利用海浮石为载体的固定化酵母酒精发酵

本文叙述了海浮石作为载体的固定酵母细胞方法和海浮石再生方法,并分别介绍实验室试验和加工厂小试固定化酵母细胞酒精发酵的情况和数据,试验成果,夏季发酵1个月平均对糖转化率为90%,最高为98.5%。工厂小试表明,固定化酵母细胞柱发酵比发酵罐快。     

直接发酵木糖为酒精的新酵母基因工程菌的选育

裂殖酵母,Schizosacchatomyces porebe不能发酵木糖,也不能用它来增殖细胞。但是,这种酵母能发酵木酮糖为酒精,产率和转化率都很高。这表明,它缺少异构酶基因,如果将其它微生物的这种基因克隆到酵母中去,它就能直接发酵木糖。本文介绍了Schizosaceh.porebe的五碳糖磷酸代谢途径,这种代谢途径使得它成为用于这一目的的理想菌株。含有异构酶基因的DNA片段来自Clark和Carbon的大肠杆菌基因库,它的大小为2.4kb,PstⅠ-抗性。将这个基因克隆到上述酵母中去,得到的酵母基因工程菌株不仅能利用木糖作为唯一碳源和能源,还能发酵木糖为酒精,它具有在工业上应用的潜力     

菊粉酶的酶学特性与分子生物学

菊粉酶是一类能水解菊粉生产果糖和果聚糖的酶.目前,已有许多关于各种霉菌、酵母和细菌生产菊粉酶的报道.但这些不同微生物来源的菊粉酶在生物物理、生物化学性质方面存在着相当大的差异.本文对菊粉酶的酶学性质、基因和基因工程的最新研究成果进行了综述.     

新鲜木薯直接转化生产乙醇

介绍了利用新鲜木薯生产乙醇的新工艺:用真菌α淀粉酶和降粘酶预处理新鲜木薯醪液,后加入颗粒淀粉水解酶STARGENTM进行酵母酒精发酵.该工艺可直接利用新鲜木薯进行酒精发酵;相比传统高温工艺,该发酵新工艺过程中新鲜木薯醪液粘度显著降低,有更多可发酵性糖被利用,并且最终发酵效率显著提高.     

Aspergillus ficuum菊粉酶的分离纯化及其酶解菊粉制备低聚果糖

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析脱盐、DEAE-Cellulose离子交换色谱等分离纯化技术，从Aspergillus ficuum菌株混合酶系中分离得到4种菊粉酶组分，应用薄层层析法分离各组分水解菊粉的产物，发现其中3种组分主要含外切菊粉酶，一种主要含有内切菊粉酶。进一步对所得到的内切菊粉酶组分酶解菊粉制备低聚果糖进行了研究，研究了底物浓度、加酶量、反应温度和反应pH对低聚果糖制备的影响，确定其最适反应条件为：底物浓度50g／L、加酶量10U／g底物，反应温度45℃，反应PH6．0。在此条件下反应72h，菊粉酶解率达74％，低聚果糖得率可达50％以上，酶解产物以DP2～DP4为主。     

细菌酒精发酵

本文介绍了发酵运动单胞菌的发现,该菌的形态、生理特性及其在工农业生产上应用的可能性。重点叙述了国际上利用发酵运动单胞菌进行酒精发酵的各种最新研究。最后对我国开展这方面的研究提出了看法。本世纪七十年代,接连发生了两次石油危机,使西方许多国家认识到利用再生资源生产能源的重要性。发酵酒精作为一种可以全部或部分代替汽油的潜在能源再次得到了科学家的普遍重视。降低发酵酒精生产的能耗、提高发酵罐单位容积的酒精产量和降低成本是各国科学家研究的目标。细菌酒精发酵研究的目的之一就在于探讨用发酵运动单胞菌(Zymomonasmobilis)代替酒精酵母并达到上述诸目的的可能性。利用耐热梭纤菌(Clostridium thermocellum)等直接发酵纤维素以产生酒精也是研究的一个方向,本文仅对发酵运动单胞菌的酒精发酵进行介绍,因为各国都公认,目前它是可以和酒精酵母相匹敌,甚至将来可能取而代之的唯一的细菌。     

好氧发酵法生产甘油的转化率和生产强度

设计了小型玻璃连续发酵反应器，考察了甘油发酵的生产强度和转化率变化规律。结果表明：转化率随发酵时间的延长趋于一定值。对甘油发酵过程作碳源衡算，求得理论转化率ＹＰ＝１．５７；甘油浓度对发酵时间作图是一条“Ｓ”形曲线，生产强度随发酵时间有一峰值的变化。采用了高密发酵来提高发酵生产强度，结果表明：菌体浓度为１１％～１２％发酵液发酵６０ｈ甘油浓度达到１０８．９ｇ／Ｌ，生产强度为１．８１ｇ／（Ｌｈ），８０ｈ甘油浓度为１４２ｇ／Ｌ，生产强度为１．７７ｇ／（Ｌｈ）．发酵结束转化率达到５２％．     

玉米原料细菌酒精发酵的研究

对运动发酵单胞菌ＺｙｍｏｍｏｎａｓｍｏｂｉｌｉｓＡＴＣＣ３１８２１的试验表明：该菌株最适发酵糖浓度为１５０～２００ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ为７左右。以玉米粉为原料，该菌株在发酵速率及淀粉出酒率等方面均比Ｋ字酵母优越。玉米粉在糖化３０ｍｉｎ，添加ＣＡＸ２０ｇ／Ｌ３５℃发酵４０ｈ后，酒精度达７２ｇ／Ｌ残糖（还原糖）４．２ｇ／Ｌ淀粉利用率９１．５％；淀粉出酒率４８．５％（按无水酒精计）。     

溶氧控制和pH控制在赖氨酸分批发酵过程中的应用

研究了溶氧和ｐＨ值对赖氨酸产生菌ＦＢ４２发酵的影响，结合发酵过程的动力学分析，得出了分批发酵操作的溶氧和ｐＨ控制模式。结果表明两种控制都使发酵水平得到提高，但以溶氧控制更有效，在溶氧控制模式下，发酵的转化率从３３．６％提高到３８．１％。     

微生物转化生产木糖醇中工业化原料培养基组成的优化

对用酵母转化木糖醇中工业化原料培养基组成的优化进行了较系统的研究，研究中采用了Ｐｌａｃｋｅｔｔ－Ｂｕｒｍａｎ［１］和响应曲面法，得到了一个完全用工业化原料组成的优化培养基，摇瓶转化率最高达８０．４％。实验结果表明，在保持较高转化率的前提下，发酵培养基可以采用较廉价的工业化原料。     

Anesthésie du patient épileptique

Although surgery of brain tumors and epilepsy are restricted to few specialized centers, anaesthesia for a patient with epilepsy is commonly encountered. Surgical treatments of epilepsy are currently soaring due to the lack of significant progress about effectiveness of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Theoretical principles for the anaesthesiologist are quite complex, involving interactions between physiological and pharmacological anaesthesia and AEDs, such as enzyme induction with the first generation molecules mainly (phenytoin, carbamazepin, phenobarbital). The latest generation AEDs (levetiracetam, lamotrigine, gabapentin, oxcarbazepin, vigabatrin, lacosamide...) are better tolerated and induce fewer drug interactions. Practically, the risk of severe perioperative complications is low, provided that the administration of AEDs is kept as close as possible to its usual dosage, and that metabolic disturbances are prevented. The main anaesthetic drugs to avoid are alfentanil, remifentanil and sevoflurane, although their contraindication are only relative, since the clinical benefit might be clear and the doses should remain moderate.     

Endogenous nitric oxide in the airways of different animal species

Background: High amounts of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) have been demonstrated in the human upper airway, but the role of nasal NO is still unclear. The present study aims to describe nasal NO excretion in different animal species with special living conditions or anatomy.
Methods: Domestic animals (horse, cow, pig, sheep, dog, cat) and zoo-animals (Rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, elephant, fur seal, alpaca, yak, dolphin, camel, capybara, bear, tiger, wolf, giraffe, alligator, Harris' hawk, kangaroo) were studied awake, resting or anaesthetised. NO concentrations were measured by chemiluminescence using different analysers and techniques, including measurements on mixed exhaled air, during continuous or intermittent gas sampling, and on single breaths.
Results: Rhesus monkeys (number of individuals N=5) and pigs (N=2) were compared and displayed quite different excretion patterns. Allowing NO to accumulate in the nose during timed occlusions yielded peak concentrations in monkeys of 0.46-CO.07 parts per million (ppm, meanzSEM), 0.590.08 ppm, 0.700.08 ppm and 1.020.05 pprn NO after 15, 30, 60 and 120 s of occlusion. In pigs, 0.012–0.021 ppm NO were recorded, independent of occlusion time. The chimpanzee was similar to the Rhesus monkey and the highest NO value, 2.9 ppm, was recorded after 4–5 min of occlusion. In single breaths from 3 elephants 0.031–0.082 ppm, from 1 gorilla 0.029 ppm, and from 1 chimpanzee 0.0690.003 pprn NO (8 observations) were recorded.
Conclusions: We found considerable species difference in nasal NO excretion with pronounced amounts only in primates and elephants. The physiological implications of these findings remain to be defined.     

Conversions and complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary During 1991, 41 surgeons of the French Society of Endoscopic Surgery and Operative Radiology (SFCERO) performed 3,673 cholecystectome of which 2,955 were laparoscopic. Data for those patients in whom a conversion to laparotomy was necessary or a complication occurred were collected by a retrospective multicenter survey. Conversion was performed in 142 patients (4.8%): in 106 this was due to pathology in the subhepatic space; in 36 it was because of a complication related to the laparoscopy. There were 101 postoperative complications (morbidity 3.4%): 59 biliary and 42 non biliary complications and six deaths (mortality 0.2%). There were 18 bile duct injuries, one of which led to the death of the patient.Excluding conversions to laparotomy, these figures are comparable to those for open cholecystectomy. These results define the limits and advantages of laparoscopic cholecytectomy. Conversion to laparotomy remains a wise option in cases of technical difficulty or doubtful biliary anatomy. List of participating surgeons: Drs. Becaud, Begin, Bereder, Berthou, Brefort, Bertin, Bobois, Boitias, Bosgiraud, Brenner, Cardin, Chigot, Churet, Collet, Cubertafond, Desplantez, Drouard, Edye, Esso, Frètigny, Garcia, Gossot, Grandjean, Guinot, Hirigoyen, Juanchich, Leynaud, Magne, Mangin, Mazure, Meyer, Pailler, Périssat, Poinsard, Ribet, Rivallain, Rollier, Samama, Skavinski, Thomas, Vayre, and Wurtz     

Répercussions psychocomportementales en périopératoire chez l’enfant

The relevant literature since the 1940s has been collected from the Medline database, using the keywords: child, operation, anxiety, distress, postoperative complications, preparation, premedication, parental presence, prevention. Preoperative anxiety, emergence delirium, and postoperative behavior changes are all manifestations of psychological distress in children undergoing surgery. Preoperative anxiety is most prominent during anaesthesia induction. Emergence delirium is frequent and somewhat independent of pain levels. Postoperative behavior changes most often include separation anxiety, tantrums, fear of strangers, eating problems, nightmares, night terrors and bedwetting. These difficulties tend to resolve themselves with time but can last up to one year in some children. The major risk factors for postoperative behavior problems are young age, prior negative experience with hospitals or medical care, certain kinds of hospitalization, postoperative pain, parental anxiety, and certain personality traits of the child. Currently, tools exist for quantifying anxiety (m-YPAS) and postoperative behavior (PHBQ). It is possible to identify those children who are at risk for postoperative complications during the preanaesthesia consultation by paying close attention to children under six years with higher levels of emotionality and impulsivity and poorer socialization skills with anxious parents. Suggested strategies for reducing child distress include preoperative preparation, premedication, parental presence during anaesthesia induction, and interventions affecting the child's environment, such as hypnosis. There are numerous ways to provide preoperative preparation (information, modeling, role playing, encouraging effective coping) and their effectiveness is proven in the preoperative setting but not during anaesthesia induction or in the operating room. Midazolam has been shown to be an effective preoperative sedative for reducing anxiety. Parental presence during induction has been shown to effectively reduce preoperative anxiety in children in certain contexts (when the parent is calm and the child is anxious). It is worthwhile if it is integrated into a family-centered anxiety management program and remains one of several options offered to families. Overall, taking into account the child's psychological needs should be considered an essential part of paediatric anaesthesia. Tools and techniques are available for assessing and managing the perioperative distress experienced by children.     

腰椎旁神经阻滞联合浅全麻在髋关节置换术的效果

目的探讨腰椎旁神经阻滞联合浅全麻对髋关节置换术(HR)患者麻醉效果的影响。 方法选取2016年3月至2018年3月鄂东医疗集团黄石市中心医院收治的HR患者100例,纳入无精神病病史、无沟通交流障碍、签署知情同意书、年龄18～70岁、无药物过敏者,排除拒绝或中途退出本次研究及有影响本研究的治疗史或疾病者。依据随机数字表法分为腰阻＋全麻组和单全组,每组50例,单全组给予全麻,腰阻＋全麻组在此基础上给予腰椎旁神经阻滞。比较两组平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(DD)、全麻药物用量、镇痛优良率、不良反应发生率和呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间。其中计数资料采用卡方检验,计量资料采用独立样本t检验,各组内的时间差异采用重复测量方差分析,进一步两两比较用LSD-t检验。 结果腰阻＋全麻组麻醉后10 min(T1)、髋关节置换时(T2)、术毕(T3)的MAP、HR、TNF-α、IL-6、FIB、DD明显低于单全组,差异有统计学意义(t＝8.422、9.782、7.242、5.762、7.572、5.242、4.913、5.995、5.206、5.908、5.154、5.658、4.200、9.363、3.675、3.332、8.642、4.022,均为P<0.001);腰滞组镇痛优良率明显高于全麻组,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.061,P<0.05);腰滞组不良反应发生率、全麻药物用量和呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间明显低于全麻组,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.250,P<0.05;t＝9.299、8.093、13.397、28.452、14.349,均为P<0.001)。 结论腰椎旁神经阻滞联合浅全麻可有效提高HR患者镇痛效果及降低炎性反应,有利于减少全麻药物用量和不良反应,且可有效促进患者苏醒康复,值得临床作进一步推广。     

Confronting existential anxiety: the ultimate stressor

First the following terms are defined: stress, stressor, physical stressor, social stressor, psychological stressor, individual make-up, stress response, anxiety, fear, guilt, phobia, panic and existential anxiety. This is followed by an examination of existential anxiety and methods of dealing with existential anxiety both early in life and later in life. Then the following subjects are briefly considered: God, the origin of the universe, evolution of life, near-death experiences, apparitions and immortality. Finally, the results of worrying about death are examined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nutrition,genetic variation and male fertility

Infertility affects nearly 50 million couples worldwide, with 40−50% of cases having a male factor component. It is well established that nutritional status impacts reproductive development, health and function, although the exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Genetic variation that affects nutrient metabolism may impact fertility through nutrigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of several dietary components (vitamins A, B₁₂, C, D, E, folate, betaine, choline, calcium, iron, caffeine, fiber, sugar, dietary fat, and gluten) in male reproductive health. Evidence of gene-nutrient interactions and their potential effect on fertility is also examined. Understanding the relationship between genetic variation, nutrition and male fertility is key to developing personalized, DNA-based dietary recommendations to enhance the fertility of men who have difficulty conceiving.     

Total Intravenous Anesthesia with Midazolam, Remifentanil, Propofol and Cisatracurium in Morbid Obesity

Background: According to physical impairments of massive obesity, cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal physiology must be considered as much as pharmacokinetic behavior. Anesthetic management of morbidly obese patients has to be carefully planned, in order to minimize the increased risks of aspirative pneumonitis, hemodynamic instability and delay in recovery.The ideal anesthesia should provide a smooth and quick induction, allowing rapid airway control, prominent hemodynamic stability, and rapid emergence from anesthesia.To approach these ideal conditions,aTotal Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) with midazolam, remifentanil, propofol and cisatracurium was designed and analyzed. Methods: 10 consenting morbidly obese patients scheduled for elective Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding participated in the study.TIVA with midazolam, remifentanil, propofol and cisatracurium was used in all cases.Time to loss of consciousness, tracheal intubation, perianesthetic physiological parameters and complications, incidence of awareness with recall, recovery times, postoperative analgesia and costs of drugs were evaluated. Results:The analyzed data showed adequate time and physiological conditions for induction and tracheal intubation, stable maintenance with easy handling of deepness, low incidence of perianesthetic complications, excellent recovery performance and institutional efficiency. Conclusions: TIVA with midazolam, remifentanil, propofol and cisatracurium was found to be effective, secure, predictable and economic for the anesthetic management of morbidly obese patients.     

Die Lamina propria der Hodenkanälchen von Wirbeltieren: Eine vergleichende licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung: The lamina propria of vertebrate seminiferous tubules: A comparative light and electron microscopic investigation

The lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules was compared by means of light and electron microscopy in specimens obtained from the following vertebrates: Mute swan, northern mallard, blackbird, grey short-tailed opossum, north american opossum, european rabbit, mouse, rat, golden hamster, mini pig, bull, llama, roebuck, horse, coati, cat, dog, java monkey, orang utan. The lamina propria consists of basal lamina, ground substance, collagen fibers, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are characterized by myofilaments, dense patches and a basal lamina covering their plasmalemma. The layers of myofibroblasts always lie adjacent to the germinal epithelium, while the surrounding fibroblast layers are located peripherally.