膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义

目的:观察膝关节镜下髌下皱襞结构的变化,探讨膝关节髌下皱襞的临床意义。方法:回顾性总结分析膝关节镜手术病例400例,男177例,女223例;年龄9~79岁,平均42岁。术前均有膝关节疼痛、肿胀和交锁等现象,保守治疗无效,行膝关节镜检查及镜下手术。术中证实单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例,术前有膝前区疼痛症状者8例,疼痛区域模糊不定者3例,膝关节反复肿胀、积液者2例;术前诊断为半月板损伤4例,关节软骨损伤2例,髌股关节骨性关节炎1例,髌下脂肪垫损伤4例。11例均行膝关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术。结果:400例膝关节镜手术中发现有髌下皱襞结构的284例(71%);有髌下皱襞病变的52例(13%),其中单纯的髌下皱襞病变11例(2.75%)。髌下皱襞病变镜下表现为髌下皱襞肿胀、增厚、纤维化、丧失弹性,与髁间凹产生撞击。11例单纯髌下皱襞病变均行关节镜下髌下皱襞切除术,术后随访9例,2例失访,随访时间3~24个月,平均14个月。疗效评定优7例,良1例,可1例,差0例,优良率88.89%。结论:髌下皱襞具有明确的临床意义,其病变可以引起临床症状。     

关节镜下髌骨成形及髌周去神经化治疗髌股关节炎

目的:探讨关节镜下髌骨成形及髌周去神经化治疗髌股关节炎的手术方法和临床疗效。方法:自2011年9月至2013年3月收治髌股关节炎患者156例, 其中男62例, 女94例;年龄45～61岁, 平均52岁。临床表现为膝关节反复肿胀、疼痛, 上下楼、蹲下起立时疼痛加重。采用关节镜下髌骨成形及髌周去神经化治疗。手术前后采用Lysholm评分及Kujala评分对疗效进行评估, 并将软骨损伤程度进行分级后评估疗效。结果:术后149例获得随访, 时间10～18个月, 平均(14.8±3.5)个月, 切口均愈合良好, 未见并发症。Lysholm评分由术前73.29±4.48提高到术后80.93±4.21,Kajala评分由术前68.34±6.22提高到术后76.48±6.54,软骨损伤Ⅰ-Ⅲ级者术后疗效较好, 软骨损伤Ⅳ级者疗效较差。结论:关节镜下髌骨成形及髌周去神经化治疗髌股关节炎可明显缓解膝前疼痛, 改善膝关节功能, 提高生活质量, 延缓关节炎进程。     

关节镜下缝合术治疗半月板前角损伤的疗效

目的:探讨关节镜下使用MenderⅡ缝合器修复半月板损伤的临床疗效。方法:半月板前角损伤47例,其中男29例(29膝),女18例(18膝);年龄12～31岁,平均(20.53±4.12)岁;病程3～35 d,平均(12.43±5.74) d.应用MenderⅡ缝合器在膝关节镜下行由外向内缝合术,并对患者术前、术后疼痛、跛行等采用Lysholm膝关节评分系统进行评估分析。结果:46例均获随访,时间12～48个月,平均(31.84±8.34)个月。所有患者手术切口Ⅰ期愈合,未出现重要血管、神经损伤等并发症,患膝关节交锁症状均消失,其疼痛、跛行、肿胀、活动受限等症状明显好转,Lysholm膝关节评分由术前52.33±7.31提高至术后86.74±6.92.结论:应用MenderⅡ缝合器对半月板前角损伤患者行由外向内缝合术,术后症状改善明显,近期疗效满意。     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断和关节镜治疗

髌内侧滑膜皱襞 ,是一发育残留的滑膜皱襞 ,由髌上内侧延伸至髌下脂肪垫滑膜上方。我院自 1998年以来在膝关节镜下证实并行滑膜皱襞切除术治疗该征 2 1例取得满意效果 ,报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组 2 1例 ,其中男性 15例 ,女性 6例 ;年龄 2 9～ 74岁 ,左膝 8例 ,右膝 13例 ;单纯髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征 14例 ;合并其它病变者 7例 ,其中外侧半月板损伤 4例 ,髌股关节炎 3例 ;平均病程 18个月。1 2　诊断　所有患者均诉有膝前痛和屈膝时弹响 ,5例患者有“胶着”感 (即久坐后开始行走时膝关节痛 ,活动后疼痛消失 ) ,3例有抬腿乏力 …     

髌骨牵引配合手术治疗陈旧性髌骨骨折合并股四头肌挛缩

目的:探讨髌骨牵引配合手术治疗陈旧性髌骨骨折合并股四头肌挛缩的疗效。方法:陈旧性髌骨骨折合并股四头肌挛缩患者13例,男9例,女4例;年龄20⁴6岁,平均37岁。受伤至手术时间6周⁸个月,平均4个月。骨折分类:横形骨折8例,粉碎性骨折4例,髌骨下极骨折1例。骨折分离移位情况:<2cm者4例,2³cm者7例,>3cm者2例。被动屈膝10°²0°者5例,21°⁵0°者7例,>50°者1例。用克氏针在骨折块的上1/3处行骨牵引,牵引过程中可同时配合CPM锻炼膝关节。1²周后拍片证实两断端靠近后再行切开复位内固定术。结果:13例均获得随访,随访时间8³6个月。根据王亦璁改良膝关节功能评分法,本组优8例,良4例,可1例。骨折均获得I期愈合,髌骨的解剖结构恢复,功能恢复良好。结论:陈旧性髌骨骨折合并股四头肌挛缩骨折端分离,I期手术复位困难,而先行髌骨牵引后再行切开复位张力带固定,不但解决了股四头肌挛缩,有利于骨折的复位固定,而且保留了髌骨结构,保证了伸膝装置的完整性。     

髌骨粉碎性骨折的手术治疗

目的:探讨治疗髌骨粉碎性骨折内固定方法的临床疗效。方法:72例髌骨粉碎性骨折患者,男53例,女19例;年龄16⁶5岁,平均34岁;左侧33例,右侧39例。闭合伤61例,开放伤11例。髌骨下极粉碎45例,髌底粉碎6例,全髌粉碎21例。内固定方式:钢丝环扎固定26例,克氏针张力带固定5例,镍钛聚髌器（NT-PC）固定41例,对其疗效作分析对比。结果:72例患者中有65例获随访,随访时间6个月⁵年。所有骨折均临床愈合,以术后不同时期膝关节功能和X线检查综合判断疗效,钢丝环扎固定、克氏针张力带固定、NT-PC固定三组中,术后下地行走平均时间分别为35、18、10d,术后正常步态平均时间分别为48、45、22d,屈膝90°时间分别为50、30、26d,三组优良率分别为79·2%、50·0%、91·9%。结论:NT-PC用于粉碎性骨折的治疗,避免了髌骨部分或全部切除,最大限度保存膝关节功能,是目前理想的内固定方法。     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的:研究发生于膝关节髌下脂肪垫区肿瘤或肿瘤样病变及其MRI表现。方法:回顾性研究14例经手术病理证实的膝关节髌下脂肪垫区的肿瘤或肿瘤样病变的MRI表现。分析病变的MRI形态、平扫与增强的信号特点。结果:14例15个病灶,滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤7例,肿块T1WI呈等信号或稍高信号,T2WI呈等信号5例,高信号肿块内有含铁血黄素低信号灶2例,轻度或不强化。髌下脂肪垫内海绵状血管瘤2例,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈显著高信号,明显强化。囊肿4例,T1WI低信号,T2WI呈高信号,无强化。滑膜纤维脂肪瘤2例,T1WI呈等或高信号,T2WI呈高信号。结论:膝关节髌下脂肪垫区可发生多种肿瘤或肿瘤样病变,以滑膜腱鞘巨细胞瘤、海绵状血管瘤及滑膜囊肿多见。MRI表现具有一定的特征性,不失为术前定性诊断的有效方法。     

关节镜下复位微创经皮钢板内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的:研究关节镜下微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）治疗胫骨平台骨折的手术方法和临床效果。方法:关节镜监视下治疗胫骨平台骨折55例,男31例,女24例;年龄18⁷5岁,平均47岁。SchatzkerⅡ型18例,Ⅲ型20例,Ⅳ型9例,Ⅴ型5例,Ⅵ型3例。合并半月板损伤23例,前交叉韧带损伤9例,侧副韧带损伤8例。术中通过皮肤微小切口经皮插入解剖型支撑钢板,骨缺损处用自体髂骨或同种异体骨植骨,术后配合早期的功能训练。结果:所有患者均得到随访,随访时间35⁵0个月,平均45·6个月。采用Lysholm评分标准评价临床疗效,优46例,良5例,可3例,差1例,优良率为92·7%。结论:关节镜下应用MIPPO技术治疗胫骨平台骨折能够以最小的创伤重建关节面平整,使骨折得到坚强固定。早期行膝关节功能锻炼,以获得满意疗效。     

膝关节韧带损伤的MRI诊断

目的:分析膝关节韧带损伤的MRI表现及应用价值。方法:85例膝关节损伤患者,男56例,女29例,年龄14⁷0岁,平均39岁,均经手术或关节镜检查明确诊断,对所有患者的MRI进行回顾性分析。结果:MRI显示侧副韧带损伤77条、交叉韧带损伤81条。侧副韧带损伤分为轻、中、重度;交叉韧带损伤表现为不完全撕裂、完全撕裂及撕脱骨折。MRI可显示侧副韧带及交叉韧带局灶或弥漫性肿胀、韧带连续性中断,断端移位及韧带信号改变,可显示韧带撕脱骨折及移位,经与手术或关节镜对照分析,磁共振诊断内侧副韧带、外侧副韧带、前交叉韧带及后交叉韧带准确性分别为92·3%、97%、81·3%、100%。结论:膝关节磁共振检查对韧带损伤的程度、类型的诊断较为准确,对临床治疗指导价值较大。     

同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗习惯性髌骨脱位

目的:探讨同种异体肌腱双束重建膝关节内侧髌股韧带结合髌韧带止点内移治疗重度髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法:自2008年9月至2013年6月,收治重度髌骨脱位16例,男2例,女14例;年龄11～27岁,平均16岁;左膝11例,右膝5例;病程3～10年。16例均为习惯性脱位,屈膝时髌骨自动向外脱出。脱位次数9～33次,平均19次。患膝关节髌骨不稳,髌骨向外侧活动度明显增大,恐惧征阳性。X线片见髌骨脱位,髌股适合角(63±18)°,Q 角(36±9)°。根据 Kujala 等的髌股关节评分标准,总评分45.20±9.20.术中重建内侧髌股韧带,并联合外侧韧带松解、髌腱止点内移或股四头肌腱力线重排。内侧髌股韧带重建方法:采用髌骨横向钻孔,同种异体肌腱横穿髌骨后反折双束编织,并以挤压钉固定于股骨内髁。 结果:术后16例切口全部Ⅰ期愈合,未发生感染及移植物坏死、吸收。术后6周拆除石膏,开始功能训练。患者术后均获随访,时间10～24个月,平均16.4个月。末次随访时患者无膝关节疼痛、肿胀及髌骨不稳,无习惯髌骨脱位及髌骨骨折。术后 6个月X线片示挤压钉及隧道位置良好,髌股适合角(5±9)°,较术前减小。末次随访时Q角(17±8)°,较术前减小;髌股关节总评分89.30±6.40,较术前提高。结论:同种异体肌腱双束解剖重建膝关节内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位能恢复髌骨内侧稳定结构,避免自体肌腱切取造成的损伤,挤压钉固定能增强重建韧带的稳定性。但术中使用挤压钉、同种异体肌腱,增加了手术成本     

Usefulness of knee arthroscopy for diagnosis of knee pain in pediatric patients: comparison with preoperative clinical diagnosis

Purpose

To investigate the knee arthroscopic findings of pediatric patients with knee pain.

Subjects

Ninety-five knees of 94 patients (46 males and 48 females) aged 15 years or younger who underwent knee arthroscopy during a 4-year period from January 2007 were studied. The mean age at surgery was 13.5 (7–15) years. The mean interval from symptom onset to arthroscopic examination was 6.8 months (5 days to 2 years 10 months).

Results

The most common cause of knee pain was sports-related activities (64 knees). Other causes included falling from a moving bicycle (5 knees), while knee pain appeared with no defined reason in 14 knees. The most frequent final diagnosis based on knee arthroscopic findings was anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury (35 knees), followed by discoid lateral meniscus (16 knees), lateral meniscal tear (11 knees), and medial plica syndrome (9 knees), while no arthroscopic abnormality was observed in 8 of 95 knees. Among the 95 knees, the diagnosis based on preoperative physical tests and imaging findings was different from the arthroscopic diagnosis in 16 knees, 8 of which were diagnosed preoperatively as medial meniscal tear.

Conclusion

ACL injury and discoid lateral meniscus were the predominant conditions in pediatric patients who underwent knee arthroscopic surgery for knee pain. Knee arthroscopy is useful to provide a definitive diagnosis for knee pain in pediatric patients. Preoperative evaluations had a diagnostic accuracy of only 83.2 % and failed to diagnose conditions such as medial plica syndrome and chondral injury. Therefore, diagnosis before knee arthroscopy has to be interpreted with caution.     

Clinical diagnosis of medial plica syndrome of the knee: a prospective study

Clinical diagnosis of symptomatic medial plica that causes anteromedial knee pain is poorly defined in the literature; therefore, arthroscopy is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing this condition. We report our system of clinical diagnosis for medial plica syndrome that is based on patient history and our criteria for clinical examination. This prospective study included 48 symptomatic patients (66 knees) with clinical suspicion of pathological medial plica based on five essential and four desirable criteria. All patients underwent arthroscopic examination to confirm or disprove the clinical diagnosis and also treatment. Arthroscopy confirmed the clinical diagnosis of medial plicae in 44 patients (62 knees) for a diagnostic accuracy of 91.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 80% to 97.7%) and sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 92% to 100%). The 44 patients with pathological medial plicae at arthroscopy were treated by arthroscopic resection. Thirty-nine patients (55 knees) showed satisfactory outcome after arthroscopy (95% CI: 75.4%, 96.2%). Our method of clinical diagnosis of pathological medial plica is simple, inexpensive, noninvasive, and reliable. We conclude arthroscopy is successful in treating this condition.     

Arthroscopic studies of variants of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus

The objective of this study was to arthroscopically analyse the morphology and dynamics of variants of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee (VAMM) and to then consider the pathological significance of these variants. VAMM was defined as knees in which the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is not attached to the tibia. Between April 1992 and March 1995, arthroscopy was performed on 953 knees of 903 patients. At the time of this examination, observation and probing were performed to determine the condition of the synovium, the synovial plica, the cartilage in all compartments, the meniscus, the cruciate ligaments, and the popliteal tendon. In particular, detailed examination was made of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus with regard to the point of insertion to the tibia and the degree of movement in knee flexion/ extension. Cases of VAMM diagnosed on the basis of the arthroscopic findings were classified into the following four categories: the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the ACL; the transverse ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the transverse ligament; the coronary ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the coronary ligament; and the infrapatellar fold type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the infrapatellar synovial fold. These patients were then analyzed with regard to the arthroscopic findings and the intra-articular lesions other than VAMM. In 98 (10.9%) of the total patients, 103 knees were classified as VAMM. Classification of those 103 knees using the above criteria showed 39 ACL type knees, 51 transverse ligament type knees, 11 coronary ligament type knees, and 2 infrapatellar fold type knees. The arthroscopic findings indicated that the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was not attached directly to the tibia in any of these knees. Probing and flexion/extension of the knee revealed hypermobility at the anterior horn of the medial meniscus. In this study, anterior knee pain syndrome was diagnosed in 12 (11.7%) of the 103 VAMM knees. In addition, there was no clear history of trauma in 20 of 23 knees found to have an isolated medial meniscus tear. In these cases, even detailed arthroscopic observation proved the causes of the symptoms or injury. On the basis of these findings, we surmised that the anterior portion shows hypermobility at the time of flexion/extension of the knee, regardless of the type of VAMM. In this study, we discussed the possibility that the existence of VAMM may become the cause of pain or injury to the meniscus.     

Arthroscopic anatomy of the infrapatellar plica

The infrapatellar plicae, ligamentum mucosum, were examined by arthroscopy in 200 knees. They were classified into five patterns according to the characteristics of the morphologic findings: separate type in 121 cases (60.5%), split type in 27 cases (13.5%), vertical septum type in 21 cases (10.5%), and fenestra type in 2 cases (1.0%). The remaining 29 cases (14.5%) did not have any infrapatellar plica, which were defined as absent type. Hence, the incidence of the infrapatellar plica was 85.5% of the 200 knees examined. There was no significant difference between right and left knees in the distribution pattern of the plica types. The incidence of the intrapatellar plicae decreased as the age increased. Both knees showed the same pattern in the 9 of 16 cases in which a bilateral comparison of the infrapatellar plicae was made.     

髌内侧滑膜皱襞综合征为主的膝关节内紊乱

目的:通过临床病例观察,探讨膝内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的诊断、类型及与半月板损伤、软骨损害的关系,分析膝内侧滑膜皱襞综合征的特点及在骨性关节炎发病中所起的作用。方法:关节镜下治疗内侧滑膜皱襞综合征患者48例(53膝),其中男13例(13膝),女35例(40膝);年龄16~71岁,平均56岁;病程1个月~10年,平均26个月。48例于关节镜直视下观察并手术切除滑膜皱襞,处理相应病变。采用Lysholm膝关节量表记分法评价疗效。观察症状体征与实际病损的关系,计算术前与术中诊断的符合率。关节镜下观察症状性滑膜皱襞的部位、性状、分型及软骨磨损的部位和分级,分析增生的滑膜皱襞与半月板损伤、软骨损害的关系。对术前后Lysholm评分采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计学处理。结果:常见的软骨缺损有股骨内髁内侧的沟槽状缺损及股骨内侧滑车的类圆形缺损。软骨退变以股骨内髁非负重区为主,占总数的54.29%;以股骨滑车内侧次之,占40.00%;以髌骨内侧关节面为主的缺损居第3位,占5.71%。术后48例53膝均获随访,随访时间17个月~4年,平均28个月。Lysholm膝关节评分:术前平均(41.00±7.03)分,术后平均(85.00±8.01)分(t=-26.17,P<0.001),证明关节镜治疗效果显著。本组优(>90分)12膝,良(80~90分)37膝,可(70~79分)4膝,优良率92.45%,无复发及二次手术者。结论:通过关节镜下特征性改变可以对内侧滑膜皱襞综合征做出明确诊断,股骨内髁及滑车软骨的沟槽状及类圆形磨损是2种典型的皱襞引起的软骨缺损。镜下切除滑膜皱襞疗效满意,对防止软骨进一步损害有积极的意义。     

膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病28例诊治体会

目的:探讨膝关节镜下膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病的诊断和治疗效果。方法:自1995年3月至2011年7月治疗滑膜软骨瘤病患者28例,其中男18例,女10例;年龄25～81岁,平均55.2岁;病程0.5～15年,平均5.6年。症状主要为膝关节疼痛、肿胀和功能受限。分别采用膝关节开放手术(17例)和膝关节镜手术(10例)进行治疗。观察其临床症状、影像学、病理表现及关节镜下的治疗效果。采用膝关节Lysholm评分对治疗前后的疗效进行评价。结果:27例获随访(1例失访),时间6～24个月。开放手术患者膝关节Lysholm评分由术前的(41.89±6.81)分增加到术后的(67.73±7.62)分;关节镜组患者膝关节Lysholm评分由术前的(40.78±7.54)分增加到术后的(77.46±8.43)分。结论:关节镜手术无切口裂开、不愈合等危险,术后可以早期功能锻炼,是诊断和治疗膝关节滑膜软骨瘤病的良好方法。     

The clinical significance of the complete type of suprapatellar membrane

The plicae are synovial septa remaining in adult life that existed in early fetal life. The suprapatellar plica separates the suprapatellar pouch from the knee joint. The plica syndrome has clinical significance, which has been occasionally overlooked, but the pathophysiology of symptomatic plicae may be hard to explain. To evaluate the clinical significance of the suprapatellar plicae, the authors reviewed 34 cases in 23 patients with vague pain around the knee and a total septum of the suprapatellar plica at arthroscopic examination from September 1991 to December 1993. The follow-up period was from 6 months to 2 years and 9 months. The most common presenting symptom was chronic mild knee pain, aggravated by prolonged squatting or standing, with other patients reporting recurrent swelling, instability, giving-way, or a feeling of snapping. The objective findings include palpable band on the superomedial side, audible snapping, and local tenderness, but there were no significant abnormal findings in the laboratory. The radiographic findings were few, with sclerosis of the articular surface of the patella in 2(6%), malalignment in 1(3%), and mild degenerative change in 4 cases(12%). Five of 11 patients evaluated by bone scan had increased uptake around the patellofemoral joint, and 7 of 13 knees had a relatively small suprapatellar bursa on conventional arthrogram or pneumoarthrogram. At arthroscopy, a suprapatellar plicae with complete septum was identified in 30 of 34 cases (88%) and associated lesions presented as meniscal tears, loose body, and discoid meniscus without tear. The complete plicae were surgically excised under arthroscopic control in 30 patients and the results were excellent in 22 patients (73%), good in 5 (17%), and poor in 3 (10%)at 17 months follow-up; there were no failures. In our opinion, the complete suprapatellar plica is clinically significant in patients who have equivocal diagnosis of knee problems and further studies of the pathophysiology of complete suprapatellar plica are needed. (Arthroscopy 1998 Nov-Dec;14(8):830-5.)     

Arthroscopic treatment of symptomatic type D medial plica

We aimed to review the results of subtotal arthroscopic resection of symptomatic type D medial plica. We retrospectively evaluated 23 knees with symptomatic type D medial plica in 22 patients without other intra-articular pathology. All patients complained of chronic knee pain that had not been alleviated by medical treatment or physical therapy. In only three (13%) of the patients studied was the plica diagnosed pre-operatively with magnetic resonance imaging. The type D medial plicae in our series were classified as fenestrated (14 knees), torn (5 knees), or reduplicated (4 knees). Fibrotic changes in the plicae and degenerative changes on the medial femoral condyle were found in 16 knees Patellofemoral chondromalacia was present in three knees Arthroscopic partial resection was performed in all patients. Comparative Lysholm Knee Scale scores before and after surgery revealed a significant clinical improvement (pre-operative status, 67.19 ± 8.05 vs. post-operative status, 90.57 ± 9.80; P < 0.001). Type D medial plica should be considered as a possible cause of chronic knee pain. Arthroscopic partial resection of the plicae in symptomatic patients gives satisfactory results. Research was performed at the Medical Faculties of Baskent University and Istanbul University.     

关节镜清理术治疗膝关节骨关节炎

目的：探讨关节镜下清理术对膝关节炎的诊断价值及治疗效果。方法：作者自1995年5月至1999年5月采用关节镜下清理术治疗膝关节骨关节炎患者56例（70膝）,随访6月－4年。结果：本组病人56例（70膝）,经关节镜检查均证实有关骨节炎存在,而术前X线片有关破坏的仅36膝,符合率为51．4％。本组病人术后疼痛明显减轻,2－3周即下床活动,随访1年优良率91％,2年以后优良率67．8％。结论：关节镜下清理术膝关节骨关节炎可以有效缓解病人的疼痛,可以早期恢复关节的功能,延迟骨关节炎的病程,全面提高诊断的准确率。