酶法浸提枸杞的研究

通过对外源酶酶解枸杞效果的研究，结果表明：外源酶能显著提高枸杞浸提液中可溶性固形物和营养成分的含量，其单一纤维素酶和木瓜蛋白酶浸提枸杞的适宜pH值分别是5．0～5．5和pH值6．0，适宜的酶质量浓度分别为0．20g／dL和0．40～0．60g／dL，温度分别为55．C和65℃，适宜时间都为50-60min；两种酶组合浸提枸杞的较适pH值、温度、时间和酶组合分别为pH值5．5～6．0，55-60℃．50min和0．20g／dL纤维素酶＋0．40g／dL木瓜蛋白酶。     

羊肚菌液体深层发酵条件

以羊肚菌为材料，研究了发酵过程中碳源、氮源、无机盐、培养条件对菌丝体生物量、胞外多糖的影响，以及发酵过程中菌丝体生物量、胞外多糖、总糖及还原糖质量浓度、培养基PH值的动态变化，并在此基础上确定了羊肚菌液体深层发酵的最佳条件。结果表明：羊肚菌液体深层发酵的最优培养基配比为：玉米粉4．0g／dL、葡萄糖1．0g／dL、黄豆粉2．0g／dL、酵母粉0．3g／dL、KH2PO4 0．2g／dL、MgSO4 0．1g／dL、CaSO4 0．1g／dL；最优培养条件为：24℃，起始pH5．8，250mL的摇瓶装液量为100mL，接种量10mL，摇瓶转速140r／min，发酵时间为108h。     

乳酸杆菌冻干发酵剂

以乳酸杆菌为菌种，进行单因素和响应面法实验优化得到制备冻干发酵剂的复合保护剂为：脱脂乳粉9．7g／dL，半胱氨酸0．03mol／L，谷氨酸钠3．2g／dL，所得冻干发酵剂存活率为89．5%。且该冻干发酵剂于4℃保存6个月后的存活率为66．4％。     

TRAIL基因与顺铂协同诱导横纹肌肉瘤细胞凋亡的实验研究

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体基因(TRAIL)和顺铂联合应用对人RD胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤细胞的生长抑制和凋亡的诱导作用。方法 将重组腺病毒载体(Ad)介导的TRAIL基因作用于人RD胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤细胞，通过电镜、MTT比色法、RT-PCR及流式细胞仪方法，观察和分析其对RD胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤细胞作用的效果，并与联合应用顺铂的效果进行对比，分析其作用机制。结果MTY法显示顺铂浓度为1．0μg／ml、5．0μg／ml和10．0μg／ml对RD细胞生长的抑制率分别为9．8％、23．4％和43．8％；按MOI值1000转染腺病毒Ad／GT-TRAIL对RD细胞生长的抑制率为41．2％，再联合Ad/PGK-GV16后，生长抑制率上升到52．5％；Ad／GT-TRAIL联合Ad／PGK-GV16再加用顺铂后的生长抑制率为72．7％。顺铂作用3d后的凋亡率为7．41％；Ad／GT-TRAIL联合Ad／PGK-GV16作用3d后的凋亡率为12．95％；Ad／GT-TRAIL联合Ad／PGK-GV16再加用顺铂作用3d后的凋亡率为23．24％，而1640对照组的凋亡率为2．19％。顺铂作用后，细胞的cFLIP mRNA表达下调，与细胞凋亡增加的改变相一致。结论 Ad／GT-TRAIL能有效诱导横纹肌肉瘤细胞的凋亡，从而抑制横纹肌肉瘤细胞的生长，联合应用顺铂后能显著提高疗效。     

大米蛋白的可食用膜

研究了大米蛋白可食用膜的工艺条件，并测定了膜的抗拉强度、延伸率和透水率．实验表明，大米蛋白的质量浓度为5g／dL，甘油的添加量为3g／dL，谷氨酰胺转胺酶的添加量为质量浓度0．2g／dL，反应时间为90min，膜液在80℃处理40min后能得到性能比较好的膜。     

灵芝菌丝体碱提水溶性多糖工艺条件及对羟自由基的清除作用

通过单因素实验对影响碱提灵芝茵丝体多糖的各种因素进行了研究，确定提取条件为：提取温度65℃，提取时间4h，碱料(体积：质量)比4：1，碱液浓度0．5mol／L．在此条件下提取并对所得水溶性多糖的抗氧化作用进行了初步研究，表明其对羟自由基有较好的清除能力，在一定范围内清除率与糖的质量浓度呈正相关．     

油烟废气中脂肪酸降解菌的选育和降解条件

从受油烟废气污染严重的土壤中分离、筛选出一株具有较强的降解油酸能力的ZFS-1菌株。最佳生长条件为：碳源2．33g／dL、氮源0．53g／dL、摇床转速180r／min。最佳的降解条件：温度33℃，pH7.5，接种体积分数为10％，油酸质量浓度0．79mg／mL，18h后油酸的降解率达到85%以上。     

内镜血管采集系统与传统切开行桡动脉取材的对比研究

目的比较内镜血管采集系统与传统切开2种手术方式行桡动脉取材术的技术特点和并发症情况。方法2012年5月～2013年5月，93例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病行冠状动脉旁路移植术，其中25例（腔镜组）采用桡动脉内镜血管采集系统进行桡动脉取材，68例（切开组）采用传统切开进行桡动脉取材，经过检查修整的桡动脉用于冠状动脉旁路移植手术。对2组术中、术后情况进行比较。结果2组均完成桡动脉取材手术。腔镜组和切开组手术时间分别为（58．2±10．4）min和（60．2±12．2）min，无统计学差异（t=－0．728，P=0．469）；前臂血肿发生率分别为8．0％（2／25）和1．5％（1／68），无统计学差异ｘ２＝0．843，P=0．359）；切口延期愈合发生率分别为0和1．5％（1／68），无统计学差异（Fisher’s检验，P=1．000）；因桡神经浅支受损引起支配区感觉减退发生率分别为20．0％（5／25）和5．9％（4／68），无统计学差异（∥：2．709，P=0．100）；切开组上臂肿胀疼痛发生率17．6％（12／68），显著高于腔镜组0（Fisher’ｓ检验，P：0．032）。结论内镜血管采集系统采集桡动脉较传统切开方式能够缩短手术切口，减少上臂肿胀疼痛，但桡神经浅支受损发生率较高，需要精细操作减少损伤。     

高含水率脱水菜心降水分活度技术及贮藏稳定性研究

探讨了葡萄糖、乳糖、氯化钠、麦芽糊精复合使用对高含水率脱水菜心水分活度的降低作用，研究了不同包装条件、不同贮藏温度对高含水率脱水菜心贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明，较佳的水分活度降低剂组合为：葡萄糖质量浓度8g／dL，乳耱质量浓度4g／dL，氯化钠质量浓度2g／dL，麦芽糊精质量浓度7．5g／dL。真空包装和避光包装可减小高含水率脱水菜心擘藏中叶绿素和抗坏血酸的损失，减缓褐变的产生；4℃贮藏可以较好地保持高含水率脱水菜心的品质。微生物实验表明，水分活度为0．69-0．70的高含水率脱水菜心可以安全贮藏。     

颅骨牵引和抗自由基药物治疗早期脊髓型颈椎病

目的：探讨颅骨牵引和抗自由基药物对早期脊髓型颈椎病的治疗作用。方法：回顾分析130例早期脊髓型颈椎病经颅骨牵引和抗自由基药物的治疗和疗效。结果：有效率86．9％，治愈率66．9％，50岁以上治愈率71．4％，有效率87．6％；5年内无复发68例，占总病例数的52．3％。结论：早期脊髓型颈椎病经颅骨牵引和抗自由基药和治疗，有半数以上获得治愈而不复发，且50岁以上者效果更好。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.