肾癌根治术326例报告

目的　探讨肾癌手术治疗的方法与效果。　方法　分析 32 6例肾癌根治术患者资料 ,其中I期 183例 ,Ⅱ期 10 1例 ,Ⅲ期 33例 ,Ⅳ期 9例 ;其中有淋巴结转移者 2 7例。　结果　单纯肾癌根治性切除 5 9例 ,肾癌根治性切除加淋巴结清扫 2 6 7例。随访 2 37例。 5年存活率 :Ⅰ～Ⅱ期75 .6 % ,Ⅲ期 2 3.5 % ,Ⅳ期 14.1%。区域淋巴结清扫和扩大淋巴结清扫两组间比较 ,5年生存率差别无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　肾癌根治术仍是肾癌主要治疗方法 ,扩大淋巴结清扫不能提高患者生存率。     

偶发肾癌的预后分析

目的探讨和分析偶发肾癌的临床特点、生存率。方法对346例肾癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析并进行生存情况的随访；分为2组，偶发肾癌153例，非偶发肾癌193例，按Robson分期统计各组的病例数，用SPSS11．5统计软件处理。结果偶发性肾癌与非偶发肾癌Robson分期的构成比不同，偶发癌分期较低（x^2=31．741，P〈0．01）。偶发癌3、5、10年生存率为84．20％、72．86％、67．15％，非偶发癌为67．78％、60．54％、47．37％，两组相比差异显著（x^2=8．53，P〈0．05），Kaplan-meier分析显示相同分期偶发癌与非偶发癌生存率差别无统计学意义，COX风险比例模型显示肾癌是否偶发不是影响愈后的因素（β=1．367，P=0．179），分期是影响愈后的独立因素（β=2．44，P〈0．01）。结论偶发肾癌多低分期，术后生存率较非偶发肾癌高，但同一分期内偶发肾癌与非偶发肾癌生存率差别无统计学的意义，偶发不是影响愈后的独立因素。     

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后

肾癌下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗及预后曾进，章咏裳肾细胞癌（ＲＣＣ）容易发生肾静脉和下腔静脉（ＩＶＣ）内癌栓，其发病率约占同期ＲＣＣ总数的３％～１０％［１，２］。近年来，随着影像学的日趋发展和普及，Ｂ超、ＣＴ、ＭＲ以及下腔静脉造影等检查都具有较高的诊断正确...     

小肾癌(附34例报告)

自１９８５～１９９６年诊治３ｃｍ以下肾癌３４例。其中无任何临床症状由体检发现者２３例（６７．６％），血尿５例（１４．７％），腰痛４例（１１．８％）血尿及腰痛均有者１例，因慢性肾功能不全经Ｂ超检查发现１例。行根治性肾切除２９例，单纯性肾切除２例，行肾肿瘤剜除术２例，术前误诊为肾盂癌而行肾输尿管全长切除１例。病理结果：透明细胞癌３２例（９４．１％），颗粒细胞癌１例，混合型（透明细胞癌＋颗粒细胞癌）癌１例。ＰＴ１１０例，ＰＴ２２４例。３０例（８８．２％）获得随访，平均随访时间３８．７个月。无癌存活者２９例，术后存活超过５年者７例，其中１例术后第６年死于肺转移     

经腹肾癌扩大根治术

报告４３例经腹肾癌扩大根治术，整块切除肾周筋膜及其内容物，大范围系统的长度清扫腹膜后淋巴结。淋巴结阳性检出率１３．９５％。５年生存率Ⅰ－Ⅱ期８２．６％，Ⅲ期４４．４％，无手术死亡。该术式与其它根治术式相比，手术难度、手术残废率和术后并发症不增加，远期效果良好。认为肾癌根治术时应行扩大的淋巴清扫术。     

肾癌的外科根治术(附178例报告)

目的:探讨肾癌手术治疗的方法与效果。方法:分析178例肾癌根治术患者资料,其中Ⅰ期99例,Ⅱ期63例,Ⅲ期10例,Ⅳ期6例;其中有淋巴结转移者13例。结果:单纯肾癌根治切除32例,肾癌根治切除加淋巴结清扫146例,随访146例,5年存活率:Ⅰ～Ⅱ期74.7％,Ⅲ期21.3％,Ⅳ期13.8％,区域淋巴结清扫和扩大淋巴结清扫两组间比较5年生存率差别无显著性意义。结论:肾癌根治术仍是肾癌主要治疗方法,扩大淋巴结清扫不能提高患者生存率。     

保留肾单位手术和肾癌根治术治疗小肾癌疗效比较的Meta分析

目的 总结对侧肾功能正常的小肾癌患者行保留肾单位手术和肾癌根治术的疗效差别,为临床小肾癌患者手术方式选择提供循证依据.方法 收集Medline和CNKI中国期刊全文数据库2007年6月30日前国内外公开发表的有关肾癌患者保留肾单位手术与肾癌根治术疗效和安全性比较的临床对照研究文献,对符合要求的文献进行Peto法系统分析.结果 入选的保留肾单位手术与肾癌根治术比较的研究共有6项,其中国内1项,国外5项,共895例.2种手术方式术后肿瘤复发、手术并发症、肿瘤转移率和5年死亡率合并比值比(Odds ratio,OR)分别为1.81(95% CI 0.75～4.35)、1.38(95% CI 0.69～2.79)、0.89(95% CI 0.34～2.37)和0.76(95% CI 0.39～1.49),差异均无统计学意义.结论 根据现有研究资料,2种手术方式的疗效、并发症和5年死亡率方面没有明显差别,但保留肾单位手术可以最大限度地保存残肾的肾单位和功能,是小肾癌患者有效和可靠的治疗方法.     

肾癌97例临床分析

１９６３－１９９３年收治肾癌９７例，占同期肾肿瘤的７０．３％，结合文献对３０年来肾病的发病、诊断和治疗方法的变迁作了分析，并讨论了影响肾癌预后的诸因素。     

流式细胞仪肾癌DNA含量测定

测定１０例肾癌７６个组织块肿瘤细胞ＤＮＡ含量。４例为同质性近二倍体，５例为同质性非整倍体，１例为ＤＮＡ倍体异质性，提出要明确肾癌ＤＮＡ倍体形式，应多区域取材。分析测定５８例肾癌根治术肿瘤蜡块ＤＮＡ含量。结果表明ＤＮＡ含量与病理核级、组织结构、临床分期密切相关，与细胞类型无关。随访结果表明近二倍体肿瘤预后较非整倍体肿瘤好。认为测定肾癌ＤＮＡ含量，结合病理核极、临床分期可更准确判断肾癌预后。     

肾癌369例临床分析

目的：提高肾细胞癌的诊治水平。方法：对369例肾细胞癌患者的发病、诊治和预后情况进行回顾性分析。结果：透明细胞癌281例（76．2％）,颗粒细胞癌39例（10．6％）,混合细胞癌42例（11．4％）,其它癌7例。行肾癌根治性切除术301例（81．6％）,其它方式手术45例,其中静脉癌栓取出术12例。随访297例,3、5、10年生存率分别为74．6％、56．2％和28．2％。结论：B超和CT是目前诊断肾细胞癌的重要手段,早期行根治性肾癌切除术仍是最有效的治疗方法,联合生物治疗对晚期和姑息性治疗病人有一定效果。     

小肾癌25例的诊治体会

目的 探讨直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治效果。方法 对25例直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治进行回顾性总结。结果 25例均行B超、CT检查，B超明确诊断16例，准确率64％(16／25)；CT明确22例，准确率88％(22／25)。16例行根治性肾切除术，9例行保留肾单位手术。随访10-102个月，平均56．6个月。9例行保留肾单位手术中，发生术后出血1例，局部复发1例。结论 小肾癌的诊断主要依据B超、CT等影像学检查综合分析作出，其中CT是最有价值的检查万法。根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌疗效可靠、安全，仍是首选手术方式。     

小肾癌76例临床分析

目的　探讨小肾癌 (SRCC)的临床症状、影像学特征、分级分期与预后的关系。　方法　选择直径≤ 3cm的小肾癌患者 76例。其中有血尿、腰痛的 17例计为症状组 (2 2 .4 % ) ,健康体检或因其它疾患就诊偶然发现的 5 9例 (77.6 % )计为无症状组。 6 9例行B超检查 ,诊断率 84 .1% ;76例行CT检查 ,诊断率 94 .7%。　结果　 76例患者均行经腰部斜切口根治性肾切除术 ,病理诊断均为透明细胞癌。术后随访 32～ 87个月 ,平均 6 2 .7个月。症状组和无症状组术后 1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为 10 0 .0 %、5 3.3%、33.3%和 10 0 .0 %、90 .6 %、77.4 % ,两组 3年和 5年生存率差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论　小肾癌的早期诊断主要依赖B超和 (或 )CT等影像学检查。无症状患者的远期无瘤生存率显著高于有症状患者。     

膀胱小细胞癌3例

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床病理特征和诊治方法。方法 总结3例膀胱小细胞癌患者资料,结合文献复习讨论。结果 1例行膀胱部分切除术,术后4月复发转移7月死亡。1例行髂内动脉插管化疗,至今带瘤生存14月。另1例行膀胱部分切除术,术后6月无复发转移,至今健在。病理学检查肿瘤细胞较小,核浓染,胞浆稀少,核仁不显著,核分裂相多见。免疫组化NSE3例均阳性。结论 膀胱小细胞癌临床罕见,诊断主要依靠病理学检查,此病预后差,应提倡手术切除辅以放疗及全身联合化疗。     

Unclassified renal cell carcinoma: a report of 56 cases

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Unclassified RCC represents 0.7–5.7% of renal tumours. Limited reported data from two series suggests that unclassified RCC is an aggressive form of RCC, mainly because most cases are at an advanced stage at presentation, but overall and cancer‐specific survival were not significantly different between unclassified and clear‐cell RCC in an additional series of 38 patients. Our study of 56 cases of unclassified RCC describes the pathological features that can be applied to predict prognosis on a daily basis. In particular nuclear grade, TNM classification, tumour coagulative necrosis, tumour size, microvascular invasion and 2004 WHO histotype are independent predictors of disease‐free and cancer‐specific survival.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To evaluate the clinicopathological features and outcomes of 56 patients with unclassified renal cell carcinoma (RCC) meeting 2004 World Health Organization diagnostic criteria.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? Urological pathology files of the participating institutions were reviewed and cases of unclassified RCC that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved.
• ? Nuclear grade, pT status, tumour size, regional lymph node involvement, distant metastases, coagulative tumour necrosis, mucin and sarcomatoid differentiation were evaluated in radical nephrectomy or nephron‐sparing specimens.
• ? Significant factors in univariate analysis were then assessed by a multivariate analysis of independent prognostic factors using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.

RESULTS

• ? Fifty‐six cases met the histological criteria for unclassified RCC. Thirty‐four (61%) cases were categorized as unrecognizable cell type (mean overall survival 47 months; median 36 months), 20 (36%) as composites of recognized types (mean overall survival 36 months; median 26 months), and two (4%) (mean survival 16 months; median 16 months) as pure sarcomatoid morphology without recognizable epithelial elements.
• ? Cox multivariate analysis showed nuclear grade (P= 0.020), stage (P < 0.001), tumour coagulative necrosis (P= 0.018), tumour size (P < 0.001), microvascular invasion (P < 0.001) and tumour histotype (P= 0.028) to be independent predictors of disease‐free survival, with tumour size being the most significant (hazard ratio [HR] 9.068, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.231–25.453).
• ? Nuclear grade (P= 0.026), stage (P < 0.001), tumour coagulative necrosis (P < 0.001), tumour size (P= 0.044), microvascular invasion (P < 0.001), tumour recurrence after surgery (P < 0.001) and tumour histotype (P= 0.056) were independent predictors of cancer‐specific survival, with tumour recurrence after surgery being the most significant (HR 14.713, 95% CI 5.329–40.622).

CONCLUSION

• ? The prognosis of patients with unclassified RCC seems to be related to clinicopathological features known to be relevant in common forms of RCC.

     

老年人肾癌的治疗与随访(附24例报告)

目的报告24例65岁以上老年人肾细胞癌的手术治疗和随访结果。方法临床分期:Ⅰ、Ⅱ期16例(66.7%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ期8例(33.3%)。术前半数以上患者存在不同程度的心、肺、脑以及内分泌系统合并症。除2例行单纯肿瘤剜除术外,其余均行根治性肾切除术。结果随访1、3、5年,存活率分别为100%、87.5%和66%。各期肾癌手术切除后均能存活1年。Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期比较,3年存活率无差别,5年存活率分别为66%和50%。Ⅳ期3年存活率为0。结论根治性肾切除术对治疗老年人肾癌有实际意义。     

影响肾癌预后的因素

目的探讨影响肾癌预后的因素。方法对401例’肾癌患者,就20项临床病理因素作Kaplan—Meier单因素分析和COX多因素分析,所有数据用SPSS11．5统计软件处理。结果单因素分析,年龄、性别、病理类型等12项因素对生存率有影响（P〈0．01）。COX多因素分析,仅有年龄、肉瘤样变等7项因素是影响肾癌预后的独立因素（P〈0．05）。赔论老龄、有肉瘤样变、全身症状、腔静脉瘤拴、淋巴结转移、远处转移、TNM高分期。肾癌病人预后差。     

肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓4例的手术治疗

目的：提高肾癌（RCC）伴下腔静脉（IVC）癌栓的手术治疗效果。方法：对4例RCC伴IVC癌栓患者在施行肾癌根治性切除、淋巴结清除的同时分别选择行IVC切开、IVC壁切除和IVC节段切除取癌栓术。结果：手术均获成功，无大出血、肺梗塞，术后血尿素氮、肌酐均无明显异常。随访13-34月患者均健在。结论：对本病应采取积极的手术治疗。三种手术方案的选择应取决于癌栓的长度、水平、分型等。     

Grading systems in renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: We reviewed updated literature data concerning several issues of renal cell carcinoma grading systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a nonsystematic review of the literature. Data were identified by a MEDLINE search using a strategy including MeSH and free text protocols. From the MEDLINE search we collected 184 records. RESULTS: Although the original study was published in 1982, the independent predictive value of nuclear grades was only revealed in 2000 by the team from University of California-Los Angeles. Subsequently further data from our group and the group at the Mayo Clinic reconfirmed those findings, although similar cancer specific survival probabilities were noted among different grades. The prognostic relevance of nuclear grade justified the inclusion of that variable in algorithms and nomograms predictive of cancer specific survival, such as those provided by University of California-Los Angeles, the Mayo Clinic and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Despite the routine clinical use of nuclear grade, several drawbacks have affected grading systems, such as interobserver and intra-observer reproducibility, and variability of the cancer specific survival probabilities stratified by grade. Several studies showed that intra-observer and interobserver agreement with regard to grade are only moderate with up shifting in all series. That issue might be due to the heterogeneity of renal cell carcinoma as well as to the lack of consensus about the minimal size of high grade tumor to be considered significant. Moreover, recent data underscore the role of histological subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Grade is one of the most powerful prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma. The Fuhrman grading system is currently most widely used by pathologists in Europe and the United States. However, there is still a need for better standardization of nuclear criteria to improve interobserver reproducibility and a major consensus should be achieved by uropathologists.