First dorsal metacarpal artery islanded flap: A useful flap for reconstruction of thumb pulp defects

Thumb pulp defects are commonly due to avulsion injuries. It is very important to reconstruct these defects using sensate flaps as the thumb pulp needs to be sensate for implementing the various functions of the thumb. A very good option for coverage of these defects is the islanded first dorsal metacarpal artery flap. Our study was done over a period of 2 years and involved 9 consecutive cases of thumb pulp defects treated at our institution. The patients included 8 males and 1 female, ranging in age from 16 to 51 years old. The flap size ranged from 2 × 1.5 cm to 5 × 3 cm. We had only one complication in the form of partial flap necrosis, which fortunately healed following debridement without the need for a secondary procedure. All our cases were done under local anesthesia with tourniquet control. All the patients had good fine touch and average two-point discrimination of 6 mm, which was satisfactory. Our good results further reinforce the islanded first dorsal metacarpal artery flap as one the best flaps for sensate reconstruction of thumb pulp defects. It replaces the soft tissue loss at the thumb pulp with minimal donor site morbidity and with good return of thumb pulp sensation.     

第1掌背动脉皮瓣一期修复儿童拇指软组织缺损

目的探讨第1掌背动脉皮瓣一期顺行修复儿童拇指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法选取自2009-06—2012—06收治的拇指皮肤组织缺损息儿11例,行急诊清创、残端修整及伴肌腱断裂的修补,骨折患者给予克氏针内固定,11例均予一期第1掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇指组织缺损。结果术后组织瓣全部成活,供区、受区伤口均一期愈合,质地与色泽较好。随访时间为3。24个月,平均10个月,无继发性感染发生,感觉恢复S3一S4,肢体外形与功能满意。结论儿童拇指软组织缺损应用第1掌背动脉皮瓣移植修复、重建软组织,可以避免儿童患拇指功能障碍。采用该皮瓣技术血供可靠、操作简单,是一期修复儿童拇指皮肤缺损理想的治疗方法。     

First dorsal metacarpal artery flap for thumb reconstruction: a retrospective clinical study

Extensive pulp (zone 4) defects of the thumb, with the exposure of tendon or bone, are challenging reconstructive problems. Surgical treatment includes the use of local, regional, and free flaps. The first dorsal metacarpal artery flap has been used successfully for defects of the thumb. The innerved first dorsal metacarpal artery flap from the dorsum of the index finger was first described by Hilgenfeldt and refined by Holevich. An island flap carried on a neurovascular pedicle consisting of the first dorsal metacarpal artery was first demonstrated by Foucher and Braun. Seven innervated FDMCA island flaps were performed from May 2005 until July 2007 for thumb reconstruction. There were three women and four men with an average age of 54.9 years (range 28–89 years). The mean follow-up period was 15.4 months (range 4–29 months). The dominant hand was involved in six (85.7%) patients. In a retrospective clinical study, the following criteria were evaluated: (1) etiology of the defect, (2) time of reconstruction (primary vs. delayed), (3) survival rate of flap, (4) sensory function (Semmes–Weinstein monofilaments, static 2-PD, pain, cortical reorientation), (5) TAM measured with the Kapandji index, and (6) subjective patient satisfaction (SF 36). Four patients presented with trauma, two patients with defects after tumor resection and one with infection of the thumb. The flap was used for immediate reconstruction in three (42.9%) patients and for delayed reconstruction in four (57.1%) patients. Delayed reconstruction was performed 4.75 (1–12) months after initial trauma or first surgery. The donor area was grafted with full-thickness skin grafts in all cases. All flaps survived. The mean SWMF was 3.31 g and average statis 2-PD over the flap was 10.57 mm. Pain at the flap scored 3.71 over 10 and at the donor site 2.17 over 10. Paresthesia at the flap scored 0.57 over 4 and at the donor site 0.33 over 4. Complete cortical reorientation was only seen in one patient. The mean Kapandji score of the reconstructed thumb was 7.43 over 10. Using the SF-36, mean physical health of the patients scored 66.88% and mean mental health scored 70.55%. Disturbing pain and paresthesia of the flap are exceptional. The static 2-PD is more than 10 mm, and is clinically over the limit. Cortical reorientation was incomplete in all but one patient. Touch on thumb is felt on the dorsum of the index finger; however, sensation is not disturbing or interfering with the patient’s activities. Foucher described the technique débranchement–rébranchement in order to improve this problem. The postoperative total amount of motion of the reconstructed thumb was very good. The results demonstrated that the FDMCA flap has a constant anatomy and easy dissection. It has a low donor site morbidity if FTSG is used. It also shows good functional and aesthetic results. Therefore, the FDMCA flap is a first treatment of choice for defects of the proximal phalanx and proximal part of the distal phalanx of the thumb.     

第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损

目的报道第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损的临床效果。方法2005年8月-2012年10月,采用第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损35例,术后随访3-24个月。结果本组35例皮瓣成活良好,外观满意,两点辨别觉达6-10mm,无虎口挛缩,拇食指的对捏、对掌功能恢复良好。结论第一掌背动脉皮瓣修复拇、食指皮肤软组织缺损操作简单,供血血管变异率低,无需再次手术断蒂,也可制成带血运的掌骨、伸肌腱复合组织瓣,且能携带掌背皮神经重建感觉,值得临床推广。     

第1掌骨背桡侧动脉蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨第1掌骨背桡侧动脉岛状皮瓣在拇指远端软组织缺损修复中的临床应用。方法应用第1掌骨背桡侧动脉岛状皮瓣修复拇指远端软组织缺损20例。结果本组20例皮瓣全部成活．术后随访3-12个月,拇指外形满意,质地柔软,皮神经修复者两点辨别觉8～12mm。结论第1掌骨背桡侧动脉岛状皮瓣具有操作简便、质地良好、血供可靠、损伤小等优点,是修复拇指远端软组织缺损的较好方法。     

第二掌背动脉游离皮瓣的临床应用

目的研究第二掌背动脉（ＳＤＭＡ）游离皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损的临床价值方法对１１例手部软组织缺损或伴有伸指肌腱缺损的病例,采用游离ＳＤＭＡ或游离复合ＳＤＭＡ皮瓣进行修复。其中,复合组织瓣３例。皮瓣面积为１．５ｃｍ×３ｃｍ～５ｃｍ×６．３ｃｍ。结果１０例完全成活,１例因术中动脉血管内广泛血栓形成而放弃手术,８例随访１４～６２个月。两点辨别觉：手背８～１１ｍｍ,指腹４～６ｍｍ。外形及功能满意。结论该皮瓣能修复手指各个部位软组织缺损,并能形成复合组织瓣修复同时伴有伸指肌肌腱缺损。     

拇指桡侧血管筋膜蒂第I掌骨背侧皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨以拇指桡侧血管筋膜为蒂的第I掌骨背侧皮瓣修复手指软组织缺损的临床效果。方法　设计以拇指桡掌侧动脉掌指关节周围分支为主要血供来源 ,经拇指背静脉通过头静脉及拇指深静脉为主要回流途径的血管筋膜蒂皮瓣 ,逆行移位或带蒂移位修复拇、示、中、环指软组织缺损创面 14例。结果　 1例皮瓣部分远端坏死 ,2例早期皮瓣呈红紫色并水泡 ,其余成活良好。术后随访 3个月至 1年 ,皮瓣质地良好 ,不臃肿 ,有感觉。结论　该皮瓣血供可靠、切取方便、供区损伤较小 ,适用于拇指及示、中、环指中末节较大创面的修复。     

带掌背浅静脉的第三掌背动脉岛状皮瓣

目的探讨带掌背浅静脉的第三掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的手术方法,扩大第三掌背动脉皮瓣的修复范围,提高皮瓣的成活质量。方法通过皮瓣蒂部带第三掌背皮神经及掌背浅静脉,在原轴线近端距轴点6cm左右,以浅静脉为轴线向腕背部延伸,在此轴线上设计切取皮瓣。自1999年以来,修复中指、环指近、中节指背或指腹软组织缺损13例,其中合并远节指腹指背软组织缺损5例。结果皮瓣全部成活,2例类似于静脉皮瓣成活。结论本术式扩大了第三掌背动脉岛状皮瓣的修复范围,使之可修复中、环指的整个指背或指腹软组织缺损。该术式操作方便,效果较好,值得临床推广。     

第二指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣急诊修复拇指脱套伤

1993年以来,根据第1、2掌背动脉血供特点,设计以这二条动脉为血管蒂的第2指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤5例。皮瓣大小3cm×6cm～6cm×7cm,结果全部成活,伤口一期愈合,术后随访3～9月,皮瓣质薄,有感觉,拇指活动、外形良好。认为此皮瓣对拇指脱套伤的修复很有实用价值。     

第二指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣急诊修复拇指脱套伤

１９９３年以来，根据第１、２掌背动脉血供特点，设计以这二条动脉为血管蒂的第２指蹼分叶岛状皮瓣修复拇指脱套伤５例。皮瓣大小３ｃｍ×６ｃｍ～６ｃｍ×７ｃｍ，结果全部成活，伤口一期愈合，术后随访３～９月，皮瓣质薄，有感觉，拇指活动、外形良好。认为此皮瓣对拇指脱套伤的修复很有实用价值     

第二掌背动脉岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：通过解剖学研究，设计第２掌背动脉岛状皮瓣，临床修复手部皮肤缺损，获得成功。方法：对５０只经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人手标本，在放大镜下观察第２掌背动脉及伴行静脉的起端，皮支、终末支的走行；测量血管各部位的直径。结果：第２掌背动脉终末支分布于第２指蹼、示中指近节皮肤；皮支和其它掌背、掌指动脉间有丰富的吻合支。临床应用８例，顺行皮瓣７例，逆行１例。修复手背、拇指皮肤缺损，皮瓣全部成活。结论：临床应用第２掌背动脉为蒂的岛状皮瓣时，可设计成顺行或逆行皮瓣，均能成活。     

Second dorsal metacarpal artery neurovascular island flap: clinical applications

This paper reports the clinical use of the second dorsal metacarpal artery island flap in a series of 12 cases and discusses the results. In two cases, a double flap based on the second dorsal metacarpal artery from the dorsal skin of the second and third fingers without using the second web was raised as a modification of the dorsal flap.     

The anatomic basis of the fourth dorsal metacarpal flap: a cadaveric dissection

PURPOSE: To study the vascularization of the fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space and to determine the contribution of the dorsal metacarpal artery and the interosseous muscle fascia to flap viability. The fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space is considered to be less reliable as a donor site because of previously reported vascular variations. METHODS: We performed 15 cadaver dissections. The vascular tree was injected with black latex through the radial and ulnar arteries at the forearm. The skin paddle was designed within the fourth intermetacarpal space. The proximal border was placed at the wrist joint line. The distal border was located 1 cm proximal to the head of the fourth and fifth metacarpal. The width of the skin paddle was based on whether the donor site could be closed directly. A zigzag incision was performed from the distal end of the skin paddle to the volar edge of the interdigital web. The borders of the skin paddle were outlined down to the fascia of the dorsal interosseous muscle. Once the fourth dorsal metacarpal artery was identified each vascular connection was dissected and recorded. RESULTS: The fourth dorsal metacarpal artery was identified in all specimens under the dorsal interosseous muscle fascia. The distal recurrent branch consistently entered the base of the flap superficial to the extensor digitorum communis tendon of the small finger and the dorsal interosseous muscle fascia. Cutaneous perforators branching off the dorsal metacarpal artery were not found consistently. CONCLUSIONS: Reliable flaps can be raised from the fourth dorsal intermetacarpal space based solely on the distal recurrent branch, excluding the dorsal metacarpal artery and interosseous muscle fascia.     

Distally based dorsal metacarpal artery island flap

Summary The use of a distally based third dorsal metacarpal artery island flap to resurface three-fourths of the proximal phalanx of the ring finger is reported.     

第Ⅱ掌背动脉蒂掌背岛状皮瓣

介绍一种改良第Ⅱ掌背动脉皮瓣的新术式。方法　应用以第Ⅱ掌背动脉远端为蒂的旋转点的掌背岛状皮瓣,修复拇指创面７例,皮瓣面积１ｃｍ ×３ｃｍ～２ｃｍ ×４ｃｍ,血管蒂长６～７ｃｍ。结果 ７例皮瓣均成活,效果满意。结论当指背皮肤同时受损,而难以应用示、中指背岛状皮瓣时,可用此手部小型岛状皮瓣修复拇指创面。     

不同形式的第一掌背动脉筋膜皮瓣的临床应用

目的介绍以第一掌背动脉为供血动脉的不同形式筋膜皮瓣的临床应用。方法从1995～2003年,临床应用三种不同形式的第一掌背动脉筋膜皮瓣:⑴顺行切取示指背侧皮瓣;⑵扩大切取示指背侧皮瓣;⑶第一掌背动脉逆行筋膜皮瓣。用于修复虎口、拇指以及示指特别是其指腹的皮肤缺损。结果本组65例皮瓣全部成活,随访半年以上有35例,修复后拇指和示指指腹两点辨别觉为6mm～12mm(平均8.1mm),外形满意,皮瓣质地佳,患者均恢复原工作。结论切取不同形式的第一掌背动脉筋膜皮瓣,特别是第一掌背动脉逆行筋膜皮瓣是安全可行的,扩大了此皮瓣临床应用的适应证。     

第一掌背动脉皮瓣联合大鱼际皮瓣修复拇指末节皮肤脱套伤

【摘要】目的 探讨第1掌背动脉皮瓣联合大鱼际皮瓣修复拇指末节皮肤套脱伤的疗效。方法 2009年1月至2014年7月,我院对19例拇指末节皮肤套脱伤患者,创面缺损面积在20mm×50mm～30mm×60mm之间,拇指末节皮肤套脱合并甲床缺如13例,皮肤套脱伴甲床残留6例,均采用第1掌背动脉皮瓣联合大鱼际皮瓣进行修复,并观察术后19例拇指功能外形感觉等指标。 结果 本组12例皮瓣术后完全存活;5例术后2～4天皮瓣表面出现水疱,颜色暗红、发紫,间断拆除蒂部旋转点缝线后,皮瓣血运逐渐好转,最终存活良好;2例第1掌背动脉皮瓣尖端皮缘坏死,换药后痂下愈合,无骨外露,所有供区切口均1期愈合。经过3个月随访,手指皮瓣外形良好,指腹皮瓣感觉可,两点辨别觉6～9mm,指背皮瓣无感觉恢复;按照手指总主动活动度(TAM)法评定,优17指,良2指,优良率为100％,按照Michigan手外科问卷评定患者对拇指术后外观的满意度评定,非常满意15例,满意4例. 结论 该术式疗效满意,是治疗拇指末节皮肤套脱伤可行性的一种方法。