油茶肉质果和肉质叶开发价值及食用安全性分析

研究了油茶肉质果和肉质叶营养成分及食用安全性。成熟的肉质果（叶）各成分质量分数分别为：水分91．36％（91．58％）、蛋白质7．81％（6．56％）、脂肪3．7％（2．90％）、还原糖30．41％（21．83％）、总糖37．23％（29．28％）、茶皂素2．44％（1．46％）、灰分3．45％。（4．55％）、酸度0．35％（0．46％）。测定的矿物元素中，肉质叶、果的钙含量分别为411．3mg、359mg；锰的含量分别为31．35mg和33．06mg；含有16种氨基酸；所测的6种维生素中，维生素C和叶酸含量较高。毒性试验结果显示，样品为无毒野生果。微核试验和致畸试验结果表明：小鼠微核率与对照组比较，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。小鼠精子致畸率与阳性对照组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。样品对金黄色葡萄球菌抑制效果明显。该野生果基本无毒、无致突变物质，证明油茶肉质果、肉质叶是一种食用安全的野生果和食品资源。     

白藜芦醇与氟尿嘧啶对小鼠肝癌的联合治疗作用

目的　探讨白藜芦醇单独及其与氟尿嘧啶 (5 Fu)联合应用对小鼠移植性肝癌的抑制作用。方法　利用小鼠移植性肝癌H2 2 模型研究白藜芦醇的体内抑瘤作用以及其对氟尿嘧啶抑瘤作用的影响。结果　白藜芦醇治疗组能不同程度抑制小鼠肝脏移植瘤的生长 ,10 0mg/kg和 15mg/kg的白藜芦醇治疗时抑瘤率分别为 36 6 %和 4 9 3% ,与对照组比较有明显差异 (P <0 0 1) ;同时发现白藜芦醇与氟尿嘧啶合用能增加氟尿嘧啶的抑瘤率 ,单用 2 0mg/kg或 10mg/kg的氟尿嘧啶 ,抑瘤率分别为 5 3 1% ,4 3 8% ,而合用 10mg/kg的白藜芦醇后抑瘤率分别为 77 3%、72 7% ,两者有显著性差异 ,且无明显的毒性反应。结论　白藜芦醇能增强氟尿嘧啶的抗癌作用 ,降低其毒性 ;白藜芦醇作为生化调节剂可能用于肿瘤联合化疗。     

节节草对四氧嘧啶模型小鼠降血糖作用研究

目的观察节节草醇提物对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用。方法以正常小鼠、四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病模型小鼠为研究对象,以节节草醇提物为研究药物,用葡萄糖氧化酶法观察节节草的血糖抑制作用。结果节节草对正常小鼠血糖水平无影响,能抑制四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病小鼠血糖水平,其机制可能在于对小鼠胰岛β细胞有一定的修复作用。结论节节草具有降血糖作用,改善糖尿病症状作用显著,并有一定的量效关系。     

灰树花菌丝体糖肽GFPSlb体内抗肿瘤作用的研究

采用移植型小鼠黑色素瘤B16模型进行试验,研究灰树花菌丝体糖肽GFPS1b的体内抗肿瘤作用.结果表明,灰树花菌丝体糖肽GFPS1b对移植型小鼠黑色素瘤B16有显著的抑制作用,抑瘤率在30%以上;样品作用组瘤体积生长速率比阴性对照组慢,且瘤体积小;同时能延长荷瘤小鼠的存活期;HE染色结果表明,GFPS1b中、高剂量组能使B16肿瘤细胞呈团索状实性排列或弥漫性分布,并有肿瘤细胞大片坏死,坏死区周围可见凋亡细胞;免疫组化技术进一步显示,GFPS1b能诱导瘤组织中Bax基因蛋白表达,同时也能显著下调Bcl-2蛋白的表达.研究表明,GFPS1b对小鼠移植性肿瘤有显著的抑瘤作用.     

海洋真菌多糖YCP对荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用

研究海洋真菌多糖YCP对小鼠移植瘤的抑瘤作用和对小鼠免疫功能的影响。采用ICR小鼠S180、Heps移植性肿瘤，C57BL／6小鼠Lewis移植性肿瘤和BALB／cA裸小鼠人肺癌A-549移植性肿瘤实验方法，检测受试药物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用，以荷瘤小鼠的血清半数溶血值（HC50）及吞噬指数K及吞噬系数α值等为指标，观察药物对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响，与空白对照组相比，YCP（9，3mg／kg）静脉注射（iv）对小鼠移植瘤肝癌实体型（Heps）、肉瘤180（S180）、Lewis肺癌的肿瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用（P〈0．01）．YCP（9，3mg／kg）可显著提高S180荷瘤小鼠的吞噬指数K和血清半数溶血值HC50（P〈0．0l，P〈0．05）．YCP对ICR小鼠S180、Heps移植性肿瘤，C57BL／6小鼠Lewis移植性肿瘤具有明显的抗肿瘤活性，YCP可显著提高S180荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能。     

总状蕨藻Caulerpa racemosa多糖抗肿瘤和免疫增强活性

以荷S180实体瘤的昆明小鼠为模型,研究了总状蕨藻粗多糖(CRP)的抗瘤作用及其对免疫器官等的影响,采用细胞培养法研究了CRP及其两个主要级分(CRPF1和CRPF2)对正常小鼠免疫细胞功能的影响。实验结果显示:总状蕨藻粗多糖对S180实体瘤具有显著的抑制作用,其抑瘤率和免疫活性与给药方式、剂量等因素有关,在注射和灌胃给药条件下,当CRP剂量分别为25mg/(kg.d)和100mg/(kg.d)时,其抑瘤率达到最大值,分别为46.2%和58.2%,且在注射给药时能显著地增加小鼠的脾脏指数。在50~200mg/(kg.d)范围内,灌胃给药时能升高小鼠碳廓清指数;细胞培养结果显示:CRP能提高正常小鼠的免疫功能,不过,其对静止淋巴细胞增殖的促进作用和对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞MФ分泌NO的促进作用均小于CRPF1和CRPF2。以上事实表明,总状蕨藻多糖具有较强的抗肿瘤和增强小鼠免疫力的作用。     

蟾酥注射液对小鼠S180和人结肠癌HT-29裸鼠移植性肿瘤的影响

目的研究蟾酥注射液对小鼠移植性肿瘤 S180和人结肠癌 HT-29裸鼠移植性肿瘤的抑制作用.方法分别用小鼠 S180和人结肠癌 HT-29裸鼠两种荷瘤小鼠模型,观察药物对上述肿瘤的抑瘤作用,并镜下观察后者细胞凋亡情况.结果与荷瘤阴性对照组比较,蟾酥注射液各剂量组对小鼠 S180抑瘤率( IR)为 19.1%～38.2%(P<0.05),呈量效关系;而对人结肠癌 HT-29裸鼠移植性肿瘤的 IR为 9.5%～15.8%(P>0.05),也呈量效关系,但差异均未见统计学意义;环磷酰胺则能显著抑制小鼠 S180和 HT-29细胞裸鼠移植性肿瘤的生长( IR分别为70.7%和 67.1%, P<0.01),镜检可见其有显著促进肿瘤细胞凋亡作用;未发现实验药物出现明显的毒副作用.结论该实验所用的蟾酥注射液,对小鼠 S180有抑制作用,而对人结肠癌 HT-29裸鼠移植性肿瘤,则作用不明显,表明不同类型的肿瘤对其敏感性不同.     

扶正抗癌方对大鼠移植性肝癌抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的：探讨扶正抗癌方（ＣＭ）抗肿瘤作用。方法：用大鼠移植性肝癌对其进行了研究。结果：１ＣＭ有显著缩瘤作用和显著延长荷瘤鼠生存时间（与ＮＳＧ相比,Ｐ＜００１及Ｐ＜００５）;２ＣＭ能提高带瘤鼠红细胞免疫功能的作用（Ｐ＜００５）;３ＣＭ具有保肝作用（Ｐ＞００５）;４ＣＭ可能具有消腹水、抗转移作用。５光镜下ＣＭ组瘤细胞肿胀,而坏死率较低。结论：ＣＭ确有明显抗瘤作用,而ＣＭ内真正的细胞毒物质缺乏或缺如。     

CytoMPS原位疫苗治疗肝癌的抗瘤作用及其免疫效应

目的制作成细胞因子缓释微粒原位瘤苗(CytoMPS-ISV),观测CytoMPS-ISV抗瘤作用及其免疫效应。方法 C57BL/6J小鼠皮下移植性肝癌模型瘤内注射CytoMPS3次制作CytoMPS-ISV,观察其抗肿瘤作用及小鼠生存率;流式细胞仪检测小鼠外周血淋巴细胞变化,免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织的CD4+、CD8+和NK1.1+细胞浸润情况,体外检测小鼠脾CTL和NK细胞的杀瘤活性,检测疫苗诱导脾CTL的抗体阻断作用。结果与PBS注射组和对照组相比,瘤内注射CytoMPS后肿瘤生长受到显著抑制(P0.01)。瘤内注射CytoMPS组血液中及局部浸润的CD4+、CD8+和NK细胞明显高于PBS组和对照组(P0.05);淋巴细胞杀伤试验结果显示瘤内注射CytoMPS组小鼠的脾CTL对靶细胞的杀伤率明显高于PBS组(P0.01)和对照组(P0.05);抗体阻断作用试验显示接种疫苗的小鼠脾CTL的杀瘤活性可被抗CD8+、抗MHC-I单克隆抗体所阻断,但不被抗CD4+、抗MHC-II单克隆抗体所阻断。结论 CytoMPS-ISV可以显著抑制肿瘤生长,能明显增强机体的抗肿瘤免疫作用,其诱导的CTL杀瘤特性是由MHC-I限制的CD8+T细胞所介导。     

内源性β-受体激动剂对烫伤大鼠肺水肿的影响

研究了内源性β－受体激动剂对烫伤大鼠肺水肿的影响，结果表明，单纯烫伤组和单纯心得安处理组其肺含水量、湿干重比、肺泡灌洗液蛋白浓度、丙二醛含量及白细胞计数均显著高于对照组；心得安预处理后烫伤组以上指标也均显著高于对照组，且略高于单纯烫伤组。提示内源性β－激动剂具有抗水肿、抗脂质过氧化作用，为体内重要的抗炎因素之一     

Zonal heterogeneity in action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on renal microcirculation: role of intrarenal bradykinin.

The present study examined the role of intrarenal bradykinin in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced dilation of renal afferent (AFF) and efferent arterioles (EFF) in vivo, and further evaluated whether ACEI-stimulated bradykinin activity differed in superficial (SP) and juxtamedullary nephrons (JM). Arterioles of canine kidneys were visualized with an intravital charge-coupled device camera microscope. E4177 (an angiotensin receptor antagonist, 30 microg/kg) dilated AFF and EFF in SP (15 +/- 3% and 19 +/- 5%) and JM (15 +/- 3% and 18 +/- 4%). Subsequently, cilazaprilat (30 microg/kg) caused further dilation of both AFF (29 +/- 4%) and EFF (36 +/- 4%) in JM, whereas in SP it dilated only EFF (29 +/-3%). Similarly, in the presence of E4177, cilazaprilat caused further increases in sodium excretion. This cilazaprilat-induced vasodilation and natriuresis was abolished by a bradykinin antagonist (N(alpha)-adamantaneacetyl-D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]b radykinin). In parallel with these results, cilazaprilat increased renal bradykinin content, more greatly in the medulla than in the cortex (5.7 +/- 0.4 versus 4.6 +/- 0.1 ng/g). Similarly, cilazaprilat elicited greater bradykinin-dependent increases of nitrite/nitrate in the medulla. In conclusion, zonal heterogeneity in renal bradykinin/nitric oxide levels and segmental differences in reactivity to bradykinin contribute to the diverse responsiveness of renal AFF and EFF to ACEI. ACEI-enhanced kinin action would participate in the amelioration of glomerular hemodynamics and renal sodium excretion by ACEI.     

Role of protein kinase C in angiotensin II-induced constriction of renal microvessels

Role of protein kinase C in angiotensin II-induced constriction of renal microvessels. BACKGROUND: Although angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts its action through multiple vasomotor mechanisms, the contribution of phosphoinositol hydrolysis products to Ang II-induced renal vasoconstriction remains undetermined. METHODS: The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in Ang II-induced afferent (AFF) and efferent (EFF) arteriolar constriction was examined using the isolated perfused hydronephrotic rat kidney. RESULTS: Ang II (0.3 nmol/L)-induced EFF constriction was refractory to inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels by pranidipine (1 micromol/L, 19 +/- 2% reversal) but was completely reversed by a PKC inhibitor, chelerythrine (1 micromol/L, 96 +/- 2% reversal). Furthermore, direct PKC activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA; 1 micromol/L) caused prominent EFF constriction, and this constriction was inhibited by manganese and free calcium medium. In contrast, Ang II-induced AFF constriction was completely abolished by pranidipine (98 +/- 4% reversal) and was partially inhibited by chelerythrine (55 +/- 3% reversal). Although PMA elicited marked AFF constriction, this constriction was insensitive to the calcium antagonist, but was totally inhibited by manganese or free calcium medium. CONCLUSIONS: PKC plays an obligatory role in Ang II-induced EFF constriction that requires extracellular calcium entry through nonselective cation channels. In contrast, in concert with our recent findings demonstrating a complete dilation by thapsigargin, Ang II-induced AFF constriction is mainly mediated by inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and voltage-dependent calcium channel pathways, but could not be attributed to the PKC-activated calcium entry pathway (for example, nonselective cation channels). Rather, Ang II-stimulated PKC may cross-talk to the IP3/voltage-dependent calcium channel pathway and could modulate the vasoconstrictor mechanism of the AFF. Thus, the role of PKC during Ang II stimulation differs in AFF and EFF, which may constitute segmental heterogeneity in the renal microvasculature.     

Rheological abnormalities of erythrocyte deformability and increased glycosylation of hemoglobin in the nephrotic syndrome

This report is an attempt to gain more complete knowledge of the causes of the tendency to thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome. Our purpose was to detect some rheological abnormalities in a group of nephrotic patients having normal renal function. Plasma and blood viscosity, erythrocyte filtration flow (EFF) and some indices of the carbohydrate metabolic state (glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HbA1c, fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance test) were investigated in 10 patients with newly diagnosed primary nephrotic syndrome and 10 healthy subjects. EFF was determined in order to avoid variables depending upon plasma, white cells and hematocrit. The mean level of HbA1c was higher in the nephrotic group, in which we found 4 patients with impaired glucose tolerance according to the criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group. EFF was lower in nephrotic patients than in controls and correlated inversely with HbA1c. These findings indicate that nephrotic patients have a reduced red cell deformability which seems to be related to the abnormal carbohydrate metabolism commonly observed in this syndrome.     

Electromagnetic Field Focusing (EFF) probe for intravascular endarterectomy. Preliminary feasibility study

Summary Vaporization of atheromas in 10 human aorta segments immersed under flowing blood in vitro were done using the EFF probe. No increase in packed cells of the flowing blood following atheroma vaporization were noted suggesting absence of post vaporization debris. No damage to the aorta underlying the vaporized atheroma was noted on light microscopy suggesting well localized vaporization process. This study suggests that EFF probe might be a safe tool for intravascular endarterectomy.     

Single lung alveolar volume and gas transfer: effect of expansion of the other lung.

BACKGROUND--Temporary occlusion of one mainstem bronchus permits measurement of single lung function. A previous study suggested that the volume at which one lung is occluded may influence the expansion of the other. The effect of ipsilateral occlusion volume on the contralateral effective alveolar volume (VA, EFF,SL), inspired volume (VI,SL), single breath estimated residual volume (RVSB,SL), carbon monoxide (CO) transfer (TLCO,SL) and transfer coefficient (KCO,SL) has been examined. METHODS--Single breath measurements of CO transfer were made in duplicate in 12 healthy subjects aged 19-44 years, without and during occlusion of one mainstem bronchus by a balloon at RV and at total lung capacity (TLC). RESULTS--Mean VA,EFF,SL, VI,SL, and TLCO,SL were lower during occlusion at RV than during occlusion at TLC (2.84 v 3.26 l; 2.18 v 2.54 l; and 4.70 v 5.51 mmol/kPa/min respectively). RVSB,SL was independent of occlusion volume and KCO,SL not different from the KCO of both lungs (KCO,BL). Single lung values during occlusion at TLC were fairly reproducible and were, except for KCO,SL, approximately half the values for both lungs. During occlusion at RV the second TLCO,SL and KCO,SL were lower than the first. CONCLUSIONS--Occlusion of one lung permits reliable determinations of gas transfer indices of the other, provided the lung is occluded at TLC. Occlusion at RV significantly reduces VA,EFF,SL, and hence TLCO,SL, but does not affect KCO,SL of the other lung.     

Stereotactic microsurgical resection of intracranial tumors using the electromagnetic field focusing system.

The intense heat produced at the tip of the electromagnetic field focusing (EFF) probe at its point of contact with tissue can cut and vaporize tissue and coagulate blood vessels. As the probe is shaped like a bayonet and has a diameter of 0.3 mm at its tip, it can be used on deep structures through narrow openings, making it ideal for stereotactic craniotomy. Thirteen stereotactic craniotomy procedures using the EFF system were performed. Locations of the lesions were deep in the cerebrum, cerebellum and in the lateral ventricle. The system proved efficient with reduced blood loss and unobstructed view of deep structures. No complications resulted from the use of the system.     

In vivo effects of diadenosine polyphosphates on rat renal microcirculation

BACKGROUND: Diadenosine polyphosphates (APXA) are vasoactive nucleotides that elicit effects via purinoceptors. Recent data suggest differential effects of APXA on kidney vasculature. METHODS: The in vivo effects of AP3A, AP5A, and adenosine on renal microvessels and the role of purinoceptors were investigated by the application of agonists to the hydronephrotic rat kidney and preincubation with respective antagonists. RESULTS: The addition of the agonists (10-7 mol/L up to 10-4 mol/L) resulted in a concentration-dependent transient vasoconstriction [interlobular artery (ILOB): adenosine 30 +/- 7%, N = 7, AP3A 35 +/- 10%, N = 5; AP5A 66 +/- 19%, N = 5; 10-5 mol/L each] lasting up to one minute, followed by a concentration-dependent vasodilation (ILOB: adenosine 10 +/- 3%, N = 6; AP3A 19 +/- 4%, N = 5; AP5A 12 +/- 5%, N = 6; 10-5 mol/L each). In ILOB and in the afferent arteriole (AFF), the constrictory effects of AP5A were more pronounced than those of AP3A and adenosine. In the efferent arteriole (EFF), vascular tone was only slightly affected by all agonists. The dilatory potency was comparable for all agonists in ILOB and EFF. No significant vasodilation occurred in AFF. The application of the selective A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX (10-5 mol/L) completely abolished the adenosine-induced vasoconstriction, whereas the A2 receptor antagonist DMPX and the P2 purinoceptor antagonists PPADS and A3P5P (all 10-5 mol/L) did not affect adenosine-induced constriction. The AP3A-induced constriction was abolished by DPCPX and was partially inhibited by PPADS. The constriction induced by AP5A was less sensitive to DPCPX but more sensitive to PPADS. In ILOB and EFF, DMPX or A3P5P abolished dilation after the addition of the agonists. The dilation after AP5A was not significantly reduced. In AFF, no significant dilation was observed with these agonists alone, but it was clearly visible in the presence of DPCPX or PPADS. CONCLUSIONS: APXA evoke transient constrictions in vessels of the hydronephrotic rat kidney, which are mediated by A1 and P2 purinoceptors. The length of the phosphate chain determines the degree of vasoconstriction and the extent to which the substances exert effects on the P2 purinoceptor subtypes. ILOB and AFF are more potently affected by APXA than EFF. Afferent vasodilation is partially overridden by sustained vasoconstriction.     

Guidelines for external fixation frame rigidity and stresses

Using results from FEM analyses and experiments as references, analytical methods are applied to develop simple approximate formulas to relate frame rigidity, maximal pin stresses, and peak pin-bone stresses in external fracture fixation (EFF) configurations in axial loading to the most important frame, pin, and bone parameters. It is found that, in a realistic range, the parameters can be adapted to vary the frame rigidity from about 13 N/mm to 17,000 N/mm, thereby reducing the maximal stresses in the pins and at the pin-bone interface by a factor of 140. In particular, when compromises have to be established in the frame characteristics in order to ensure a flexible configuration and limit the stress values at the same time, the formulas presented can provide useful guidelines. The side-bar separation and the pin modulus, in particular, can be adapted to decrease the rigidity, while only moderately increasing the stresses, thereby reducing changes for pin failure, pin-bone loosening, and pin-tract infection. A nomogram is presented for a quick reference to estimated relations between frame characteristics, rigidity, and stresses. It is believed that this material may be of use in EFF design and applications in clinical and animal experimental trials.     

When should we operate on major fractures in patients with severe head injuries?

BACKGROUND: The widely accepted practice of early fracture fixation (EFF) in multiply injured patients has recently been challenged in the presence of head injury. DATA SOURCES: English and German language articles on the subject were searched using Medline. Keywords included head trauma, intracranial trauma, brain injuries, fractures, fracture fixation, timing, femur fracture, and tibia fracture. CONCLUSIONS: The available literature does not provide clear-cut guidance on the management of fractures in the presence of head injuries. The trend is toward a better outcome if the fractures are fixed early. Treatment should therefore be tailored to the individual patient, with the assumption that full neurologic recovery will take place.