumors include biological or prosthetic implants. The purpose of our study was to evaluate different types of intercalary reconstruction techniques, including massive bone allograft, extracorporeal devitalized autograft, vascularized free fibula, and modular prosthesis.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of articles using the terms diaphyseal bone tumor and intercalary reconstruction. All the studies reporting the non-oncological complications such as infection, nonunion and fracture of the intercalary reconstructions were included. We excluded articles published before 2000 or did not involve humans in the study. Case reports, reviews, technique notes and opinion articles were also excluded based on the abstracts. Thirty-three articles included in this review were then studied to evaluate failure rates, complications and functional outcome of different surgical intercalary reconstruction techniques.ResultsNonunion rates of allograft ranged 6%–43%, while aseptic loosening rates of modular prosthesis ranged 0%–33%. Nonunion rates of allograft alone and allograft with a vascularized fibula graft ranged 6%–43% and 0%–33%, respectively. Fracture rates of allograft alone and allograft with a vascularized fibula graft ranged 7%–45% and 0%–44%, respectively. Infection rates of allograft alone and allograft with a vascularized fibula graft ranged 0%–28% and 0%–17%, respectively. All of the allograft (range: 67%–92%), extracorporeal devitalized autograft including irradiation (87%), autoclaving (70%), pasteurization (88%), low-heat (90%) or freezing with liquid nitrogen (90%), and modular prosthesis (range: 77%–93%) had similar Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional scores. Addition of a vascularized fibula graft to allograft did not affect functional outcome [allograft with a vascularized fibula graft (range: 86%–94%) vs. allograft alone (range: 67%–92%)].ConclusionAseptic loosening rates of modular prosthesis seem to be less than nonunion rates of allograft. Adding a vascularized fibula graft to allograft seems to increase bone union rate and reduce the risk of fractures and infections, though a vascularized fibula graft needs longer surgical time and has the disadvantage of donor site morbidity. These various intercalary reconstruction techniques with or without a vascularized fibula autograft had similar functional outcome.     

Function of children with myelodysplasia and lower extremity amputations

This is a retrospective study of the functional status of children who underwent a lower extremity amputation for complications of myelodysplasia. With a computerized surgical database, 12 children with myelodysplasia who underwent an amputation at the Boyd level or above at a single children's referral hospital between 1983 and 2001 were identified. Four patients could not be contacted, but the remaining 8 patients were evaluated through chart review and interview to assess the impact of the amputation on their function. With a mean follow-up time of 9 years (range, 5-15 years), all 6 of the patients with a below-knee or Boyd amputation continued to ambulate using a prosthesis. Most patients occasionally reported having ulcers on their residual limb, but these cases were easily managed and did not result in amputation revisions.The only patient in this series with an above-knee amputation and the only patient with a knee disarticulation were exclusively wheelchair ambulators and no longer owned a prosthesis. This study supports the notion that children with myelodysplasia can have amputations and successfully wear a prosthesis to maintain their ambulation.     

Incidence and management of hip dislocation in tumour patients with a modular prosthesis of the proximal femur

Purpose

Little data is available about the incidence and especially the management of hip dislocation following the implantation of modular tumor prostheses of the proximal femur. In this retrospective single-centre study we assessed the incidence of hip dislocation following implantation of a proximal femoral modular prosthesis as well as the success of the subsequent surgical or non-surgical treatment in tumor patients.

Methods

Between 1982 and 2008, 166 tumor patients received a modular prosthesis of the proximal femur at our institution. The average age at the time of surgery was 50 ± 20 years (range, six to 84 years). An additional pelvic reconstruction was done in 14 patients. An artificial band for soft tissue reconstruction of the hip was used in 19 patients. The average time of follow-up was 46 ± 64 months (range, one to 277 months).

Results

The overall dislocation rate after proximal femoral replacement was 13 % after a mean time of seven ± eight months (range, 0.3–33 months) after surgery. Between 1982 and 1986 the dislocation rate was 33 % and declined to 9 % in subsequent years (1987–2008). Patients who had received an additional pelvic reconstruction had a three fold higher dislocation rate (p <0.05). Patients with closed reduction had a 58 % (eight of 12) re-dislocation rate compared to 11 % (one of nine) for open reduction (p = 0.0357).

Conclusions

Dislocation of a modular prosthesis of the proximal femur is a common complication, especially in cases with additional pelvic resection with extensive bone and soft-tissue defects. Open surgical management may be more effective in preventing re-dislocation than closed reduction and bracing alone.     

Lower limb amputation and rehabilitation

Most lower limb amputations performed in the UK are because of complications of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and/or diabetes. Lower limb amputations are usually classified as minor (toe and partial foot amputations) or major (when most of the limb is removed). Principles of selecting amputation level are considered and the importance of optimzation of the patient's general medical status is stressed. Most patients requiring amputations have significant comorbidities and amputation carries an appreciable risk of both early and late mortality and complications. Minor amputation types include toe, ray and trans metatarsal. Ankle-level amputations, such as the Syme's amputation, are rarely performed in the UK as it is difficult to fit prostheses to these stumps. They are occasionally used in the emergency setting (the so-called ‘guillotine’ amputation) for sepsis control with subsequent revision to a higher level. Below-knee and above-knee amputations are the most performed major amputations in the UK. Through-knee amputation and hip disarticulations are also described. Successful amputation surgery, with good outcomes for the patient, requires an attention to detail and careful coordination with specialist physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation teams. In more complex situations input from a consultant in rehabilitation medicine aids minimizing disability and ensuring that the patient's wishes are respected. The aim is to produce a well-healed, pain-free, stump suitable for limb fitting, with appropriate rehabilitation, allowing the person to achieve a good quality of life.     

The "flap-shaft" prosthesis for insensate feet with Chopart or Lisfranc amputations

BACKGROUND: The inevitable detachment of tendons and the loss of the forefoot in Chopart and Lisfranc amputations result in equinus and varus of the residual foot. In an insensate foot these deformities can lead to keratotic lesions and ulcerations. The currently available prostheses cannot safely counteract the deforming forces and the resulting complications. METHODS: A new below-knee prosthesis was developed, combining a soft socket with a rigid shaft. The mold is taken with the foot in the corrected position. After manufacturing the shaft, the lateral third of the circumference of the shaft is cut away and reattached distally with a hinge, creating a lateral flap. By closing this flap the hindfoot is gently levered from the varus position into valgus. Ten patients (seven amputations at the Chopart-level, three amputations at the Lisfranc-level) with insensate feet were fitted with this prosthesis at an average of 3 (range 1.5 to 9) months after amputation. The handling, comfort, time of daily use, mobility, correction of malposition and complications were recorded to the latest followup (average 31 months, range 24 to 37 months after amputation). RESULTS: Eight patients evaluated the handling as easy, two as difficult. No patient felt discomfort in the prosthesis. The average time of daily use was 12 hours, and all patients were able to walk. All varus deformities were corrected in the prosthesis. Sagittal alignment was kept neutral. Complications were two minor skin lesions and one small ulcer, all of which responded to conservative treatment, and one ulcer healed after debridement and lengthening of the Achilles tendon. CONCLUSIONS: The "flap-shaft" prosthesis is a valuable option for primary or secondary prosthetic fitting of Chopart-level and Lisfranc-level amputees with insensate feet and flexible equinus and varus deformity at risk for recurrent ulceration. It provided safe and sufficient correction of malpositions and enabled the patients to walk as much as their general condition permitted.     

Use of allograft cellular bone matrix in multistage talectomy with tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis: a case report

Surgical treatment for traumatic dislocation of the talus is a challenging procedure that is often associated with complications. Application of allograft cellular bone matrix with viable mesenchymal stem and osteoprogenitor cells can eliminate the need for autograft and may increase fusion rates in procedures such as tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis. This report describes the treatment of an adult man who presented with a right ankle fracture and subtalar joint dislocation after a motor vehicle accident. After initial treatment with open reduction and internal fixation, the patient developed avascular necrosis of the talus and septic arthritis of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints. After treatment of the infection, the patient was ultimately treated with multistage talectomy and tibiocalcaneal arthrodesis augmented with a cellular bone allograft. Approximately 3 months after the final operation, plain radiographs and computed tomography confirmed solid fusion at the arthrodesis interface. The patient’s recovery was uneventful thereafter, and amputation was avoided. This case, which presented additional challenges because of the large defect created by the infection, suggests that use of an allograft cellular bone matrix has the potential to replicate the bone-healing properties of autograft without the constraints and morbidity associated with autograft harvesting.     

肩关节肿瘤切除和重建后的患肢功能观察

目的 肩关节肿瘤切除后,探讨不同重建方式的患肢长期功能。方法回顾性分析32例肩关节肿瘤保肢患者的临床资料。重建方式包括：8例一期肩关节融合,7例假体异体骨复合物,6例功能性间隔物,5例未行重建或悬吊术,3例假体,2例带血管蒂腓骨和1例异体骨。结果23例生存患者平均随访81个月。不同重建方式的功能评分分别为：一期肩关节融合为87％,主动运动优良,肩部有力;假体异体骨复合物为79％,间隔物为66％,未重建为85％,假体为60％和带血管蒂腓骨为73％。结论肩关节肿瘤的重建方式是根据切除范围和患者的实际需要来选择。如外展肌群无法重建,肩关节融合的功能良好,肩部有力;如果外展肌群可以重建,假体异体骨复合物功能较好。     

Treatment of infected knee arthroplasty

Forty-eight patients with 51 infected knee arthroplasties were treated at the authors' institution between 1973 and 1986 and followed for 5.5 (range, 0-14) years. Six methods to treat the infections were employed: antibiotics only, soft-tissue surgery, removal of the prosthesis, revision arthroplasty, arthrodesis, and amputation. Failure of the initial surgical treatment led to second revision surgery in 20 patients. At the follow-up examination, three patients (five knees) had died from septic complications and two patients had had above-knee amputation. Two of 32 patients had been successfully treated with antibiotics with no additional surgery. Four patients had successful soft-tissue surgery. Following removal of the prosthesis, the infection healed in four patients. In 12 of 19 patients (13 knees) with revision arthroplasty the infection healed, but only seven of these had functioning prostheses. The infection healed in all but one of the 21 patients with arthrodeses, and all but two were fused. Infected compartmental prostheses with good bone stock can be treated with an exchange arthroplasty using a two-stage procedure with tricompartmental revision prostheses. Otherwise, an arthrodesis using a two-stage procedure is recommended for the treatment of infected knee arthroplasty.     

Exposed endoprosthesis. Management protocol using muscle and myocutaneous flap coverage

A tenet in the orthopedic community is that dehiscent wounds overlying exposed prostheses should be treated by implant removal and delayed reconstruction. A management protocol using thorough debridement and irrigation and muscle flap coverage was accomplished in four patients with exposed endoprostheses after total arthroplasty or limb salvage surgery. Predisposing factors for late wound dehiscence in the four oncology patients were preoperative radiation and chemotherapy as well as multiple subsequent reoperations. In this study, all four prostheses and extremities were retained without the need for prosthetic removal or exchange. No infections developed. Late aseptic wound dehiscence with exposed conventional or tumor endoprosthesis need not be managed with prosthetic removal, arthrodesis, or amputation. This one-stage procedure avoided infection, allowed early mobilization, shortened hospitalization and, most important, avoided amputations.