数字摄影受检者辐射剂量调查

目的 了解数字摄影（DR）检查中受检者的辐射剂量水平,为数字放射摄影受检者指导水平的制定提供基础数据。方法 使用热释光剂量计TLD测量受检者不同部位、不同投照方向的入射体表剂量（ESD）;使用剂量面积乘积仪测量受检者不同部位、不同投照方向的剂量面积乘积（DAP）,并利用测量的DAP值,估算出有效剂量（E）。结果 同类检查中,kV和mAs的变化范围较大,不同部位DR检查中ESD、DAP和E的差别均具有统计学意义（F=33.47、24.68、43.19,P<0.05）。其中,ESD和DAP均以腰椎（LAT）最高,均数为4.62mGy/次和2.26Gy·cm²/次;E以腹部（AP）最高,均数为0.59mSv,高于腰椎（LAT）的0.31mSv。结论 DR在加强受检者放射防护最优化方面很有潜力,应尽快建立适合我国国民体质特征的数字放射摄影受检者辐射剂量的指导水平。     

New computed radiography technologies in digital radiography

Digital radiography (DR) has become integral to modern diagnostic radiology. One of the earliest forms of DR, computed radiography (CR) using storage phosphors, has established itself as the mainstay of DR-based diagnostic imaging over the past 20 years. More recently, flat-panel DR systems based on solid state X-ray detectors with integrated, large-area, active-matrix readout electronics are promising further improvements in clinical workflow and image quality. Despite CR's longevity, innovations continue to be made. New developments in CR screen technologies, like structured (needle) screens, and new scanner concepts based on line-at-a-time reading promise major improvements in image quality (comparable to that of flat-panel systems), system through-put and physical size, at a cost comparable to that of today's systems. Thus, despite the advent of flat-panel acquisition systems, there will still be an important role for CR in the foreseeable future. After a brief review of the current state of CR technology, this paper will explore several of these new CR developments and present some examples of their potential clinical impact.     

Comparison of radiation doses to patients undergoing standard radiographic examinations with conventional screen-film radiography, computed radiography and direct digital radiography

New flat-panel direct digital radiography equipment has recently been installed in our Accident and Emergency Department; its characteristics and versatility are well suited to the work undertaken in this environment. The aim of this study was to compare radiation doses to patients undergoing standard radiographic examinations using conventional screen-film radiography, computed radiography and direct digital radiography; entrance surface dose and effective dose were calculated for six standard examinations (a total of 10 projections) using standard patient exposure parameters for the three imaging modalities. It was found that doses for computed radiography (all examinations) were higher than the doses for the other two modalities; effective doses for direct digital radiography were approximately 29% and approximately 43% lower than those for screen-film radiography and computed radiography, respectively. The image quality met the criteria in the European guidelines for all modalities.     

Real-time measurement and audit of radiation dose to patients undergoing computed radiography

A real-time patient dose monitoring system for auditing computed radiography is described. Technical data from each exposure and for every examination type are collected and sent by a network to a workstation, which calculates the moving average values of entrance skin dose and dose-area product from the 10 most recently examined patients. Comparison of averages with reference values generates warning messages if reference values are exceeded, prompting corrective action if necessary.     

Comparison of dynamic sonography to stress radiography for assessing glenohumeral laxity in asymptomatic shoulders

BACKGROUND: Stress radiography has been the established imaging method for quantifying glenohumeral joint laxity. Dynamic ultrasound is an alternative imaging method that may be used to measure glenohumeral laxity; however, validity and repeatability have not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To determine criterion-related validity and repeatability of a sonographic imaging method for measuring glenohumeral laxity in asymptomatic shoulders. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: In experiment 1, 20 subjects were assessed for glenohumeral laxity using stress radiography and dynamic ultrasound. In the second experiment, 13 subjects were assessed for laxity in 2 separate test sessions using the dynamic ultrasound technique. RESULTS: Correlational analysis between the sonographic and radiographic measures revealed an r = 0.79 (r(2) = 0.62), indicating excellent criterion-related validity for the sonographic imaging method. Test-retest repeatability was 0.72 and 0.85 for anterior and posterior translation, respectively, and interrater repeatability was 0.96 and 0.99 for anterior and posterior translation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic ultrasound appears to be a valid and repeatable method for assessing glenohumeral laxity in a clinical setting. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Based on the results of this study, dynamic ultrasound is a repeatable and valid method for measuring glenohumeral laxity and therefore may be used as a viable replacement for stress radiography during assessments of glenohumeral laxity.     

Preliminary results of a study comparing conventional radiography with phase-contrast radiography for assessing root morphology of mandibular third molars

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of phase-contrast radiography for assessing root morphology of mandibular third molars in comparison with conventional radiography.

Methods

We studied 37 extracted mandibular third molars. One oral surgeon compared the number of roots and root curvature of the extracted teeth on conventional radiographs with those on phase-contrast images.

Results

The number of roots and root curvature on conventional images differed significantly from those on phase-contrast images.

Conclusions

Our results suggest the possibility that phase-contrast radiography is more useful than conventional radiography for assessing the root morphology of mandibular third molars.     

数字X线摄影与双面阅读计算机X线摄影系统辐射剂量和影像质量的比较

目的 对比研究DR与CR双面阅读成像系统辐射剂量与成像质量的关系.方法 在相同的辐射剂量下用DR和CR双面阅读成像系统对ALVIM统计学摄影模体TRG进行曝光,记录摄影条件和模体表面入射剂量,然后固定此摄影条件kV值,选用不同mAs值(分别为3.2、4.0、4.3、4.8和5.2 mAs)用CR双面阅读成像系统对模体进行曝光,记录表面入射剂量,并将所获取的影像在图像诊断工作站显示器上由3名影像医师进行视读打分,按照5分值判断法评判,绘制ROC曲线,计算每种信号的判断概率值(Pdet),对不同摄影系统及条件下3名观察者对模体影像信息的判断概率平均值采用双因素方差分析(ANOVA)进行比较.结果 在辐射剂量为137.5 μGy时,DR所摄取模体影像内容物中0.5 ～ 1.0 nun直径骨代替物和0.9 ～ 2.0 mm直径肌肉代替物的Pdet值分别是0.742～0.923和0.635 ～0.900,CR双面阅读成像系统所得模体影像内容物中上述直径的骨代替物和肌肉代替物的Pdet值分别是0.526 ～0.586和0.473 ～0.560;DR和CR双面阅读成像系统对不同直径的骨替代物ROC曲线Pdet相差为0.216 ～0.337,以直径1.0mm为著,相差0.337;二者对直径0.9～2.0mm的肌肉替代物相差为0.075 ～0.342,以直径2.0mm为著,相差0.342,差异有统计学意义(F =35.30,P＜0.01).当CR双面阅读系统的摄影条件增为75 kV、4.8 mAs时,辐射剂量为180.4μGy,两种摄影系统所摄取影像ROC曲线的Pdet值基本相同,二者对直径0.5～1.0 mm骨代替物ROC曲线的Pdet相差为-0.003 ～0.009;二者对直径0.9 ～2.0 mm肌肉代替物ROC曲线的Pdet 相差为～0.005 ～0.008,差异无统计学意义(F=5.23,P＞0.05).在相同的判断概率值Pdet下,CR双面阅读成像系统所用表面入射剂量为180.4 μGy,DR所用的表面入射剂量为137.5 μGy.结论 在相同曝光条件下,DR对模体内容物的检出率高于CR双面成像系统;在获得相似图像质量时,DR的辐射剂量低于CR双面阅读成像系统.