超声心动图观察二尖瓣及肺静脉血流参数与左心室舒张末压的关系

测定６０例心导管受检者左心室舒张期压力，经胸脉冲波多普勒超声心动图记录二尖瓣及肺静脉血流参数并与左心室充盈压作相关分析。发现肺静脉血流参数与左心室舒张压比二尖瓣血流更具相关性。肺静脉返流峰和二尖瓣Ａ峰时限差（ＰＡｄ－Ａｄ）与左室舒张末期压（ＥＤＰ）最具相关性（ｒ＝０．７０，Ｐ＜０．０１），肺静脉返流峰时限长于二尖瓣Ａ峰估测ＥＤＰ≥２ｋＰａ（１５ｍｍＨｇ）的敏感性为８６％、特异性为８１％。左室心房收缩前压力与肺静脉收缩分数呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．５９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明超声心动图能有效地估测左心室舒张期压力，ＰＡｄ－Ａｄ是估测左心室舒张末期压的最佳指标。肺静脉收缩分数减小提示左室心房收缩前压力明显升高。     

三腔单球囊导管经皮二尖瓣分离术的临床应用

目的为评价三腔单球囊导管行经皮二尖瓣分离术（ＰＴＭＣ）的临床疗效。方法术前行右心导管术测右室和肺动脉压，８ＦＭｕｌｉｎｓ管和房间隔穿刺针穿刺房间隔，成功后肝素化，送入左房导丝到左心房，沿导丝送入三腔球囊导管进左房后操纵导管过二尖瓣口进左心室。同步测二尖瓣跨瓣压差，迅速充盈球囊扩张二尖瓣口，至腰部凹形消失立即回抽空球囊并留置在左室内再次测二尖瓣跨瓣压差。术前、术后采用二维超声和彩色多谱勒血流仪检查，评价ＰＴＭＣ疗效、二尖瓣反流和有否房间隔缺损等情况。结果本组５８例成功率为１００％。肺动脉收缩压由术前５２．４±１８．９ｍｍＨｇ，术后降至３９．９±１７．１ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣跨瓣压差自术前１７．７±８．２ｍｍＨｇ术后降至１．９±２．２ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．００１）；二尖瓣口面积自术前１．０±０．２ｃｍ２术后扩大至２．１±０．３ｃｍ２（Ｐ＜０．００１）；术后心功能均得到改善。结论三腔单球囊导管操作简单，毋须左心导管亦能同步测二尖瓣跨瓣压差，且无重要并发症，安全、疗效肯定。     

法乐氏四联症患者左心功能有创、无创的对比研究

对２０例法乐氏四联症（ＴＯＦ）患者，行超声心动图、左室电影造影对比研究。超声胸骨旁长轴切面和剑下四腔切面的双面法与造影相关性最好（ｒ．ＬＶＥＤＶ＝０．９２３）；胸骨旁长轴切面与造影相关系数为ｒＬＶＥＤＶ＝０．９２１；超声结果均小于造影结果。ＴＯＦ的ＬＶＥＤＶＩ明显小于正常（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＥＦ无明显差别。ＥＦ与术前ＬＹＥＤＶＩ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４６，Ｐ＜０．０５）；与术后血压呈正相关（ｒ＝０．４９．Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆内皮素－1含量与PaO_2、PaCO_2及肺动脉压的关系

目的探讨血浆内皮素－１（ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ－１，ＥＴ－１）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｏｂｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＣＯＰＤ）中的作用。方法应用放射免疫法测定４３例老年ＣＯＰＤ急性发作期患者和１５名健康对照者血浆ＥＴ－１水平，其中８例肺心病患者行右心微导管检测肺动脉压。结果ＣＯＰＤ患者和肺心病患者的血浆ＥＴ－１含量分别为５．２４±０．５０、５．８０±０．６６ｐｇ／ｍｌ，较健康对照组血浆ＥＴ－１含量（４．６５±０．６５ｐｇ／ｍｌ）明显升高（Ｐ值＜０．０１及０．００１）；血浆ＥＴ－１含量与ＰａＯ２呈显著性负相关（ＣＯＰＤ组：ｒ值＝－０．５８３，Ｐ值＜０．０１；肺心病组：ｒ值＝－０．６２７，Ｐ值＜０．００１），与ＰａＣＯ２呈显著性正相关（ＣＯＰＤ组：ｒ值＝－０．５１４，Ｐ值＜０．０５；肺心病组：ｒ值＝０．５９３，Ｐ值＜０．００１）；ＥＴ－１含量与肺动脉收缩压及平均压均存在正相关（ｒ值＝０．７２７及０．６８１，Ｐ值均＜０．０５）。结论血浆ＥＴ－１参与肺心病肺动脉高压的形成，缺氧和二氧化碳潴留是刺激ＥＴ－１释放的重要原因之一     

二维超声心动图对术前法乐四联症左心室重量与心功能的评价

目的：研究法乐四联症左心发育与心功能的关系。方法：用二维超声心动图评价９０例法乐四联症的左心室容积、左心室重量与心功能的关系（各测值均与年龄相匹配的４０名正常人对照）。结果：法乐四联症病人的左心室容积、左心室前壁、后壁厚度及左心室心肌重量各测值明显小于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而心室间隔厚度、左心室舒张末容积／左心室心肌容积比值、左心室射血分数各测值在两组间比较均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；法乐四联症组的左心室舒张末容积与左心室心肌容积测值呈高度相关（ｒ＝０．８６）。结论：法乐四联症病人大多有左心室发育障碍，但左心室收缩功能仍可保持正常。     

32例房颤患者STI均值与临床心功能状况相关分析

本文对３２例房颤患者测定ＳＴＩ平均值，参照ＳＴＩ的新心功能标准定级，并和临床按症状体征分级相对照。结果表明:房颤患者用ＳＴＩ平均值分级和临床分级有较好的相关性。相关系数ｒ＝０．６７５９，回归系数ｂ＝０．３４１，回归方程ｙ＝０．６７＋０．４３４１ｘ，呈高度显著性线性相关，Ｐ＜０．００１，说明ＳＴＩ平均值对评估房颤患者的心泵功能是有意义的指标。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术前后血浆内皮素－1水平的对比研究

采用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）测定了３８例二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）前后血浆内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）水平，并与二尖瓣面积（ＭＶＡ）、左房内径（ＬＡＤ）及血液动力学参数作相关分析。结果显示：术前血浆ＥＴ－１水平较对照组显著升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），术后显著降低（与术前比Ｐ＜０．００１），但仍高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．００２）。血浆ＥＴ－１水平与平均肺动脉压、平均左房压和ＬＡＤ呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７８３，０．５１２和０．３５２，Ｐ＜０．００１，０．００２和０．０５），与其它血液动力学参数无明显相关关系。研究表明，ＥＴ－１在ＭＳ引起的病理生理改变中起重要作用，测定其变化，有可能作为判定病清程度及ＰＢＭＶ疗效的一个指标。     

欧姆龙HEM-711型便携式电子血压计的准确性

评价欧姆龙ＨＥＭ－７１１型便携式电子血压计的准确性。方法根据英国高血压协会（ＢＨＳ）以及医学仪器进展协会（ＡＡＭＩ）的规定,对１２６例进行了听诊法及电子血压测定的对比研究。结果欧姆龙ＨＥＭ－７１１型便携式血压计收缩压和舒张压均达到了ＢＨＳ的Ａ级标准,并通过了ＡＡＭＩ的规定要求。两种方法间呈线形相关,其回归方程为收缩压ＳＢＰ：＾ｙ＝１．０９＋０．９６０ｘ（ｒ＝０．９７６）;ＤＢＰ：＾ｙ＝５．３＋０．９７０ｘ（ｒ＝０．９１６）。结论欧姆龙ＨＥＭ－７１１型便携式血压计具有良好的准确性,可用于家庭及医院内的血压监测。     

彩色多普勒血流显像对心房间隔缺损诊断的评价

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断心房间隔缺损的临床价值。方法：以彩色多普勒血流显像技术对７５例患者的心房间隔缺损定位及估测缺损大小，并测定肺动脉收缩压。结果：７５例患者中，５２例经手术证实。彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断心房间隔缺损的敏感性达１００％；对缺损的定位准确率为９４．２％（４９／５２）；对缺损大小的估测与手术结果呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９５，Ｐ＜０．００１）。对Ｍ型超声心动图显示疑有肺动脉高压的２３例患者用三尖瓣反流压差法估测的肺动脉收缩压与心导管测值密切相关（ｒ＝０．８８，Ｐ＜０．００１）；同时计算肺动脉与主动脉根部内径比值与心导管测值比较，发现肺动脉与主动脉根部内径比值≥１．３５，提示肺动脉高压。结论：彩色多普勒超声心动图对心房间隔缺损有术前诊断价值，并能评价手术效果，可替代有创性检查。     

卧位型心绞痛患者的左心室舒张功能异常

为探讨左心室舒张功能异常与卧位型心绞痛发作的关系，对２４例冠心病卧位型心绞痛患者、２０例冠心病非卧位型心绞痛患者和２０例正常人的左心室造影资料进行分析，发现卧位型心绞痛患者左心室舒张期前１／３充盈率明显低于冠心病对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１）和正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．００１），其左心室造影后的左心室舒张未压（ＬＶＥＤＰ）较之造影前亦显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而冠心病对照组和正常对照组造影前后的ＬＶＥＤＰ差异无显著性。结果表明卧位型心绞痛患者存在明显的左心室舒张功能不全。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.