特发性左心室性心动过速经导管射频消融后的心电图变化

目的 :观察特发性左心室性心动过速 (ILVT)患者经导管射频消融术 (RFCA)后体表心电图的变化 ,探讨RFCA手术成功的心电图观察指标。方法 :分析 2 0例ILVT患者RFCA术前和术后 12导联体表心电图的变化 ,并随访 3个月。结果 :2 0例ILVT患者的消融手术均获成功。术后 19例呈左后分支起源的患者Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联新出现 q波 ,R波电压较前增高 ,Ⅰ、aVL导联的S波加深 ;QRS波群电压增加 ,心电轴度数不同程度增加 ;1例呈左前分支起源的患者术后Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联S波加深 ,aVL导联R波增高伴有电轴左偏。 2 0例患者术前、术后QT间期 ,QTd和QTc间期、QTcd均差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,随访 3个月 ,以上体表心电图未见进一步改变。结论 :体表心电图新出现左侧分支阻滞图形可作为ILVT患者成功RFCA的重要观察指标 ,术中标测最早肯浦野 (P)电位比最早心室激动点处消融更有效 ,术中体表心电图肢体导联的QRS波群电压幅值的改变 ,可作为消融成功的指征。ILVT经RFCA后不会影响心室肌复极离散度     

起源于左后分支的室性早搏临床心电图特点和射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于左后分支的室胜早搏（PVC）的临床心电图特点及射频消融经验。方法8例无器质性心脏病且频发PVC的患者（男5例,女3例）,其中5例伴有阵发性左心室室性心动过速（室速）,年龄19—54（42．7±10．6）岁。其中3例患者行常规射频导管消融治疗,5例在三维电解剖标测系统（Carto系统）指导下行射频消融治疗。在左后分支标测到最早心室激动点处给予温度控制下射频导管消融。结果8例患者术前均以体表心电图定位起源于左后分支处区域,其PVC或左心室室速的体表心电图均为典型特发性左心室室速（ILVT）表现（QRS波呈右束支阻滞图形,心电轴左偏,QRS时限≤160ms）。其中,QRS波I导联6例呈rS,2例呈Rs;aVL导联呈qR;II、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈rs。胸前导联多在V,～V,处移形,由R转为Rs或rs。在消融成功部位（最早激动点）消融导管均记录到融合有浦肯野电位（PP）的V波,V波提前于体表心电图QRS波时限20—48（33．0±10．2）ms,8例患者行射频消融即时成功。术后3～15（8．1±4．2）个月复查,8例患者动态心电图的PVC均小于10000／24h。所有患者术中、术后无并发症发生。结论起源于左后分支处的PVC,在消融导管标测到PVC最早激动点并融合有PP时可成功消融PVC。     

经QRS波形态判断左后分支型室速并成功消融

目的探讨肢体导联QRS波形态改变对左后分支型室速成功射频消融的判断价值。方法对64例经心内电生理检查确诊的左后分支型室速患者进行射频消融,分析射频消融前后窦性节律时肢导联心电图的变化,并对其随访。结果成功射频消融患者术后下壁导联出现Q波或Q波较前加深,同时伴或不伴有Ⅰ和aVL导联Q波消失或S波较前加深。结论左后分支型室速成功射频消融可引起肢导联QRS波形态改变,尤其是下壁导联。联合的下壁导联和/或(Ⅰ和aVL)导联形态改变可作为左后分支型室速射频消融的有效终点。     

以左后分支传导阻滞为消融终点在窦性心律下消融特发性左心室性心动过速

目的:评价以左后分支传导阻滞为消融终点在窦性心律下射频消融特发性左心室室性心动过速(ILVT)中的可行性。方法:8例患者均有阵发性心悸史,心动过速时心电图表现为右束支阻滞伴心电轴左偏。在窦性心律下于左侧室间隔前、中1/3处以P电位与QRS电位融合的部位作为消融靶点,当体表心电图出现左后分支传导阻滞时,作为消融终点。结果:8例患者均在窦性心律下消融,当体表心电图出现左后分支传导阻滞,ILVT不能被诱发。随访6～12(13.12±6.05)个月,无心动过速发作。结论:在窦性心律下消融ILVT是安全的、有效的,以体表心电图出现左后分支传导阻滞为消融终点是可靠的。     

三维心腔内超声引导下应用压力监测导管消融左心室乳头肌室性心律失常

目的介绍在三维心腔内超声引导下应用压力监测导管标测和消融左心室乳头肌起源室性心律失常(VAs)的初步经验。方法 2017年6月至2018年4月于北京安贞医院心内科施行经CartoSound指导射频消融治疗左心室乳头肌起源VAs的患者10例,均采用压力监测导管进行激动标测,并行射频消融治疗,同时分析其体表12导联心电图的QRS波群特征。结果 10例患者VAs的QRS波时限为(149.0±17.8)ms,其中6例VAs起源于左后乳头肌,4例VAs起源于左前乳头肌。左后乳头肌起源VAs表现为右束支阻滞,电轴左偏,Ⅲ导联主波向下,aVL导联主波向上;左前乳头肌起源VAs表现为右束支阻滞,电轴右偏,Ⅲ导联主波向上,aVL导联主波向下。除1例起源于左后乳头肌VAs患者消融失败外,其余9例患者均即刻消融成功,对10例患者随访6个月,1例起源于左后乳头肌的VAs复发。消融靶点至体表QRS波起始时限为(25.8±3.8)ms。所有患者双极电图靶点处窦性心律下无领先于QRS波的P电位,其中9例患者VAs时可记录到提前QRS波的高频电位。即刻消融成功患者的平均放电(2.4±1.3)次。结论左室前乳头肌和后乳头肌起源的VAs在心电图上有明显差别,CartoSound指导下应用压力导管进行左室乳头肌标测和消融可提高成功率,减少复发。     

射频导管消融治疗的特发性室性心律失常心电图特征分析

目的：探讨不同起源的特发性室性期前收缩（PVCs）和（或）室性心动过速（VT）的心电图特征,提出鉴别流程。方法根据射频导管消融PVCs/VT有效靶点或心室最早激动点的X线胸片进行定位,分析不同起源PVCs/VT的12导联心电图QRS波群。结果828例接受导管消融,580例起源于右心室,248例起源于左心室,左、右心室起源者胸导联移行指数＜0的分别占97.58%及7.24%;左和右心室流出道起源者下壁导联多数呈R型,V1上,多数右心室流出道起源者呈rS型,右室间隔起源呈QS型,主动脉瓣上起源者常呈rS或RS型;下壁导联上,左前分支起源者常呈qR型,左后分支起源者常呈rS型。结论结合体表心电图胸导联移行指数、下壁导联和V1上的QRS波群特征可初步判断特发性PVCs/VT的起源部位。     

分支性室性心动过速的射频消融终点临床分析

目的探讨射频消融术(RFCA)治疗分支性室性心动过速(FVT)的消融终点以提高RFCA的成功率。方法回顾性分析30例FVT患者的临床资料、心电图、心内电生理特点及射频消融结果。结果 22例左后分支性室性心动过速消融手术后21例体表心电图出现左后分支阻滞图形,8例左前分支性室性心动过速术后6例体表心电图出现左前分支阻滞图形。30例均消融成功,无复发。结论消融术后新出现的左后分支阻滞或左前分支阻滞图形可作为消融成功终点判断依据之一。     

特发性左室后问隔室性心动过速的临床特点与射频消融

目的:探讨特发性左室后间隔室性心动过速临床特征及射频消融的方法学。方法:对16例经心内电生理检查确诊的特发性左后间隔室性心动过速患者的临床体征、心电图和心内电生理检查特点进行分析。在左室后间隔左后分支区域标测到浦肯野纤维电位(P电位)为消融靶点,选用双弯消融导管,温控55～60°(功率20～50W)消融。结果:心动过速时的体表心电图呈右束支阻滞合并左前分支阻滞图形。射频消融成功率100%,无并发症发生。结论:特发性左室后间隔室性心动过速心电图易与室上性心动过速相混淆,射频消融治疗安全、有效。     

射频消融左后分支治疗维拉帕米敏感性特发性室性心动过速

目的报道消融左后分支治疗左室特发性室性心动过速(简称室速)。方法对57例维拉帕米敏感性左室特发性室速患者进行电生理检查及射频消融,以窦性心律时产生左后分支阻滞和/或室速不再被诱发作为消融成功终点。结果57例中41例室速诱发条件稳定(71.9%),9例诱发条件不稳定(15.8%),7例不能被诱发(12.3%),所有患者均达消融成功终点。术后全部患者体表心电图Ⅰ导联出现R波降低,S波加深,呈rS形态或RS形态,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联出现小q波,或在原有q波基础上加深,R波振幅明显增高,呈qR形态,额面电轴度数显著增加(54.06°±38.24°vs 90.55°±7.88°,P<0.001)。27例出现完全性左后分支阻滞改变(47.4%),30例为不完全性左后分支阻滞(52.6%)。1例1年后室速再发,左后分支阻滞消失,重复消融直至再次出现左后分支阻滞,术后室速未有再发。结论射频消融产生左后分支阻滞可作为左室特发性室速的消融成功终点,尤其适用于不易被常规电生理检查诱发的患者。     

射频导管消融特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速

目的 探讨特发性左心室流出道室性心动过速(室速)心电图特点及射频导管消融结果。方法 对5例未发现器质性心脏病的左心室流出道室速患者行12导联心电图、动态心电图、心内电生理检查及射频导管消融治疗。结果5例患者心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联呈R波；Ⅰ导联呈rs或QS波，振幅大于0．5mV；V1导联呈rs或RS波，胸前导联R波移行发生于V2～V3；aVR和aVL导联呈QS波，3例患者的消融靶点在左冠状窦口内，2例位于主动脉瓣下，随访6个月，无1例复发。结论 左心室流出道室速有特殊心电图表现，射频导管消融是首选的治疗措施。     

左后分支型特发性左心室室性心动过速消融后心电轴改变与否对左心室形态及功能的影响

目的 以经胸和组织多普勒超声心动图评价左后分支型特发性左心室室性心动过速（ILVT）导管消融术后心电轴改变与否对左心室形态、功能及室壁运动协调性的影响.方法 2003年4月至2007年6月在沈阳军区总医院行射频导管消融术的连续32例ILVT患者,男22例,女10例,平均年龄（30±16）岁.电生理检查明确ILVT诊断后,通过标测ILVT时最早的浦肯野电位（PP）或舒张期电位（DP）处做为消融靶点.根据消融后体表心电图是否出现心电轴改变,将患者分为2组.比较2组术前及术后随访过程中超声心动图检查结果,且在13例患者中比较心脏组织多普勒超声检查结果.结果 32例ILVT患者均经导管消融成功.消融术后未发生心电轴改变者21例,心电轴明显改变者11例.术后随访17.3～95.0（35.1±17.5）个月.消融术前和术后左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD）和左心室射血分数（LVEF）在发生心电轴改变者LVEDD：（44.0±6.5）mm对（41.1±5.9） mm;LVEF：0.65±0.06对0.60±0.05未发生心电轴改变者LVEDD：（45.0±4.5）mm对（41.6±4.0） mm;LVEF：0.67±0.06对0.61±0.04,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.心脏组织超声检查组共入选13例患者,其中消融术后心电轴未发生和发生改变者分别为7例和6例,消融术前和术后相比较,室壁各阶段收缩期平均速度差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 ILVT消融术后所产生的心电轴明显改变,不影响左心室功能、形态及室壁运动整体协调性.     

射频消融治疗特发性室性心动过速疗效观察

目的 :评价射频消融术治疗特发性室性心动过速 (室速 )临床疗效。方法 :5 6例特发性室速患者中 ,34例左室特发性室速采用EPT小、中弯大头导管 (或Webstr小弯大头 ) ,在左室行激动顺序标测和消融 ,以P电位较QRS起点提前 2 0ms以上作为消融靶点。 2 2例右室流出道室速采用Webster加硬导管在右室流出道行起搏标测 ,以起搏时与心动过速时体表 12导联QRS形态完全相同或最接近处为消融靶点 ,成功标准为放电过程中心动过速终止且不能诱发。结果 :5 1例患者消融成功 ,成功率 91.1%。 34例左室特发性室速中 30例靶点位于左室间隔中下部 ,2例近左室心尖 ,1例左室流出道 ,1例位于间隔高位。 31例消融成功 ,1例失败 ,2例因导管到达间隔处机械刺激终止室速而不能再诱发 ,于终止室速处作为靶点射频消融 ,1例于术后第 2天、另 1例半年后室速复发。 2 2例右室流出道室速 ,16例位于流出道间隔侧 ,6例位于流出道游离侧壁。 19例起搏标测到与心动过速 12导联QRS形态完全相同靶点 ,1例形态接近 ,消融获成功。 2例未能诱发室速 ,射频消融 1个月心动过速重新出现 ,所有患者无并发症出现。结论 :射频消融术对特发性室速是一种安全有效的治疗方法 ,可作为首选治疗。电生理未诱发室速或机械刺激终止室速不宜尝试射频消融治疗。     

起源于主动脉窦内反复单形室性心动过速和/或频发室性早搏的心电图特征及射频消融治疗

探讨起源于主动脉窦内的反复单形室性心动过速(简称室速)和/或频发室性早搏(简称室早)的心电图特点和射频消融治疗。分析35例该类患者的室速和频发室早的心电图、心内电生理检查和射频消融治疗情况。结果:室性心律失常起源于左冠状动脉窦(简称左冠窦)的30例、无冠状动脉窦3例和主动脉根部左冠窦下2例。左冠窦的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为rs、rS或QS波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V2或V3导联,V5、V6导联为高振幅R波,无S波;V2导联R高度/S高度比值1.29±0.36。主动脉根部左冠窦下起源的心电图特点:和左冠窦起源室性心律失常的心电图特点基本相同,但V5、V6导联有S波。无冠状动脉窦起源的心电图特点:Ⅰ和aVL导联为Rs或R波形,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联为R波形,胸导联R波移行区在V3导联。34例消融成功,手术操作时间65~120min,X光曝露时间12~30min。1例出现冠状动脉前降支急性闭塞。随访2~53个月,无复发病例。结论:起源于主动脉窦内的室速和/或频发室早有其独特的心电图表现,射频消融能安全、有效地根治此类心律失常。     

The morphology changes in limb leads after ablation of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia and their correlation with recurrence

Objectives: This study was designed to explore the morphology changes in limb leads of ECGs after successful ablation of verapamil sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) and their correlation with tachycardia recurrence.
Methods: Between January 2001 and December 2006, 116 patients who underwent successful ablation of ILVT were included in the study. Twelve-lead surface ECG recordings during sinus rhythm were obtained in all patients before and after ablation to compare morphology changes in limb leads.
Results: The ECG morphology changes after ablation were divided into two categories: one with new or deepening Q wave in inferior leads and/or disappearance of Q wave in leads I and aVL, and the other without change. The changes in any Lead II, III, or aVF after ablation occurred significantly more in patients without recurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT) (P < 0.0001, 0.002, and 0.0001, respectively). The patients with recurrence of VT tended to have no ECG changes, compared with those without recurrence of VT (P = 0.009). The sensitivity of leads II, III, and aVF changes in predicting nonrecurrence VT were 66.7%, 78.7%, and 79.6%, specificity were 100%, 75%, and 87.5%, and nonrecurrence predictive value of 100%, 97.7%, and 98.9%, respectively. When inferior leads changes were combined, they could predict all nonrecurrence patients with 100% specificity.
Conclusions: Successful radiofrequency ablation of ILVT could result in morphology changes in limb leads of ECG, especially in inferior leads. The combined changes in inferior leads can be used as an effective endpoint in ablation of this ILVT.     

Non-contact mapping and linear ablation of the left posterior fascicle during sinus rhythm in the treatment of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia.

AIM: The reentry circuit of idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) has been demonstrated to be confined to the left posterior Purkinje network. We hypothesized that mapping and linear ablation of the left posterior fascicle (LPF) during sinus rhythm guided by non-contact mapping can effectively modify the arrhythmogenic substrate in patients with ILVT and abolish the tachycardia. METHODS: Six patients with ILVT, consisting of one case in which conventional mapping failed three times, one recurrent case, one non-inducible case and three common cases, were included in the study. After a three-dimensional endocardial geometry of the left ventricle (LV) was created, the conduction system in the LV was mapped during sinus rhythm using a filter setting of 8 Hz. The His bundle area, left bundle branch, fascicles and sinus breakout point (SBO) were mapped in detail and tagged as special landmarks in the geometry. A linear lesion was placed perpendicular to the wave front propagation direction of the LPF, 1cm above the SBO. There was a small Purkinje potential preceding the ventricular activation at its starting and ending point. RESULTS: The mean tachycardia cycle length of ILVT in this study was 340.3+/-51.4ms. After a mean of 5.5+/-1.6 radiofrequency deliveries, the clinical tachycardias could not be induced and the 12-lead surface ECG showed right QRS axis deviation (mean 39.7+/-26.0 degrees) in all patients. The total procedure time was 160.0+/-32.2 min with fluoroscopic time of 26.0+/-6.8 min. No ILVT was inducible during control stimulation, and none recurred during a mean follow-up of 13.0+/-4.8 months. CONCLUSION: Mapping and linear ablation of the Purkinje network in LPF area guided by non-contact mapping is an effective and safe treatment of ILVT with radiofrequency energy, especially for those ILVTs which were unsuccessfully treated by conventional means or were non-inducible or non-sustained during the procedure.     

Demonstration of the reentrant circuit of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia: direct evidence for macroreentry as the underlying mechanism

The exact reentrant circuit of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) remains unclear. This case report demonstrates the reentrant circuit of ILVT. A 20-pole electrode catheter was placed along the left posterior fascicle during electrophysiologic study. ILVT was reproducibly induced by programmed ventricular stimulation. During the tachycardia, sequential diastolic potentials bridging the entire diastolic period were observed in the recordings from the electrodes positioned from left ventricular mid-septum to inferoapical septum. The slow conduction zone appeared to be composed of a false tendon in this patient. Entrainment of the ILVT from the right ventricular outflow tract at a different pacing cycle length revealed that a dominant conduction delay occurred at the proximal site of the slow conduction zone. Entrainment studies from several sites on the left ventricular septum confirmed that these sites where sequential electrical activity was recorded were included within the reentrant circuit. However, the left posterior fascicle itself seemed to be a bystander. This report provides the direct evidence of macroreentry as the underlying mechanism of this ILVT, adjacent to the left posterior fascicle.     

分支起源室早的射频消融

目的探讨左室传导分支起源的室性早搏（Premature Ventricular Contractions,PVCs）的心电生理特点及导管射频消融（RadioFrequencyCatheterAblation,RFCA）方法。方法 14例排除器质性心脏病的左室分支起源的PVCs患者,3例行常规导管射频消融治疗,11例在三维电解剖标测（Carto）下射频消融治疗。结果14例患者均表现为＂反复心悸＂,PVCs均大于10000次/24h,7例伴有阵发性左室室性心动过速。6例左前分支起源患者的标准12导联心电图PVCs表现为心电轴右偏、右束支阻滞图形并左后分支阻滞（left posterior hemiblock,LPH）。8例左后分支起源患者的标准12导联心电图PVCs表现为心电轴左偏、右束支阻滞图形及左前分支阻滞（leftanteriorhemiblock,LAH）。在成功消融靶点（最早或提前激动点）附近均记录到浦肯野氏分支电位（Purkinje Potential,PP）,位于左室前外侧间隔、左室中间隔高位或左室后间隔中部,V波提前于体表心电图QRS波（33.0±10.1）ms;11例患者采用冷盐水灌注消融或普通Carto消融导管消融,3例常规7F双弯消融导管消融,放电即刻成功消融,无并发症。术后随访11±5个月,5例患者PVCs完全消失,9例患者24h动态心电图的PVCs小于1000次。结论起源于左室传导前、后分支起源的PVCs各有其临床特征,在消融导管标测到PVC最早或提前激动点并伴有PP处成功消融。     

显性预激射频消融术后T波记忆现象的临床意义

目的探讨显性预激综合征患者射频消融术后出现T波记忆现象的临床特征及意义。方法选择持续性显性预激综合征经射频消融手术后出现T波倒置的64例患者,通过观察心电图T波变化的深度来分析总结T波记忆现象的特征和发生规律。结果右后壁、右后间隔及右侧壁、右后侧壁显性旁道消融术后,T波记忆现象多出现在Ⅲ、aVF、Ⅱ导联,且T波在三导联中倒置深度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05～0.01）;左后壁、左后侧壁及左后间隔显性旁道消融术后,T波记忆现象也多出现在Ⅲ、aVF导联,T波倒置深度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。前壁或前侧壁旁道消融后T波记忆多出现在aVL、Ⅰ导联,两导联中T波倒置深度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。T波记忆的出现具有规律性,在1～30d内能自行恢复。结论 T波记忆是显性预激综合征患者射频消融术后常见的一种心电现象,不具病理意义。     

儿童左心室特发性室性心动过速临床特点及射频消融治疗

目的:观察儿童左心室特发性室性心动过速(idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia ILVT)的临床特征和射频导管消融(radiofrequency catheter ablation RFCA)治疗的效果。方法:56例ILVT患儿行心内电生理检查和RFCA治疗,左心室特发性VT(ILVT)起自间隔部者以最早的P电位处为靶点,左心室流出道VT(LOT)和左前间隔来源的IVT,均以起搏与VT发作时12导联心电图QRS波,形态完全相同处或最早心室激动处为靶点。消融终点为程序刺激或静点异丙肾上腺素室速不被诱发。结果:RF-CA治疗ILVT的成功率为98.2%,复发率为5.5%。IVT起源部位分别位于左心室后间隔部47例,左前间隔3例,左心室流出道6例。结论:ILVT的RFCA成功率高,并发症少。