1～14岁正常小儿血清瘦素水平测定

目的　研究 1～ 14岁正常小儿血清瘦素水平及其与性别、年龄、体质量指数 (BMI)的关系。方法　用免疫放射分析法测定 138例 1～ 14岁正常小儿的血清瘦素水平 ,分析其与性别、年龄的变化趋势 ,以及与BMI的相关性。结果　①不同年龄组小儿血清瘦素水平测定值 ,1～ 5岁、>5～ 10岁、>10～ 14岁 3个年龄组男童分别为 (1.4 9± 0 .4 8) μg/L、(4.87± 3.5 1) μg/L、(3.34± 0 .85 ) μg/L ,女童分别为 (2 .12± 0 .4 7) μg/L、(7.6 9± 5 .84 ) μg/L、(12 .7± 5 .2 2 ) μg/L ,女童的血清瘦素水平随年龄增大而升高 ,男童 1～ 10岁 ,血清瘦素水平随年龄增大呈升高趋势 ,11～ 14岁 ,瘦素水平呈相反变化 ,即随年龄增大而降低 ;②相同年龄组女童的血清瘦素水平明显高于男童 (P <0 .0 1) ;③不论男童、女童 ,血清瘦素水平均与BMI呈显著正相关 (男r =0 .73,P <0 .0 0 1;女r =0 .81,P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　性别、年龄、BMI是影响小儿血清瘦素水平的 3个重要因素。     

性早熟女童血清ghrelin水平研究

目的 探讨性早熟女童血清ghrelin水平变化.方法 将87例5～9 岁性早熟女童根据第二性征发育情况、骨龄、子宫、卵巢容积及促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)激发试验的结果分为特发性中枢性早熟(ICPP)组和单纯乳房早发育(PT)组,选择34例年龄相当的健康女童作为对照组,采用夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验测定空腹血清ghrelin水平.结果 ICPP组血清ghrelin水平为Log(2.728±0.304)ng/L,明显高于对照组[Log(2.567±0.304)ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PT组血清ghrelin水平为Log(2.613±0.300)ng/L,与ICPP组和对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 ICPP组血清ghrelin水平明显高于对照组,推测ICPP女童血清ghrelin变化可能与性激素升高有关.     

功能性胃肠病对3～6岁儿童体格发育的影响

目的研究儿童功能性胃肠病(FGIDs)的流行病学情况,并探讨其对3~6岁儿童体格发育的影响。方法采用整群抽样的方法,随机抽取张家港市837名学龄前儿童进行体格测量并对其家长利用罗马Ⅲ诊断标准进行问卷调查,对结果进行统计分析。结果儿童功能性便秘(FC)的患病率为23.65%,男女童患病率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同年龄儿童患病率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。功能性消化不良(FD)的患病率为15.10%,女童患病率显著高于男童(P0.05),不同年龄儿童FD患病率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3~4岁FC男童体质量、身高显著低于健康男童,3~4岁FD女童体质量、身高显著低于健康女童,3~4岁FD男童的体质量及5~6岁FD男童的身高均显著低于健康男童,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论学龄前儿童FC及FD患病率均很高,FGIDs对儿童体格发育有一定的影响。     

上海地区儿童肾功能生化项目参考区间的建立

目的分析上海地区3～17岁健康儿童肾功能生化项目[尿素、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)],建立儿童肾功能生化项目的参考区间。方法选取上海地区3～17岁健康儿童1038名,其中男543名、女495名。按年龄分为3组:3～6岁组(345名)、7～12岁组(434名)、13～17岁组(259名)。采用日立7180全自动生化分析仪检测血清尿素、Cr、UA、TP、Alb,以±1.96s方式建立参考区间。结果除血清尿素水平外,不同年龄组血清Cr、UA、TP、Alb水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),且随年龄的增长呈明显上升趋势。7～12岁组和13～17岁组男童与女童之间血清UA、Cr水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。将年龄、性别因素合并分析后建立参考区间。尿素:3～17岁为3.36～5.41 mmol/L;Cr:3～6岁为24.47～38.07μmol/L,7～12岁男童为33.45～49.27μmol/L、女童为33.09～46.05μmol/L,13～17岁男童为46.00～70.00μmol/L、女童为42.67～60.63μmol/L;UA:3～6岁为210.00～312.42μmol/L,7～12岁男童为216.70～364.58μmol/L、女童为217.27～336.53μmol/L,13～17岁男童为287.93～474.13μmol/L、女童为260.39～340.11μmol/L;TP:3～6岁为66.23～74.75 g/L,7～12岁为69.12～77.64 g/L,13～17岁为70.08～78.24 g/L;Alb:3～6岁为43.62～48.14 g/L,7～12岁为44.62～48.86 g/L,13～17岁为45.28～50.28 g/L。结论初步建立了上海地区3～17岁健康儿童肾功能生化项目的参考区间。     

应用GnRHa治疗女童特发性中枢性性早熟的护理

中枢性性早熟又称为促性腺素释放激素依赖性性早熟,缘于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的提前发动,8岁前呈现第二性征(女童以乳房发育为主要首先表现),发育呈进行性,直至发育成熟为具生育能力的个体.当不能证实有中枢器质性病变时称为特发性中枢性性早熟(ICPP).ICPP女童的性腺轴功能发动提前,骨龄超越年龄,骨骺提前融合而过早停止生长致成年身高受损.ICPP的治疗目的是停止或减退第二性征发育,防止女童月经来潮,延缓骨龄成熟及最终改善成年身高[1].目前对特发性中枢性性早熟的最佳药物治疗是注射合成的GnRHa[2].国内近年来才广泛使用GnRHa治疗ICPP.本文对23例应用GnRHa治疗ICPP患者的护理作总结,现报道如下.     

呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族及汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数参考区间的调查分析

目的确立内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族、汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数参考区间。方法使用日本Sysmex公司的XE-5000全自动血细胞分析仪检测698名7~13岁蒙古族、汉族健康儿童静脉血血细胞参数,按性别、民族进行统计分析,并与《全国临床检验操作规程(第4版)》及参考文献中其他民族的相同项目进行比较。结果呼伦贝尔地区蒙古族与汉族男童、女童血细胞参数差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);同民族不同性别健康儿童的大部分参数比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童血细胞参数随地域、民族、性别等不同而变化,确立不同地区、民族、性别健康儿童血细胞参数参考区间十分必要。     

广东中山地区儿童血铅水平调查

目的调查中山地区儿童血铅水平,为儿童铅中毒的防治提供科学依据。方法将进行常规健康体检的6933名儿童（男童3743例,女童3190例）纳入本次研究,并按年龄分为0～〈1岁、1～〈3岁、3～〈7岁、7～14岁组,采用微分电位溶出法对血铅水平进行检测。结果6933名儿童高铅血症和铅中毒共84例,总检出率为1．21％,其中男童、女童检出率分别为1．23％和1．19％。0～〈1岁、1～〈3岁、3～〈7岁组儿童血铅水平随着年龄的增长呈明显增高趋势（P〈0．05）,7～14岁组血铅水平与3～〈7岁组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。0～〈1岁组男、女童血铅水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,其他3个年龄组男童均高于女童（P〈0．05）。结论中山地区儿童血铅水平与高铅血症和铅中毒率较低,但考虑铅暴露对儿童健康的潜在危害,应加强宣传教育,防范儿童特别是学龄前儿童对含铅物品的接触和摄入。     

潍坊市3～6岁城乡儿童体质状况调查

目的:通过监测潍坊市3～6岁城乡儿童的体质指标,比较分析儿童时期身体功能、形态、素质等指标的变化趋势和规律。方法:于2002-08/09对潍坊市不同区域(城乡)、不同性别、4个年龄段(3～6岁)的1063名儿童进行体质状况调查,每一个区域、每一个年龄段男女的有效样本数均为60～108名,监护人均知情同意。测试指标、规则均执行国家体育总局的《中国3～6岁儿童体质调研手册》,身体形态学指标包括身高、体质量、胸围、皮褶厚度等;体能素质指标包括力量、速度、柔韧性及灵敏性等。结果:1063名儿童全部进入结果分析,无脱落。①身体功能指标比较:城乡幼儿的安静脉搏随年龄的增长都有一种渐减的趋势,且差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②身体形态指标比较:同年龄城市男童的身高、体质量均高于城市女童及城乡幼儿(P<0.05),农村女童为最低。同年龄儿童的体脂含量比较,女童高于男童。③身体素质指标比较:上下肢力量随着年龄的增加而逐渐加大,城市儿童优于农村儿童(P<0.05)。腰部柔韧性为女童显著优于男童,男、女童的平衡协调能力随着年龄增大逐步增强,且提高迅速。结论:潍坊市3～6岁城乡儿童身体功能、形态、素质指标发育均良好,但总体城市优于农村,建议有关部门重点加强农村幼教工作的培训,全方位提高幼教水平。     

沧州市3～6岁儿童体格发育现状调查

目的 了解沧州市区3～6岁儿童体格发育现状.方法 采用分层随机整群抽样的方法对沧州市3所幼儿园3～6岁1 100名儿童进行体格发育调查.结果 2010年沧州市3～6岁儿童各年龄组体重、身高男童好于女童(P＜0.01),生长发育水平高于2005年全国九市标准(P＜0.01).结论 沧州市3～6岁儿童体格发育总体良好;普及科学育儿知识、防治儿童营养过剩是今后儿童保健的重要内容.     

高铅血症与儿童注意缺陷多动障碍发病率的研究

目的探讨高铅血症儿童中注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的发病率。方法收集1047例高铅血症（血铅≥100μg/L）儿童,按性别及年龄分别分组。血铅使用原子吸收光谱仪测定。结果1047例高铅血症儿童中共确诊ADHD179例,总发病率为17．09％。男童中ADHD的发病率为18．90％,高于女童ADHD的发病率10．36％,（P〈0．005）。226例〈6岁儿童ADHD发病率为3．98％,821例6～15岁儿童ADHD发病率为20．71％,2组发病率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．005）。6～15岁儿童组中确诊ADHD170例,按性别分组后661例男童中ADHD的发病率为22．39％,高于160例女童中ADHD的发病率13．75％,（P〈0．025）。结论高铅血症中〈6岁儿童ADHD发病率显著低于6～15岁儿童。6～15岁男童的ADHD发病率显著高于女童。     

Reference values for serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in Korean children and adolescents

ObjectiveMeasurements of serum insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) are utilized in the diagnostic work-up and clinical management of children with growth disorders. We designed this study to establish the reference values of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels according to age, sex and pubertal stage in Korean children and adolescents.MethodsFor the study, 1378 healthy Korean children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years (722 boys, 656 girls) were randomly selected. Blood samples were collected, and the stored sera were assayed for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 using immunoradiometric assay (IRMA, Immunotech). The R 2.8.1 program (Bell Laboratories) was used to generate reference percentile curves for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 according to age, sex, and pubertal stageResultsSerum IGFBP-3 level was higher in girls compared to that in boys of the same ages throughout the pubertal period, whereas IGF-I was only higher for girls younger than 13 years of age. Serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increased steadily with age in the prepubertal stage, followed by a progressive decline thereafter. Peak levels of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed two years earlier in girls compared to those in boys (13 vs. 15 years of age, respectively). Serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were highest at Tanner stage IV in boys and girls, with a subsequent decline.ConclusionsOur reference value model based on age, sex, and pubertal stage can improve the diagnostic utility of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in the evaluation and management of Korean children and adolescents with growth disorders.     

Reference ranges for serum concentrations of lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), estradiol (E2), prolactin, progesterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and ferritin in neonates, children and young adults.

The aim of this study was to establish reference ranges for children (neonates to young adults), for serum lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone, prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and ferritin, using the nonisotopic, automated chemiluminescence immunoassay system, Immulite (DPC). Serum samples from 762 children (369 female; age 1 day to 19 years) were examined. Of these, 381 were classified as pubertal. Due to non-normal distribution, the 2.5th, 50th and 97.5th percentiles (central 95% interval) were calculated for each group. Statistical differences between the reference ranges were analyzed with respect to age, sex and the stage of sexual maturation. The median concentrations of E2, prolactin, progesterone, DHEAS, cortisol and ferritin were higher during the first 2 weeks post-partum than thereafter. The largest difference was seen with prolactin, which showed up to 27-fold higher values during this period. In contrast, before the onset of puberty, hardly any sex difference was observed and all analyte concentrations remained relatively constant, apart from SHBG which increased steadily after the neonatal period. The increase of gonadal activity in females with the onset of sexual maturation included an increase in LH and FSH, which was accompanied by a strong increase in E2, progesterone and prolactin. Cortisol increased to a lesser extent during puberty. In males, the increase in the median concentrations of the hormones was smaller, except for DHEAS. The concentration of ferritin was high in the neonatal period but did not change during sexual maturation. Our findings agree with earlier studies. The calculated reference intervals can be used to assess the development of children, particularly for measurements performed by the Immulite and Immulite 2000 chemiluminescence assay systems.     

Leptin levels and body composition in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between serum leptin levels and body composition and to evaluate the variables related to disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. We studied 49 diabetic patients aged 6-16 years (age: 11.2+/-2.9 years, M/F: 26/23), and 37 healthy controls. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum leptin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), free thyroxin, thyrotropin, testosterone and estradiol levels were measured in patients and controls. We did not observe significant difference in serum leptin levels between patients and controls. Girls had significantly higher serum leptin levels than boys in both patient and control groups. Serum leptin levels did not correlate significantly with HbA1c, disease duration or daily insulin dose but, correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) in patients as in controls. Body composition in diabetic girls and boys was similar with respective controls. When analyzed by pubertal stage, BMI, lean body mass (LBM), FM, and total bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly higher in pubertal girls with type 1 diabetes compared to prepubertal ones. In pubertal boys with type 1 diabetes, LBM and FM were significantly higher than prepubertal ones. The results of the present study showed that neither serum leptin levels nor body composition was significantly altered in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes managed with intensive insulin therapy.     

Zinc and vitamin A: serum concentrations of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in healthy adolescents.

The concentrations of serum zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been studied with special reference to pubertal development in 132 healthy adolescents and young adults (11-26 years of age). The RBP level remained low during the first three of the five stages of puberty (mean, about 30 mg/l). When puberty degree 4 had been reached, the mean RBP level increased to nearly adult values (about 40 mg/l), the boys having somewhat higher levels than the girls. Use of oral contraceptives significantly increased the RBP level. The mean zinc values were rather constant throughout puberty, but boys 13-14 years of age had significantly depressed values. There was a statistically significant correlation between the serum levels of zinc and RBP.     

血清维生素D水平与女童特发性中枢性性早熟的相关性

目的:探讨血清维生素D的水平与女童特发性中枢性性早熟(idiopathic central precocious puberty,ICPP)的关系,为临床预防及治疗提供依据。方法:收集2017年2月至2018年8月在溧阳市中医医院门诊就诊的92例特发性中枢性性早熟的女童作为观察组,另85例健康体检女童作为对照组,记录2组的一般资料;检测血清游离T3(FT3)、血清游离T4(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)、泌乳素(PRL)、黄体生成素(LH)及峰值、卵泡刺激素(FSH)及峰值、雌二醇(E2)及25-羟基维生素D(25-OHD)水平。结果:ICPP女童血清中维生素D含量明显低于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);维生素D缺乏组ICPP女童的BA,BA/CA,MBISDS,子宫容积,卵巢体积及最大卵泡直径与维生素D正常组ICPP女童相比较无明显差异(P>0.05),但乳房发育年龄两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);维生素D缺乏组ICPP女童TSH,PRL,LH,FSH,LH峰值及FSH峰值与维生素D正常组ICPP女童相比较无明显差异(P>0.05),但E2水平两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:维生素D缺乏与特发性中枢性性早熟女童乳房发育年龄存在相关性,可能与E2水平有关。     

Hypoleptinemia in female and male elite gymnasts

BACKGROUND: Elite gymnasts favour low body fat mass as the current aesthetic ideal required for complex movements in this sports discipline. Pubertal development and growth are retarded in juvenile gymnasts. Leptin, the protein product of the ob-gene, is secreted by fat cells. Besides its role in regulation of body weight, leptin also stimulates the reproductive axis. We investigated various serum hormones including leptin, body composition and nutrition in cohorts of female and male elite gymnasts to elucidate if there is a relationship between leptin levels and delayed puberty in elite gymnasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two female and 18 male elite gymnasts were enrolled in this study. Pubertal stage, various hormonal levels and body composition were determined and nutritional intake was assessed. Leptin was analysed using a specific RIA. RESULTS: Pubertal development and growth were delayed in the study group, especially in girls. The percentage of body fat was reduced as compared to a normal age-matched population: 14.4% versus 21.9% in girls and 10.4% versus 15.1% in boys. Serum leptin levels were decreased, especially in pubertal girls, and did not show the normal developmental pattern with a steady increase in girls and a peak in boys of pubertal stage 2. In all gymnasts leptin levels correlated with the amount of fat mass (r = 0.6, P = 0.005 in girls; r = 0.44, P = 0.038 in boys). When leptin levels were transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS) it became obvious that the gymnasts, especially pubertal females, had significantly lower values than normal controls of the same sex, pubertal stage and body mass index (BMI): leptin SDS (BMI) = -1.21 and -3.99 in prepubertal and pubertal girls, - 0.94 and -0.91 in prepubertal and pubertal boys, respectively. When leptin SDS were based on % body fat instead of BMI, mean values were still significantly decreased compared to normal controls: -1.05 in girls (P < 0.001) and -0.60 in boys (P = 0. 025). CONCLUSIONS: Adjustment of serum leptin levels in elite gymnasts for gender, pubertal stage and BMI or % body fat reveals inappropriately low values. The reason for this hypoleptinemia is most probably insufficient caloric intake. The data suggest that hypoleptinemia in turn causes delayed puberty and growth in this particular group of athletes.     

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in a normal pediatric population

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) was measured in serum from 274 children and adolescents aged 1 month to 18.7 years, and in 38 healthy adults. In the pediatric group, which comprised 131 males and 143 females, serum DHAS was markedly age-dependent. Values declined between 1 and 5 months after birth, but were generally less than 4 mumol/L. Between 6 months and 7 years DHAS was less than 0.5 mumol/L in boys and less than 1.0 mumol/L in girls. Above 8 years DHAS progressively increased in both sexes to less than 13 mumol/L in mid-late teenage males and less than 12 mumol/L in females of the same age, similar to the values observed in the adults. In children and adolescents over 10 years, there was considerable overlap in DHAS values between groups of children classified by pubertal stage, resulting from the dissociation between adrenal and gonadal development during normal puberty.     

磁共振在诊断女童特发性中枢性性早熟中的应用价值及其与性激素的相关性

  目的  研究磁共振在诊断女童特发性中枢性性早熟中的应用价值及其与性激素的相关性。  方法  选取2019年9月~2021年10月我院收治的特发性中枢性性早熟女童58例作为性早熟组，再分别选取同期在我院体检的单纯乳房发育女童和健康女童58例作为乳房发育组和健康对照组，所有女童均进行垂体磁共振检查。比较3组临床体征、血清性激素水平及垂体情况，采用Pearson相关性分析法分析特发性中枢性性早熟女童垂体情况与体征和血清性激素水平的相关性。  结果  性早熟组身高、体质量、骨龄超前指数及垂体高度均高于乳房发育组、健康对照组（P < 0.05）。性早熟组血清雌二醇水平高于乳房发育组和健康对照组，乳房发育组高于健康对照组（P < 0.05），性早熟组血清黄体生成素水平、黄体生成素/卵泡刺激素高于乳房发育组（P < 0.05）。性早熟组垂体形态Ⅳ~Ⅴ级女童占比（84.48%）高于乳房发育组和健康对照组（15.52%、20.69%，P < 0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示，特发性中枢性性早熟女童身高、体质量、骨龄超前指数及血清雌二醇、黄体生成素水平、黄体生成素/卵泡刺激素与垂体高度和垂体形态呈显著正相关关系（r=0.694、0.884、0.838、0.937、0.895、0.799和0.784、0.895、0.835、0.947、0.884、0.905，P < 0.05）。  结论  与单纯乳房发育女童和健康女童相比，特发性中枢性性早熟女童身高、体质量、超前骨龄指数、血清性激素水平及垂体高度、垂体形态分级均更高，特发性中枢性性早熟女童垂体高度、垂体形态分级与身高、体质量、超前骨龄指数、血清性激素水平均呈显著正相关关系。      

Influence of sex and growth hormone deficiency on sweating

Sweat secretion rate (SSR) was measured by the pilocarpine iontophoresis test in (a) 254 healthy children and adolescents (aged 6.0 to 19.2 years, mean age 11.2 years); in (b) 58 healthy adults (aged 20.4 to 75.2 years, mean age 37.6 years); and in (c) eight prepubertal patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency (aged 4.2 to 13.5 years, mean age 8.9 years). Boys had higher median values for SSR than girls (pre-pubertal children: 92.7 vs 64.5 mg 30 min-1 pubertal children: 110.3 vs 73.1 mg 30 min-1), and men showed higher values than women (135.5 vs 49.2 mg 30 min-1). In addition, the change in sweat excretion rate from childhood to adulthood showed a difference between the sexes. Both pre-pubertal and pubertal boys had a lower secretion value than adult men (p less than 0.001 and 0.01, respectively), whereas girls showed higher secretion values than adult women (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.001, respectively). There was a significant increase in SSR from prepuberty to puberty (p less than 0.001) for both sexes. The children with GH deficiency, all pre-pubertal, showed significantly reduced SSR (p less than 0.001) compared with the healthy children (median values: 32.8 vs 80.0 mg 30 min-1). We conclude that (a) sweat secretion pattern in children shows a significant sex difference and (b) sweating in children is dependent on growth hormone.