常温非体外循环下全胸腹主动脉替换术

目的 总结常温非体外循环下全胸腹主动脉替换术(total thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair,tTAAAR)的手术方式和早期治疗效果.方法 2009年2月至2010年12月,共完成41例全胸腹主动脉替换术,其中27例CrawfordⅡ型胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA)患者接受常温非体外循环tTAAAR治疗.男18例,女9例;平均年龄(41.85 ±10.11)岁.手术经左侧胸腹联合切口、腹膜外入路,常温非体外循环下建立降主动脉→双侧髂动脉旁路循环,然后采用分段阻断法,重建T6～T12肋间动脉及内脏血管.结果 所有患者均完成手术,降主动脉阻断(13.78 ±3.77) min.脊髓缺血( 19.19±3.93) min,内脏缺血(25.19 ±5.88) min.1例患者术中死亡,其余患者均生存.术后永久性脊髓损伤2例,呼吸系统并发症3例.结论 中国全胸腹主动脉瘤患者应早期积极治疗,常温非体外循环下的全胸腹主动脉替换术是一种安全、有效的治疗策略.     

主动脉瘤腔内修复术后早期炎性反应研究进展

<正>主动脉瘤系主动脉的病理性扩张,包括胸主动脉瘤(thoracic aortic aneurysm,TAA)、胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA)、腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm,AAA)和主动脉夹层(aortic dissection,AD)[1]。目前,腔内修复术(endovascular aortic repair,EVAR)已成为     

非体外循环下全主动脉弓替换术治疗主动脉弓降部动脉瘤的早、中期结果

目的 评价采用常温、非体外循环下全主动脉弓替换手术治疗主动脉弓、降部动脉瘤的术后早、中期结果.方法 2004年4月至11月,对连续7例主动脉弓降部动脉瘤病人实施常温、非体外循环下全主动脉弓替换手术.术后对所有病人进行长期随访,随访截止日期为2011年3月.7例均为男性,年龄23～75岁,中位年龄57岁.真性动脉瘤3例,假性动脉瘤4例,其中1例为弓降部巨大假性动脉瘤覆膜支架置入术失败者.采用胸部正中与左胸前外侧联合切口,全身肝素化后,依次在升主动脉前外侧壁安放主动脉侧壁钳,降主动脉与头臂动脉分别放置主动脉阻断钳,将带四分支人工血管依次与升主动脉行端-侧吻合、与降主动脉及3支头臂动脉行端-端吻合,最后闭合升主动脉残端,切除弓降部主动脉瘤壁.结果 平均胸降主动脉阻断(13.6±5.6)min,左颈总动脉阻断(5.7±0.8)min,无名动脉阻断(7.8±2.5)min,左锁骨下动脉阻断(11.2±1.5)min.术后使用呼吸机平均(12.3±4.1)h.病人全部生存.与同期常温体外循环下主动脉弓替换手术组相比,本组机械通气时间显著减少.无神经系统并发症.术后CT扫描结果显示,主动脉弓降部人工血管形态佳,吻合口周围无渗漏或假性动脉瘤形成.全组平均随访(79.7±2.1)个月,病人生活质量良好,复查CT结果均未见异常.无远期死亡.结论 在常温、非体外循环状态下实施全主动脉弓替换手术,是一种治疗主动脉弓、降部真性或假性动脉瘤的安全、有效的方法,严格把握手术适应证是手术成功的关键.

Abstract：

Objective Study the early and midterm results of a technique-total aortic arch replacement without using extracorporeal circulation or aortic bypass for the treatment of aortic aneurismal disease involving the transverse aortic arch and proximal descending aorta. Methods Between April and November 2004, 7 consecutive patients with true (n = 3) or false (n =4) aortic aneurysm underwent this procedure. The mean follow-up was 6. 6 years. The median age at operation was 57years ( range 23 to 75 years). Normothermia general anesthesia and median sternotomy combined with left anterior thoracotomy were administered. A partially occluding clamp was placed on ascending aorta and a longitude aortic incision was made. Anastomosis of a branched graft to ascending aorta in an end-to-side fashion was commenced. The descending aorta distal to the aneurysm was occluded and transected, and anastomosed to the distal end of the branched graft in an end-to-end fashion. Finally,the arch vessels were divided and anastomosed to the branches of the graft and the aneurysm excised. Results The average cross-clamp time of descending aorta, left common carotid artery, and innominate artery was (13.6 ±5.6)min, (5.7 ±0.8)min, and (7.8±2.5) min respectively. The mean intubation time was (12.3 ±4.1) hours. There were no adverse outcomes or neurologic complications in this series. All patients survived and recovered completely. The mean follow-up time was (79.7 ±2.1) months. All patients lead a normal life. There was no late death. CT follow-up study 6 years after surgery reveals no abnormal image. Conclusion Total aortic arch replacement without cardiopulmonary and aortic bypass is a feasible and effective method for the aortic aneurismal disease involving the transverse aortic arch and proximal descending aorta in selected patients.     

腔内技术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的进展

胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA)是指动脉瘤同时累及胸降主动脉及腹主动脉段,发生率为(5.9~10.4)/10万人[1]。通常情况下,TAAA的预后很差,未经治疗时有80%会发生破裂[2]。由于其病变范围广、内脏区多根分支动脉受累、术后高死亡率及高并发症发生率等问题,一直是治疗的难点。传统的开放手术采用多分支人工血管重建主动脉及内脏动脉血供,但是术后并发症如呼吸衰竭、脊髓缺血、肾功能衰竭等仍然不能忽视。     

胸腹主动脉瘤手术治疗中的截瘫并发症

胸腹主动脉瘤（thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAAA）是指胸主动脉和腹主动脉联合动脉瘤,按照性质可分为真性动脉瘤、假性动脉瘤和夹层动脉瘤。治疗方式主要包括传统外科手术、腔内修复术（endovascular aneurysm repair,EVAR）以及近来新兴的“杂交手术”（hybrid treatment）,即联合利用传统外科手术重建脏器血管和腔内技术修复动脉瘤。传统外科手术治疗TAAA已有半个多世纪,术式历经不断改进;EVAR技术应用十余年来发展迅猛,已经历几代产品的变革。但迄今为止无论何种术式,因脊髓缺血而造成截瘫这一灾难性的并发症仍无法完全解决。     

胸腹主动脉瘤的手术方法及治疗要点

胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm,TAA)是指动脉瘤同时累及胸腔段和腹腔段主动脉或侵犯到内脏动脉的腹主动脉瘤,临床上多采用Crawford分型,按动脉瘤的波及范围分为4型,由于病变范围广,病情进展快,加上病理部位特殊,给外科治疗带来许多困难.术中大出血、休克、心搏骤停和多脏器功能衰竭是常见的致死原因;截瘫和肾功能衰竭又是灾难性手术并发症,迄今仍然是一种挑战性手术.目前报道胸腹主动脉瘤的致死率为20%～34%.     

一期"杂交"手术主动脉弓替换及早期随访结果

目的 总结一期"杂交"主动脉弓部替换治疗累及主动脉弓的主动脉夹层及主动脉瘤的临床经验及早期随访结果,探讨一期"杂交"手术适应证.方法 2009年7月到2010年3月共22例累及主动脉弓的主动脉夹层或主动脉瘤病人在"杂交"手术室完成一期"杂交"主动脉弓替换手术.分别采用正中开胸,常温升主动脉至头臂动脉旁路移植,顺行主动脉弓部腔内覆膜支架置入术;和正中开胸,体外循环下升主动脉替换和(或)主动脉瓣置换和(或)冠脉旁路移植术,顺行主动脉弓部腔内覆膜支架置入术.比较体外循环组与同期采用传统深低温停循环手术行主动脉弓置换者的体外循环、主动脉阻断、ICU时间及血制品费用.结果 全组均成功同期完成手术并置入覆膜支架.常温组支架直径(40.80±1.79)mm,支架长度(189.0±14.39)mm.1例病人术后第6天突然死亡,尸检证实为远端夹层破裂.体外循环组体外循环(132.0±24.00)min,主动脉阻断(49.18±12.09)min;支架直径(33.82±0.60)mm,支架长度(187.91±6.33)mm;1例病人术后5天CT发现纵隔积液,开胸探查证实为淋巴积液;1例病人术后12天死于呼吸衰竭及肾功能衰竭."杂交"体外循环组体外循环和主动脉阻断时间明显少于传统手术数组(P＜0.05);"杂交"手术者ICU天数明显少于传统手术组(P＜0.05);"杂交"手术者使用血制品量及费用也明显少于传统手术组(P＜0.05).全组随访12～20个月,平均(14.45±2.33)个月.随访者均生存且恢复正常生活,无明显不适.CT复查支架无移位及内漏.术后早期支架段假腔闭合率100%.术后3个月远端夹层无变化,部分病人远端夹层血栓形成.结论 一期"杂交"主动脉弓替换手术安全、有效,能较传统手术明显缩短手术时间,减少手术创伤,缩短住院天数,减少输血,取得满意的早期治疗效果;但中、远期疗效尚须进一步随访.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of one stage hybrid operation for aortic arch replacement and explore the indication. Methods From July,2009 to March,2010, 22 consecutive patients received one stage hybrid operation in our hybrid suite for aortic dissection or aortic aneurysm involving aortic arch. Two operative methods are used. (1)Bypass from ascending aorta to brachiocephalic arteries using midstemotomy and normothermia with antegrade aortic arch endovascular stented graft implantation. (2) Ascending aorta replacement and/or aortic valve replacement and/or coronary artery bypass grafting using midstemotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass with antegrade aortic arch endovascular stented graft implantation. Results All patients were technically successful. Angiography during the operation showed 100% patency of all the bypass grafts and no obvious translocation or endoleak of the stents. One patient in the first group died on sixth day after operation due to distal dissection rupture. There was one case of mediastinal lymph effusion in the second group and one case of death due to renal failure and respiratory failure 12 days after operation in the second group. The ICU stay and hospital stay were obviously shorter in hybrid open chest group than that in traditional open chest operation group(P ＜0.05). The blood product consumption and expenditure were also obviously less in hybrid open chest group than that in traditional open chest operation group (P ＜0.05). All the patients were followed up with a mean period of (14.45 ±2.33) months (range: 12 -20 months). All other patients were recovered with normal social life. CT showed neither endoleak nor translocation of the stented grafts. Faulse lumen closure rate at stented-graft segment is 100%. There was no obvious change of distal part of the dissection three months after operation except some thrombosis formation in some of the false lumen. Conclusion One stage hybrid operation for aortic arch replacement is safe and effective in shortening the duration of the operation and reducing the surgical trauma and risk of interval between procedures, shortening the hospital stay and reducing the blood product consumption compared with conventional operation with satisfactory early results. The midterm and long term results are still needed to be followed up.     

胸腹主动脉瘤的开放与腔内治疗：并行与争议

开放手术是目前治疗胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, TAAA)的金标准, 而主动脉腔内修复手术(endovascular aortic repair, EVAR)也已广泛开展。由于其涉及供应内脏器官的重要分支, 治疗TAAA的技术体系尤为复杂。不过, 随着更新的、低廉、灵活的支架系统的出现, 全腔内修复技术变得更加可行, 也更具吸引力。对于年轻和低危患者, 选择开放手术还是腔内治疗方式仍存在争议。尽管微创腔内技术有诸多优点, 但EVAR会带来更多脊髓损伤的风险, 当其特有并发症——内漏发生之后可能需要二次腔内介入修复, 而且EVAR术后远期耐久性尚不明确。本文就TAAA的开放与腔内治疗进行综述, 介绍了开放手术和腔内修复的发展、各型支架的优劣, 探讨在治疗TAAA时如何选择更适合患者的术式, 为临床医师提供治疗参考。     

联合手术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤一例分析

胸腹主动脉瘤(thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms,TAAAs)常涉及腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉、肾动脉等重要主动脉分支,是对血管外科医师的挑战性病变.传统手术需经胸腹联合切口,并在阻断血供的情况下,重建各分支,手术时间长,出血量大,病死率和截瘫率高.近年来,联合手术(Hybrid Operation)将传统开发手术和微创腔内手术结合起来,成为一种新的手术方式.本文就笔者收治的1例胸腹主动脉夹层动脉瘤病例为例,介绍联合手术在TAAAs中的应用和手术方法.     

心脏手术史不是A型主动脉夹层孙氏手术院内死亡的独立危险因素

目的 探讨心脏手术史是否是A型主动脉夹层患者全主动脉弓替换加支架象鼻手术(孙氏手术)后院内死亡的独立危险因素.方法 2009年2月至2012年2月,共384例A型主动脉夹层患者纳入研究.其中36例术前有心脏手术史:Bentall手术16例,升主动脉替换术7例,Wheat手术4例,主动脉瓣置换术4例,Bentall加二尖瓣手术2例,二尖瓣及主动脉瓣双瓣置换术1例,房间隔缺损修补术1例,冠状动脉旁路移植术1例.将可能与术后死亡相关的因素先行单因素分析,单因素分析有意义的变量纳入多因素logistic回归分析.结果 孙氏术后院内死亡共31例,占8.07％.有心脏手术史患者36例中共死亡3例,占8.33％.单因素分析结果显示年龄和发病至手术时间小于1周为术前危险因素;体外循环时间超过300 min,主动脉夹层累及冠状动脉需要行冠状动脉旁路移植术为术中危险因素.将此4种危险因素纳入多因素logistic回归,结果显示,发病至手术时间小于1周(P=0.038,OR=2.43)、体外循环超过300 min(P＜0.001,OR=12.05)为孙氏术后患者院内死亡的独立危险因素.心脏手术史不是A型主动脉夹层行孙氏手术后院内死亡的危险因素.有心脏手术史患者术后住ICU时间(2.09±1.89)天,首次手术患者(2.71±3.01)天,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.25).有心脏手术史患者术后机械通气(30.09 ±33.42)h,首次手术(33.86±40.98)h,组间差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.61).有心脏手术史患者术后因出血导致二次开胸率3.03％,首次手术1.88％,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.50).结论 心脏手术史不是A型主动脉夹层孙氏手术后院内死亡的独立危险因素,术后并发症发生率未显著增加.对于有心脏手术史的A型主动脉夹层患者,应该积极外科手术治疗.     

A rare case of giant coronary artery aneurysm in the context of multiple arterial aneurysms

INTRODUCTIONWhilst the incidence of CAA has been reported as up to 5%, giant CAA (>2 cm) is rare.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present a rare case of 3 cm × 4 cm giant coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) in the context of aorto-iliac aneurysmal disease, treated by staged open surgical repair.DISCUSSIONAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and CAA share risk factors and aetiological mechanisms, therefore should be considered, particularly when CAA is diagnosed in the first instance.CONCLUSIONSSurgical intervention for diagnosed giant CAA appears to be the treatment of choice in the reported literature, with the order of intervention when AAA co-exists remaining a point for debate.     

Brachiocephalic aneurysm: The case for early recognition and repair

Over a 40 year period (1950–1990) only 73 patients were treated surgically for brachiocephalic aneurysms. An operation was performed for 38 subclavian, 25 extracranial carotid, six innominate, three aberrant right subclavian, and one vertebral artery aneurysm. Twenty-three other associated aneurysms occurred in 14 patients. Five patients had an additional untreated brachiocephalic aneurysm, and nine patients had 18 aneurysms located in different anatomic regions. There were 40 men and 33 women with a mean age of 50.5 years (range 16 to 82 years). Forty patients (54.8%) presented with potentially life- or limb-threatening signs or symptoms, including stroke or transient ischemic attacks (31.5%), upper extremity ischemia (19.2%), and rupture (4.1%). Atherosclerosis was most common in innominate aneurysms (66.7%) but also occurred in subclavian (34.1%) and carotid aneurysms (12.0%). Thoracic outlet compression was a common etiology for subclavian aneurysms while trauma or spontaneous dissection was more frequent for carotid aneurysms. Six deaths (8.2%) occurred within 30 days of operation: two from rupture, three in association with concomitant cardiovascular operations, and one from emergency carotid ligation. There were no deaths with elective isolated surgical repair. Overall five and 10 year survival in patients with brachiocephalic aneurysms was 80.8% and 61.4%, respectively. The majority of brachiocephalic aneurysms present with life- or limb-threatening complications and are associated with a high mortality for emergency or concomitant repair. Early elective isolated surgical repair remains the optimal therapy.Presented at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society, June 2, 1990, Los Angeles, California.     

Prospective Study of the Natural History of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Background. The decision whether or not to recommend resection of moderately large descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms requires weighing the relatively high mortality and significant risk of paraplegia associated with operation against the likelihood that the aneurysm will rupture spontaneously, with an almost invariably fatal outcome. To better define the risk of aneurysm rupture, we undertook a prospective study of patients who had not had operation on their moderately large descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysms.

Methods. Patients were enrolled at the time of their second computed tomographic scans: three-dimensional computer-generated reconstructions allowed determination of several dimensional parameters for each study, including diameters and cross-sectional areas at the site of maximal dilatation in the descending aorta and in the abdomen as well as total thoracoabdominal surface area. Comparisons of serial studies permitted calculation of yearly rates of change in these dimensions.

Results. Of 114 patients, 8 died of causes unrelated to the aneurysm, 26 died of rupture, 20 met previously determined criteria for operation, and 60 survived without operation or rupture. Multivariate regression analysis identified maximal diameter in the descending and in the abdominal aorta as independent risk factors for rupture, as well as older age, the presence of even uncharacteristic pain, and a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A piecewise exponential model enabled construction of an equation allowing calculation of rate of rupture in patients in whom the values of the risk factors are known, and also of the probability of rupture in a given individual over a specified time interval.

Conclusions. Because using this equation--based on easily determined risk factors (age, pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maximal thoracic and maximal abdominal aortic diameter)--allows the risk of aneurysm rupture within a given interval to be estimated fairly accurately for each individual patient, it is our current practice to recommend operation when the calculated risk of rupture within 1 year exceeds the anticipated mortality of elective operation, rather than relying on general operative guidelines based almost exclusively on aneurysm size.     

Long term prognosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic cerebral aneurysms

The authors analyze the follow-up series of 58 patients with diagnosed cerebral aneurysms who were either not treated surgically or, in surgically treated cases, in which the aneurysmal neck was not clipped. The patients are divided in three groups: untreated ruptured; ruptured treated by coating, vessel ligation or aneurysmal dome clipping; and asymptomatic cases. During the follow-up period of three to ten years, there were no bleedings from asymptomatic aneurysms and only one rebleeding from symptomatic operated aneurysms. As can be expected in the group of ruptured unoperated aneurysms, the rate of rebleeding was 40.9% with a mortality rate of 31.7%. The natural history of asymptomatic aneurysms is unclear regarding the risk of bleeding, and regardless of the obtained follow-up results in our cases, we think that all diagnosed cerebral aneurysms must be treated surgically. Certainly, individual cases must be evaluated.     

Current practice of aneurysm management in the UK

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study is to establish the current practice of aneurysm management, to assess the introduction of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) and to establish the criteria for its use and its role in the UK.

METHODS

All UK centres performing FEVAR and centres with an established interest in infra-renal endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) were invited to respond to an open-ended questionnaire about abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) management.

RESULTS

A response was obtained from over 90% of UK FEVAR centres. Results showed marked regional differences in aneurysm management, in particular with regard to indications for complex aneurysm management.

CONCLUSION

The trend in the UK is towards endovascular repair. However, there are still variations in unit policies, indicating regional differences in patient management.     

Extra-hepatic portal vein aneurysm: A case report, overview of the literature and suggested management algorithm

INTRODUCTIONPortal venous aneurysms are a rare finding. The reported incidence is on the rise with increasing use of modern imaging techniques in clinical practice. However, there is still much to be elicited regarding their aetiology, natural history, and management.PRESENTATION OF CASEAn 80-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and nausea. Investigations showed a hypoechoic area in the region of the head of pancreas on ultrasound, which was found to be a portal venous aneurysm on CT. In view of her multiple comorbidities, a conservative approach was taken.DISCUSSIONPortal venous aneurysms represent approximately 3% of all venous aneurysms with a reported prevalence of 0.43%. They may be congenital, due to failure of complete regression of the right vitelline vein, or acquired secondary to portal hypertension. The primary presentation of portal vein aneurysm is abdominal pain, followed by incidental detection on imaging, with a minority of patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Complications of PVA include thrombosis, biliary tract obstruction, inferior vena cava obstruction, and duodenal compression. On the whole PVAs are stable and have a low risk of complications with 88% of patients showing no progression of aneurysm size or complications on subsequent follow up scans.CONCLUSIONWe recommend that portal venous aneurysms be assessed using colour Doppler ultrasonography in the first instance with CT scans reserved for indeterminate cases or symptomatic patients. Due to the slow progression of such aneurysms, surgery is recommended only for symptomatic patients or those with complications secondary to portal venous aneurysms.     

Giant serpentine intracranial aneurysm

Giant serpentine aneurysms are considered a distinct sub-group of giant aneurysms because of their characteristic angiographic appearance and clinical behavior. A case of this unusual vascular abnormality showing progressive enlargement documented by computed tomography and cerebral angiography is presented, along with a review of the literature. Etiology, pertinent radiological findings, and a probable mechanism of serpentine channel formation are discussed.     

Congenital superior mesenteric artery aneurysm in a 6-week-old infant presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Visceral artery aneurysms are rare in infants and children. The majority of cases are caused by genetic syndromes, trauma, or infection. Although the majority of aneurysms are asymptomatic, visceral artery aneurysms can present with abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, or rupture. Aneurysm rupture can manifest as hemodynamic instability and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. We present the case of a congenital idiopathic aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery in a 6-week-old infant who presented with gastrointestinal bleeding. We report a stepwise surgical approach to achieving aneurysm exclusion and thrombosis, and highlight the robust mesenteric collateral circulation that can develop in pediatric patients.     

Management of giant serpentine aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery — Review of literature and report of a case successfully treated by STA-MCA anastomosis only

Summary Thirty-eight cases of giant serpentine aneurysms (GSA), including 17 GSA of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), were reviewed in the literature. The treatment possibilities of GSA of the MCA are discussed together with our own case who was a 39-year-old male with a GSA of the right MCA and was treated only by STA-MCA anastomosis. The pathogenetic mechanism of progressive enlargement of the aneurysm is also discussed.     

Gargantuan internal carotid artery aneurysm—a surgical challenge

Extracranial carotid artery aneurysms are a rarely reported entity. Here, we describe an unusually large internal carotid artery aneurysm in a 76-year-old female, with progressive enlargement and history of thromboembolic event. She was managed successfully with an open repair and common carotid artery to internal carotid artery bypass.