小剂量利妥昔单抗治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效分析

目的 探讨小剂量利妥昔单抗(抗CD20单抗)治疗慢性特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)临床疗效、安全性及患者免疫学改变.方法 采用小剂量利妥昔单抗(100 mg,每周1次,共4次)治疗26例对糖皮质激素和免疫球蛋白治疗无效的慢性ITP患者,检测治疗前后血常规,免疫球蛋白和血小板相关抗体及淋巴细胞亚群CD3~+、CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD8~+、CD3~- CD56~+、CD4~+ CD25~+、CD4~+ CD25~+ FOXP3~-、CD4~+ CD25~+ FOXP3~+和CD19~+CD20~+细胞.结果 26例患者,完全缓解(CR)6例(23.1%),有效(R)10例(38.5%),其中l例复发,无效(NR)10例(38.5%).中位随访时间5.5(0.8-8)个月,起效和达CR中位时间分别为27(1-104)d和41(4-109)d.治疗前后免疫球蛋白定量和CD3~+、CD3~+CD4~+、CD3~+CD8~+、CD3~- CD56~+、CD4~+CD25~+、CD4~+ CD25~+ FOXP3~+细胞计数差异无统计学意义.治疗后的CD4~+CD25~+FOXP3~-细胞计数比治疗前降低(P<0.05).治疗后的CD19~+CD20~+细胞计数与治疗前相比明显减少(P<0.01).治疗后血小板相关抗体PAIgG比治疗前减低(P<0.05).26例患者均无明显的不良反应.结论 小剂量利妥昔单抗可能是一种高效、安全治疗ITP的药物,但其最佳用药方案、长期疗效以及不良反应仍有待临床进一步观察.     

利妥昔单抗治疗难治性免疫性血小板减少性紫癜31例分析

目的 探讨利妥昔单抗(抗CD20单抗)治疗难治性免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)的安全性和有效性.方法 应用利妥昔单抗(375mg/m2,静脉输注,每周1次,连用4周)治疗31例难治性ITP患者.结果 10例获完全缓解(32.3％),13例获部分缓解(41.9％),5例微效(16.1％),3例无效(9.7％).均无明显不良反应.结论 利妥昔单抗可能是治疗难治性ITP安全、有效的药物.     

利妥昔单抗对原发免疫性血小板减少症患者树突细胞功能的影响

目的 探讨利妥昔单抗对原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者树突细胞(DC)功能的影响,探讨其治疗机制.方法 取小剂量利妥昔单抗治疗有效的ITP患者治疗前后的外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)与重组人粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)、重组人白细胞介素4(rhIL-4)于37℃、5％CO2条件下共孵育诱导培养DC;第5天加入肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)继续培养48 h,获得成熟DC.倒置显微镜下观察DC形态;流式细胞术检测DC表型;ELISA法检测DC培养上清人白细胞介素12(IL-12p70)和转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的浓度;噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测DC刺激自体T淋巴细胞的增殖能力.结果 ①治疗后DC较治疗前DC细胞膜缺乏典型的树枝状突起、体积较小、核多居中规则;②治疗后DC HLA-DR、CD80、CD83和CD86表达水平[(56.37±3.95)％、(36.41±2.82)％、( 30.45±4.61)％和(41.98±4.17)％]明显低于治疗前[(73.71±7.61)％、(55.14±7.30)％、(80.91±7.09)％和(59.03±3.43)％](P值均＜0.05),IL-12p70水平[(50.17±14.52)％]低于治疗前[(66.87±4.29)％],TGF-β1水平[(9.70±0.31)％]高于治疗前[(2.70±0.36)％](P值均＜0.05);③治疗后DC诱导的T细胞增殖指数较治疗前明显减低.结论小剂量利妥昔单抗治疗后ITP患者DC表型及分泌IL-12p70的能力明显降低、分泌TGF-β1能力增高、对自体T细胞增殖的刺激能力减低.小剂量利妥昔单抗下调DC的免疫活性可能是其治疗ITP的机制之一.     

标准剂量利妥昔单抗治疗复发难治性原发免疫性血小板减少症的临床研究

目的 探讨标准剂量利妥昔单抗治疗复发难治性原发免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)的疗效、安全性及治疗前后B细胞、血小板膜糖蛋白特异性自身抗体的变化.方法 利妥昔单抗每周375 mg/m2,静脉滴注,连用4周,治疗31例复发难治性ITP患者,不伴随使用免疫抑制剂、化疗药、抗凝药及激素冲击疗法.监测治疗前后的血常规,血清免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM、IgA),血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa和(或)GP Ⅰb/Ⅸ特异性自身抗体及CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD19+、CD20+细胞数.结果 12例完全有效,7例有效,12例无效.中位疗效持续时间6(2～48)个月,有效患者4例复发,其余疗效均维持较好.有效患者治疗后血小板自身抗体均转阴.治疗前后外周血血红蛋白、白细胞计数无明显变化,血清IgG、IgM、IgA无明显变化,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+细胞数无明显变化.治疗后CD19+/CD20+细胞明显下降.多数患者耐受好.结论 利妥昔单抗治疗复发难治性ITP疗效肯定,不良反应可以耐受.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab on B-lymphocytes and antiplatelet glycoprotein-specific antibodies in patients with refractory primary immune thrombocytopenic (ITP).Methods Thirty-one ITP patients with a median age of 36 years (range 16 -56 years) received solely intravenous rituximab at the dose of 375 mg/m2 once weekly for consecutive 4 weeks. Lab studies included complete blood count, serum concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA. CD3+ , CD4 + , CD8 + , CD19 + and CD20 +cell numbers were assayed by flow cytometry and anti-platelet glycoprotein-specific antibodies ( GP Ⅱ b/Ⅲ a,GP Ⅰ b/Ⅸ ) were assayed by monoclonal antibody-specific immobilisation of platelet antigens (MAIPA) prior to and following rituximab therapy. The response was evaluated according to the response criteria of international working group of ITP. Results Complete responses were achieved in 12 cases, response in 7 cases,and no response in 12 cases. Responses were sustained 2 to 28 months ( median 6 months) with 4 cases relapsed. After 4 weeks of rituximab therapy, GP Ⅱ b/Ⅲ a and GP Ⅰ b/Ⅸ disappeared in responded patients, and CD 19 +/CD20+ cells were almost depleted in all patients. As expected, the serum concentrations of IgG, IgM2 IgA, and the T cell counts were not changed after therapy. Four patients developed infusion-related reaction, 1 impaired renal function, and 3 secondary infections. Conclusion Rituximab is effective and safe, and the adverse reaction is tolerable.     

利妥昔单抗在成年人原发性免疫性血小板减少症中的应用进展

原发性免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)是临床上常见的出血性疾病,以抗体介导的血小板破坏及血小板生成不良为特征.原发性ITP的初始治疗方案包括:糖皮质激素及静脉输注丙种球蛋白,而脾切除术、利妥昔单抗、血小板生成素(TPO)受体激动剂等常被用于治疗难治性及慢性原发性ITP患者.笔者拟就利妥昔单抗在成年人原发性ITP中的临床应用及进展进行综述.     

难治性免疫性血小板减少性紫癜不同治疗方法的疗效比较

目的:比较免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)不同治疗方法的疗效,探讨利妥昔单抗治疗难治性ITP的安全性和有效性.方法:125例ITP患者,分别应用糖皮质激素、丙球、达那唑、免疫抑制剂等治疗,其中5例难治性ITP患者应用利妥昔单抗375 mg·m-2,静脉输注,每周一次,连用4周.结果:ITP的一线治疗总反应率达70%.利妥昔单抗治疗的5例难治性ITP患者,2例获完全缓解(CR),1例获部分缓解(PR),1例微小反应(MR),1例没有反应.没有急性和迟发的毒性反应.结论:利妥昔单抗可能是治疗难治性ITP安全、有效的药物.     

利妥昔单抗治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜的临床观察

目的 观察利妥昔单抗治疗难治性特发性血小板减少性紫癜(RITP)的临床疗效.方法 采用利妥昔单抗治疗33例RITP患者,于治疗前后定期监测外周血小板计数、血清免疫球蛋白水平、中性粒细胞计数,观察治疗可能存在不良反应.结果 临床治疗总有效率为81.8%,不良反应轻微.结论 利妥昔单抗治疗RITP疗效确切.     

成人慢性原发性ITP患者利妥昔单抗疗效的影响因素及Plt计数预测价值探讨

目的:探讨成人慢性原发性免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)患者利妥昔单抗疗效的影响因素及血小板(Plt)数预测价值。方法:回顾性分析本院2012年1月-2016年12月收治的52例行利妥昔单抗治疗成人慢性原发性ITP患者的临床资料,其中治疗失败32例设为A组,治疗成功20例设为B组,分析影响利妥昔单抗疗效的独立危险因素,观察首次诊断骨髓CD41~+巨核细胞计数对治疗随访1年患者治疗反应率的影响,计算Plt数用于疗效预测时,效能指标及最佳截断点。结果:B组首次诊断骨髓CD41~+巨核细胞数水平高于A组(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示,首次诊断骨髓CD41~+巨核细胞数150是影响利妥昔单抗疗效的独立危险因素(OR=5.40,95%CI:1.82-15.66,P=0.00)。首次诊断骨髓CD41~+巨核细胞数≥150组患者随访1年反应率显著高于150组(P0.05)。B组利妥昔单抗首次治疗后d 3、14、21、30、60、90、180、270和360 Plt数水平显著低于A组(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,Plt数最佳截断点为50×10~9/L;利妥昔单抗首次治疗后d14,AUC为0.68(95%CI:0.57-0.78,P=0.00);成人慢性原发性ITP患者利妥昔单抗疗效预测敏感度和特异度分别为48.73%和87.58%;利妥昔单抗治疗后d 30和60 AUC分别为0.74(95%CI:0.64-0.87)(P=0.00)和0.93(95%CI:0.82-0.98)(P=0.00)。结论:成人慢性原发性ITP患者接受利妥昔单抗治疗后,部分可获得长期缓解,但骨髓巨核细胞数150的患者预后较差;同时根据利妥昔单抗治疗后d 14、30及60 Plt数能够有效预测患者的远期疗效,指导治疗的方案制定。     

利妥昔单克隆抗体和地塞米松联合环磷酰胺治疗复发难治的免疫性血小板减少症

目的:评估利妥昔单克隆抗体和地塞米松联合环磷酰胺治疗复发难治的免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)的有效性、安全性及其可能的作用机制。方法:前瞻性纳入12例复发难治的ITP患者,给予利妥昔单克隆抗体375 mg/m~2,每周1次,连用4周;地塞米松40 mg,连用4d环磷酰胺500 mg/m~2,两周1次,连用2周。用ELISA法检测患者治疗前后外周血IFN-r和IL-4水平,流式细胞术检测治疗前后调节性淋巴细胞Breg、Treg和Th17的水平,同时观察治疗前后血小板计数的变化,监测不良反应。结果:12例患者中6例(50.00%)获得完全缓解,4例(33.33%)部分缓解,总有效率为83.33%。治疗前血小板计数的平均值为(12.83±6.01)×10~9/L,治疗后血小板的平均峰值为(115.42±76.60)×10~9/L,二者差异有显著统计学意义(P0.001)。治疗后IFN-r/IL-4比值(5.89±2.30)较治疗前(7.00±2.73)下降,差异均有显著统计学意义(P=0.002)。治疗后外周血Breg细胞(21.27±4.28)%较治疗前(15.48±1.67)%升高(P0.001),Treg/Th17比值(3.07±1.50)较治疗前(0.98±0.45)升高(P0.001),差异均有显著统计学意义。不良反应为输液反应(1例),继发性高血压和高血糖(1例),呼吸道感染(2例)。结论:利妥昔单克隆抗体和地塞米松联合环磷酰胺可改善复发难治ITP患者的疗效,且患者耐受性较好,其机制可能为促使辅助T细胞亚群及调节性淋巴细胞达到平衡。     

原发免疫性血小板减少症患者外周血Tr1细胞表达

目的探讨原发免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia, ITP)患者外周血1型调节性T(type 1 regulatory T, Tr1)细胞表达及与血小板计数的关系。方法 ITP患者15例为ITP组,同期体检健康者13例为对照组。2组均行血常规检查,记录血小板计数、淋巴细胞计数;采用流式细胞仪检测2组外周血CD4~+T淋巴细胞、Tr1细胞计数,计算Tr1细胞占淋巴细胞百分比(Tr1/Lym)、CD4~+T淋巴细胞占淋巴细胞百分比(CD4~+T/Lym)、Tr1占CD4~+T淋巴细胞百分比(Tr1/CD4~+T);Pearson法分析ITP组Tr1细胞计数与血小板计数的相关性。结果 ITP组Tr1细胞计数[(0.940 9±0.672 2)×10~6/L]、血小板计数[(25.152 6±16.159 0)×10~9/L]、Tr1/Lym[(0.058 3±0.047 7)%]均较对照组[(1.644 0±0.992 6)×10~6/L、(282.738 5±95.414 4)×10~9/L、(0.130 8±0.122 1)%]降低(P0.05),Tr1/CD4~+T[(0.167 5±0.164 0)%]、CD4~+T/Lym[(39.559 4±9.918 4)%]与对照组[(0.383 5±0.382 4)%、(38.810 5±10.152 8)%]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,ITP组Tr1细胞计数与血小板计数无线性相关(r=0.530,P=0.063)。结论 ITP患者外周血Tr1细胞计数减少,免疫抑制作用减弱,Tr1细胞计数与血小板计数无明显相关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.