应用解剖型假体隆乳治疗轻中度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体隆乳术治疗小乳症伴轻中度乳房下垂的方法及效果。方法对15例患小乳症伴乳房轻中度下垂者应用解剖型ST-410假体行乳腺下隆乳术，根据术后患者满意度判断手术治疗效果。结果15例乳房轻中度下垂者通过此方法均获得很大改善，患者均感满意。结论应用解剖型假体行乳腺下隆乳术可明显改善轻中度乳腺下垂。     

乳晕切口法解剖型假体隆乳术治疗轻度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体(又称泪滴型假体)隆乳术矫正轻度乳房下垂的可行性及临床效果。方法术前依据原乳房三维形态,测量胸乳距、乳房基底宽度、乳头至乳房下皱襞距离等数据,以确定所需采用的假体类型、容量及下垂乳房下皱襞距离,选用乳晕切口对36例轻度乳房下垂者应用麦格410解剖型假体行隆乳术。结果全部隆乳者术后乳房挺拔,下垂基本得到矫正,受术者均表满意。结论应用解剖型假体的隆乳术是目前矫正有增大乳房容积愿望的轻度乳房下垂者的最佳选择之一。     

Our own experience in the treatment of hypotrophy and ptosis of the breast]

The outcome of surgical of small, ptotic breasts is reported in a retrospective series of fifteen patients operated between 1983 and 1989. Seven patients underwent breast augmentation by insertion of breast implant supplemented in one case by a dermopexy while eight patients underwent cutaneous and glandular remodeling alone. Simple breast augmentation with breast implant gave good results with mild to moderate ptosis (i.e. when the distance between the inferior margin of the clavicle and the upper margin of the areola was equal to or less than 17 cm) provided that: the subareolar segment III did not exceed 5 cm, the skin had good static qualities for breast suspension, the amount of glandular, adipose and cutaneous tissue present allowed the prothesis to be covered by a sufficiently thick layer. With breast ptosis greater than 17 cm or when segment III exceeded 5 cm, cutaneous remodeling by dermopexy was associated with insertion of breast implant. In this group of patients treated, either by breast implant alone, or associated with dermopexy, results were good in 33%, and satisfactory in 50% of cases. Better results were obtained in patients with marked ptosis and breasts which, although hypotrophic, conserved a amount of adipose and glandular tissue sufficient to allow breast reconstruction by soft tissue remodeling alone (without the insertion of an implant). Patients in this group were treated by glandular and cutaneous remodeling with good to excellent results in 80% of cases.     

Augmentation Mastopexy with Implant and Autologous Tissue for Correction of Moderate/Severe Ptosis

Purpose: Breast augmentation combined with mastopexy is associated with a significantly higher complication rate than augmentation alone. The combination of mastopexy and breast implants has revealed a moderate recurrence of breast ptosis in many patients particularly with use of medium to large implants. Ptosis is the “bottoming out” of the breast tissue with loss of the desired roundness, due to the ptosis of the breast implant and the mammary tissue. In this study, we hypothesize the need for careful planning and careful preoperative surgical execution to minimize this complication. Patients and Methods: Between January 2007 and July 2011, augmentation mastopexy with implant and autologous tissue (“double implant”) was performed for 25 patients with grade III mammary ptosis. All patients underwent inverted-T mastopexy with supramuscular moderately cohesive gel breast implant using an inferior-based flap of de-epitelialized dermoglandular tissue and a superior-based nipple-areola complex pedicle. Results: An inferior-based flap of deepithelialized dermoglandular tissue was used to stabilize the implant and is projection. Breast lifting was performed through a strong anchorage to fascia and to muscle of second intercostal space, improving the profile of the breast. Results were analyzed, no breast ptosis recurrence was noted at 30-month follow-up. Conclusions: Our technique presents the challenge of determining the amount of excess skin to be removed after implantation to create symmetry and provide for skin tightening without compromising tissue vascularization.     

Endoscopic breast subpectoral augmentation for second-degree breast ptosis

Glandular ptosis and first-degree ptosis are treated routinely with breast augmentation in select patients. Second-degree ptosis is difficult to treat with breast augmentation alone. Patients must be well informed and selected properly to obtain a satisfactory result. Historically, second-degree ptosis is treated most commonly with subglandular augmentation. The authors demonstrate that second-degree ptosis may be treated using endoscopic subpectoral augmentation. They think that the endoscopic approach gives more control and precision in the lowering of the inframammary fold and the placement of the implant. Additionally, there may be a decrease or maintenance in the distance from the clavicle to nipple because of shortening the pectoralis major as a result of dividing it from the sixth rib at the sternal attachment laterally to the serratus fascia.     

乳房下垂矫正术中的乳房悬吊结构重建

目的总结用乳房悬吊结构重建方法矫正轻、中度乳房下垂的临床经验。方法通过乳晕边缘切口，去除上半腺体后松弛的浅筋膜深层，上提腺体至正常位置并固定于深筋膜，腺体浅面按真皮乳罩原理进行悬吊并适当切除乳晕周边多余皮肤，或采用聚丙烯单丝网片对腺体进行悬吊，术后腺体周围形成强大的纤维粘连，从而重建乳腺的悬吊支持结构。同时进行腺体的适当折叠塑形或置入乳房假体增加丰满程度。结果共行轻、中度下垂32例手术（其中单纯悬吊10例，悬吊同时假体隆乳20例，采用聚丙烯网片悬吊2例），手术时间90～150min，平均110min。术中出血量30～100ml，平均58ml。均未发生乳头乳晕坏死感觉障碍等并发症。术后随访6～12个月，平均11．3月，术后外形改善满意率90．6％（29／32）。结论对于不伴腺体肥大的乳房轻、中度下垂，采用乳房悬吊结构重建，是一种创伤相对小，安全，有效的矫正方法。     

Autoaugmentation Mastopexy with an Inferior-Based Pedicle

Mammaplasty for breast enhancement and correction of ptosis augmentation is described. Between 2002 and 2007, autoaugmentation mammaplasty was performed for 27 patients (age, 48 ± 7.3 years) using an inferior-based flap of deepithelialized dermoglandular tissue inserted beneath the breast parenchyma of a superior-based nipple-areolar complex pedicle. The results confirmed that autoaugmentation mammaplasty corrects ptosis while increasing the projection and apparent volume of the breast. The degree of inframammary fold (IMF) descent 6 months after surgery generally paralleled that of the nipple. The mean level of the IMF was below the mean level of the nipple. Postoperatively, the optimum distance had been largely achieved. The advantage of the technique is that it optimizes the shape and volume of the breast without the use of an implant.     

Mastopexy with 3D Preshaped Mesh for Long-Term Results: Development of the Internal Bra System

BACKGROUND: Numerous techniques for mastopexy and breast reduction have been described, indicating the absence of a generally accepted method that fulfills the essential criteria for obtaining a pleasing, long-lasting result. All techniques using local tissue for reinforcement will eventually face recurrent ptosis because essentially the physical tissue properties are not altered. To overcome this, synthetic mesh has successfully been used to obtain permanent results. This method, however, was not generally accepted because of the fear of complications and of reduced oncologic survey and because no practical system was in place. Meanwhile, research showed that mesh could be safely introduced into the female breast. METHODS: An easy-to-use mesh implant was developed. It comes as a system consisting of three-dimensional, preshaped, feather-soft woven mesh in different sizes, and concomitant sizers to facilitate the insertion. It acts as an internal bra and is therefore named "the Internal Bra System." The mesh replaces the attenuated natural suspensory system of the breast, returning what was lost by nature. Indications are breast ptosis, breast hypertrophy with ptosis, and contralateral correction after reconstruction. RESULTS: A total of 170 patients (327 breasts) were treated with the longest follow-up of 4.5 years. No serious complications were encountered. Physical and X-ray examinations were still possible. No recurrent ptosis was observed and no scar hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: The Internal Bra System seems to have finally become the versatile way to obtain a predictable, pleasing, long-term result in mastopexy and breast reduction.     

Development of the inframammary fold and ptosis in breast reconstruction with textured tissue expanders

Tissue expansion has become the most important method for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. However, well-defined inframammary fold and ptosis are difficult to achieve with this technique. This study was performed to evaluate the inframammary fold and ptosis achieved in breast reconstruction using a textured tissue expander, later replaced by a textured implant. In ten postmastectomy patients, a textured tissue expander was inserted into a submuscular pocket. Every two to three weeks the volume of the expander was increased by about 30%. About three months after the last filling, the expander was removed and replaced with a permanent textured, gel-filled implant. The profile of the reconstructed breast was recorded before and after the tissue expansion, as well as before and after the change of the implant. The results showed that the inframammary fold did not move significantly upwards or downwards during the expansion period when a textured tissue expander was used. Waiting three months after the last inflation of the expander before replacing it with the permanent implant resulted in a more ptotic breast mound. Usually, however, no real ptosis was achieved, meaning that the angle between the lower part of the breast and the lower chest wall was more than 90 degrees. These findings indicate that a textured expander could help create a pronounced inframammary fold, but without ptosis. A three-month waiting period before inserting the permanent implant may improve the development of an inframammary fold.     

内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂的矫治研究

目的:研究内窥镜下双平面隆乳术矫治小乳症合并乳房下垂的效果及安全性。方法:对42例小乳症合并乳房下垂患者在内窥镜下实施双平面隆乳术,对患者随访6个月～1年观察乳房矫正效果。结果:42例患者乳头上提(1.9±0.3)cm;术后乳房未下垂+Ⅰ度下垂比例高于术前(P<0.01);隆乳术总体优良率为92.85%;除了1例BakerⅢ级以外,其余均未发生并发症。结论:内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂矫治效果好,切口隐蔽,乳房形态自然、饱满。     

Key Points in Mastopexy

Breasts represent femininity and any change of shape may affect their appearance. Breast ptosis may be caused by several factors, including significant weight loss, pregnancy, long breastfeeding periods, and involution of the postmenopausal breast tissue. Breast ptosis may be associated with breast hypoplasia; thus, in case of a mastopexy with or without the use of implants being indicated, several considerations have to be taken into account: the wishes of the patient, age of the patient, degree of ptosis, parenchymal volume, covering tissue, quality of the tissue, pocket implant, shape and content of the implant, and resulting scars.     

Periareolar mastopexy with mammary implants

We present our experience with using a periareolar mastopexy technique combined with prosthesis implantation to correct mammary ptosis, misplaced areolas, and tuberous hypoplastic breasts. We draw a circle around the areola and deepidermize the skin between them. We enter the glandular tissue and introduce the implant in a submuscular pocket. A purse string suture of nonabsorbable material is used to gather the excess skin. Results were satisfactory in all cases. During the immediate postoperative weeks the shape was flatter and protruded less, but a progressive correction was observed. The tuberous breast could be released and reshaped adequately. Misplaced areolas can also be replaced correctly by drawing the periareolar circle and ellipse in eccentric forms. This technique does not allow great elevation of the areola (no more than 4–5 cm), but it is good and safe for correcting minor to moderate ptosis combined with volume augmentation.     

双平面隆乳术在矫治小乳症并乳房下垂中的应用

目的：讨论双平面隆乳术在矫治小乳症并乳房下垂中的临床应用。方法：选择22例患者,4例哺乳后乳房萎缩并松垂行单纯双平面隆乳术,18例小乳症并乳房Ⅰ度至Ⅲ度下垂行双平面硅胶假体隆乳及乳房下垂矫正。结果：22例术后随访1个月至1年2个月,平均6．5个月。20例（40只）乳房形态良好,无假体移位、包膜挛缩及畸形。1例（2只）Ⅲ度乳房下垂者因悬吊不够,9个月随访时仍呈现Ⅰ度下垂。1例（1只）乳房硬化,为BakerⅢ。讨论“双平面”法隆乳术,即假体同时位于两个平面（部分位于乳腺下,部分位于胸大肌下）,此方法适用于各类乳房,能避免“双乳房”畸形,术后乳房下部形态美观。     

乳晕切口手术治疗乳房轻度下垂并乳腺良性肿物

目的:探讨通过乳晕切口既矫正乳房轻度下垂,又摘除乳腺良性肿物的手术方式。方法:对正常体积的轻度乳房下垂,选择乳晕旁月牙形或双环形切口,采用真皮帽技术,矫正乳房下垂。其间,对患有乳腺良性肿物者,在相应部位皮下,沿大乳腺管走向潜行剥离至肿物的上方,再切除肿物。结果:对56例患者随访6~18个月,乳房挺拔、丰满,感觉良好,切口瘢痕不明显。结论:经乳晕切口手术治疗轻度乳房下垂并乳腺良性肿物,乳房下垂得以矫正,乳腺良性肿物完全切除,形态和位置改善,乳头感觉和勃起正常,不明显的切口瘢痕在新的乳晕边缘隐蔽良好。     

改良双环加垂直切口乳房下垂矫治术

目的：利用多种术式的有机结合，探讨乳房下垂的新的矫治办法。方法：从2005年3月至2013年6月，对于38例中重度乳房下垂患者，在传统的双环和／或加垂直切口的基础上，进行部分旋转折叠及多个楔形皮肤切除等改进，以缩短恢复期，提高手术效果。结果：通过38例患者的，临床观察及术后随访，发现运用该方法不仅能够有效地矫治中重度乳房下垂伴肥大，同时可以使乳房变得更加挺拔，有韧性，术后乳晕双环切口皱褶恢复明显缩短，垂直切口瘢痕的长度较短，瘢痕不明显。结论：改良双环加垂直切口的乳房下垂上提缩小术是一种较好的手术方法，值得临床推广。     

Inferior Pedicle Autoaugmentation Mastopexy After Breast Implant Removal

Background  

A new method of autoaugmentation mammaplasty is presented to correct ptosis and to increase the projection and volume of the breast in patients who would like a reposition augmentation mammaplasty after breast implant removal but do not want a new implant.     

乳腺组织瓣联合真皮帽悬吊术矫正轻中度乳房下垂

目的 探讨乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊的垂乳上提技术矫正轻中度乳房下垂的临床效果.方法 根据乳房下垂程度设计形成真皮帽后,分离乳房皮肤和腺体,于乳腺外上方行部分腺体切除或直接纵行切开腺体,并同时形成外侧腺体瓣,掀起腺体瓣向内侧旋转固定,缩小乳房基底,再行真皮帽上提固定和乳房塑形.结果 2006年3月至2010年3月,于临床应用46例,术后效果满意,其中2例出现单侧血肿,无其他严重并发症.对40例患者随访6个月至4年,乳房外形满意,无继发下垂、乳房扁平、乳头乳晕感觉障碍等并发症.结论 乳腺组织瓣旋转联合真皮帽悬吊垂乳上提术可商塑造饱满、坚挺的乳房,术后瘢痕不明显,远期效果满意.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension for correction of mild and moderate breast ptosis. Methods The dermal flap was formed according to the breast ptosis and dissection was performed between the skin and gland. The superior-lateral gland was partially resected or cutted vertically only to form the lateral glandular flap. Then the glandular flap was rotated medially and fixed to shrink the glandular base area. Then the breast was up-positioned and fixed with dermal flap to remodel the breast shape. Results From Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2010, 46 cases were treated with satisfactory result. There was no severe complication, except for 2 cases of unilateral hematoma. 40 cases were followed up for 6 months to 4 years with good breast shape. No secondary ptosis,breast flatten and NAC sensation disorder was happened. Conclusions Glandular flap combined with dermal flap suspension is a good method for mild and moderate breast ptosis with reliable long-term results.The breasts have busty appearance and good projection with inconspicious scar.     

The “Shirt Pocket” Technique—An Alternative for Augmentation-Mastopexy

Augmentation-mastopexy is a frequent procedure with high rates of early recurrence of breast ptosis, mainly after subglandular approach. The dual-plane techniques, based on the cranial dissection of the pectoralis, is the most used, but this plane does not cover the inferior pole of the breast. Then, the possibility of a downward dissection of the muscle seems to be more reasonable to retain the implant and improve postoperative results. This study aimed to review the anatomy of the pectoralis in cadavers and the use of its downward dissection to create a pocket for breast implant as a “shirt pocket.” This maneuver was associated with a superior-based dermoglandular flap to overprotect the inferior pole. No complications were related in the postoperative period. The anatomic review showed that the “shirt pocket” is a safe option if done carefully. The technique demonstrated to be feasible and seemed to be effective, being another alternative to prevent early recurrence of breast ptosis in these procedures.     

乳房重度下垂的直线切口法乳房成形术

目的 介绍应用直线切口法乳房成形术(Lejour法)治疗重度乳房下垂方法及效果.方法 按Lejour法设计手术切口.该类患者新乳头位置较正常人群可适当下移1～2 cm,新乳房下皱襞上移5～10 cm,通过适当下移新乳头位置及上移新乳房下皱襞达到缩短垂直切口距离.剥离乳腺组织,将下垂乳腺组织从乳腺深层固定于胸大肌第2、3肋水平.皮肤无张力缝合.结果 36例中乳房肥大者30例、体积基本正常者6例,经术后3个月至2年随访,无明显并发症,新乳房外形挺拔自然,患者满意.结论 本术式简便易行,远期效果好,可作为重度乳房下垂的术式之一.     

The devil's incision mammoplasty

Combination of an oblique ellipse with a halfmoon incision around the lower half of the areola is presented by the author to treat breast hypotrophy and moderate ptosis without resorting to implant of foreign material. The crescent combined with an oblique ellipse forms a little devil's figure. A deepidermized dermafat flap, with blood supply coming from the areolar area, increases the apparent volume of the breast. This technique is best used in cases of moderate ptosis in which no change in the position of the nipple is necessary. When there is hypertrophy, excess mammary tissue can be removed simultaneously with the cutaneous ellipse.