Effects of morphine and its metabolites on immune function in advanced cancer patients

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether morphine and its active metabolites such as morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G) modulate immune function in patients with advanced cancer who required morphine for pain relief. DESIGN: Prospective observational clinical study. SETTING: Pain clinic of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifteen patients who visited our clinic for control of advanced cancer pain. INTERVENTIONS: During the initiation or changes of morphine therapy, venous blood samples were obtained at the enrollment of this study, 1 and 3 weeks after the change of morphine dose or route. MEASUREMENTS: Lymphocyte subpopulation CD4+ and CD8+, activity of natural killer cell, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T-cell proliferation, and plasma immunoglobulin M and G concentrations were measured, as well as plasma concentrations of morphine, M-3-G, and M-6-G. MAIN RESULTS: At the entry of the study, 6 patients did not receive any type of morphine medication (group 1), whereas 9 patients were treated with morphine for 1 month (group 2). Cancer pain, rated as 4 at the entry period, was reduced to 2 of 10 (visual analogue scale) during the study periods. Although the plasma concentrations of M-3-G and M-6-G in Group 1 were significantly less than those in Group 2, plasma concentrations of immunologic markers were similar between the groups. In Group 1, Spearman linear regression analysis showed negative correlation between morphine-derived metabolites and immunoglobulins or PHA-induced T-cell proliferation, whereas poor correlation was found with all immunologic parameters in Group 2. Stepwise linear regression analyses showed that the metabolites, rather than morphine per se, modulated immune function, reflected by PHA-induced T-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin G concentration in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that some of humoral and cellular immunity are modulated by morphine-derived metabolites at the early phase of morphine therapy in patients with advanced cancer.     

Morphine metabolites

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic widely used for the treatment of acute pain and for long-term treatment of severe pain. Morphine is a member of the morphinan-framed alkaloids, which are present in the poppy plant. The drug is soluble in water, but its solubility in lipids is poor. In man, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucu-ronide (M6G) are the major metabolites of morphine. The metabolism of morphine occurs not only in the liver, but may also take place in the brain and the kidneys. The glucuronides are mainly eliminated via bile and urine. Glucuronides as a rule are considered as highly polar metabolites unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. Although morphine glucuronidation has been demonstrated in human brain tissue, the capacity is very low compared to that of the liver, indicating that the M3G and M6G concentrations observed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after systemic administration reflect hepatic metabolism of morphine and that the morphine glucuronides, despite their high polarity, can penetrate into the brain. Like morphine, M6G has been shown to be relatively more selective for μ-receptors than for 5- and K-receptors while M3G does not appear to compete for opioid receptor binding. The analgesic properties of M6G were recognised in the early 1970s and more recent work suggests that M6G might significantly contribute to the opioid analgesia after administration of morphine. The analgesic potency of M6G after intracerebroven-tricular (ICV) or intrathecal (IT) administration in rats is from 45–800 timer greater than that of morphine, depending on the animal species and the experimental antinociceptive test used. Furthermore, the development of a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for the quantitative determination of morphine, M6G and M3G has revealed that M6G and M3G were present in abundance after chronic oral morphine administration and that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve exceeded that of morphine. M3G has been found to antagonise morphine and M6G induced analgesia and ventilatory depression in the rat, which has led to the hypothesis that M3G may influence the development of morphine tolerance. M3G exhibits no analgesic effect after ICV or IT administration. Some studies do, however, indicate that M3G may cause non-opioid mediated hyperalgesia/allodynia and convulsions after IT administration in rats. These observations led to the hypothesis that M3G might be responsible for side-effects, hyperalgesia/allodynia and myoclonus seen after high-dose morphine treatment.     

Respiratory depression after administration of single-dose neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundNeuraxial administration of long-acting opioid is the “gold standard” for the management of postoperative pain following cesarean delivery. Respiratory depression, however, remains a concerning complication.MethodsThis retrospective single-center study of 4963 patients evaluated the frequency of respiratory depression after neuraxial morphine administration in a post-cesarean delivery population. The spinal dose of morphine varied from 100 to 450 µg intrathecally, and from 3 to 5 mg epidurally. The primary outcome was the initiation of a Rapid Response Team (RRT) event for respiratory failure due to neuraxial opioid in the 24 h following morphine administration. Secondary outcomes studied included oxygen desaturation events (SpO₂ <90%), initiation of oxygen therapy and naloxone administration.ResultsThere were no respiratory RRT events within the study period (95% confidence interval [CI] 0 to 7 per 10 000). There were no desaturation events recorded and no patients received supplemental oxygen therapy or naloxone (95% CI 0 to 7 per 10 000).ConclusionClinically significant respiratory depression is rare among patients receiving neuraxial morphine for post-cesarean delivery analgesia.     

不同剂量舒芬太尼用于全麻妇科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨不同剂量舒芬太尼用于全麻妇科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛（patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA）的效果及其副作用,为舒芬太尼术后PCIA的个体化用药剂量提供依据。方法择期全身麻醉下行妇科手术患者48例,采用抽签分组法随机分为3组,每组16例：Sufl组、Suf2组和对照组。人选患者年龄18岁～65岁,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。对照组,首剂芬太尼2.5μg／kg,术后持续镇痛浓度为芬太尼0.2μg·kg-1·ml-1;Sufl组：首剂舒芬太尼0.25μg／kg,术后持续镇痛浓度为舒芬太尼0.02Pμg·kg-1·ml-1。;Suf2组,首剂舒芬太尼0.25μg／kg,术后持续镇痛浓度为舒芬太尼O.0225μg·kg-1·ml-1。镇痛泵参数设定：流速2ml／h,指令剂量0.5ml,锁定时间15min。比较3组术后1、2、4、8、12、24、48h视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、镇静评分、生命体征和副作用发生情况。结果与对照组比较,Suf2组在12h内,静息VSA评分显著降低[术后12h为例,对照组（2.0＋0.6）分,Suf2组（0.9＋0.6）分,P〈0.05];同时在24h内,活动VAS评分差异也有统计学意义[术后24h为例,对照组（2.6＋0.7）分,Suf2组（2.0＋1.0）分,P〈0.05]。与Sufl组比较,Suf2组在不同时间点的静息VAS[术后48h为例,Sufl组（1.2±0.5）分,Suf2组（0.5±0.7）分,P〈0.05]和活动VAS[术后48h为例,Sufl组（2.1±0.6）分,Suf2组（1.8±0.8）分,P〈O.05]评分均显著下降。Sufl组和对照组在各时间点的VAS评分差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。此外,3组患者术后镇静评分、生命体征、副作用发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论舒芬太尼0.0225μg·kg-1·ml-1。用于妇科手术后PCIA效果满意,副作用发生率较低。     

前列腺切除术后静脉自控镇痛与连续硬脊膜外腔镇痛治疗的疗效观察

目的：探讨静脉吗啡自控镇痛（PCIA）与连续硬脊膜外腔吗啡镇痛（CEIA）对前列腺切除术后镇痛效果和安全性。方法：60例前列腺切除术后患者随机分成PCIA组、CEIA组及对照组各20例。CEIA组持续性经硬脊膜外腔导管注入吗啡0．08mg/h;PICA组在术后经静脉持续给吗啡2．0mg/h,患者疼痛时自行追加吗啡1．0mg/次,锁定时间20min;对照组出现时疼痛时肌肉注射度冷丁50mg或其他解痉镇痛药。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）法观察各组测道评分,记录各组患者膀胱痉挛次数及持续时间、停止冲洗时间等。结果：PCIA与CEIA两组与对照组相比具有镇痛效果显著、膀胱痉挛次数少、疼痛持续时间短的优点（P＜0．001）;PCIA与CEIA两组相比上述指标差异无显著性意义,但剂量及不良反应的差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）;术后康复指标各组间差异无显著性意义。结论：吗啡PCIA及CEIA给药对前列腺切除术后患者镇痛效果良好,但对因血凝块引起的膀胱痉挛性疼痛均无效。从镇痛效果及不良反应等综合因素评估以CEIA为优。     

右美托咪定复合羟考酮用于脊椎手术后静脉镇痛的临床效果

目的 评价右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)复合羟考酮(oxycodone,OD)用于脊柱外科手术后患者自控静脉镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的临床效果. 方法 择期全身麻醉下行脊柱外科手术的患者100例,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为4组(每组25例):OD组、OD 1.0 mg/kg+Dex 2.5μg/kg组(OD1组)、OD 0.8 mg/kg+Dex 2.5 μg/kg组(OD2组)和OD 0.6 mg/kg+Dex 2.5 μg/kg组(OD3组).各组配方均用生理盐水稀释至200 ml.手术结束前15 min,静脉注射OD 0.1 mg/kg,同时连接PCIA泵,背景输注速率3.5～4.5 ml/h,患者自控镇痛(patient-controlled analgesia,PCA)剂量2 ml、锁定时间20 min.采用静脉注射OD 0.05 mg/kg进行补救镇痛,维持VAS评分≤4分.记录术后48 h内补救镇痛情况、PCA有效按压次数、心动过缓、低血压、恶心、呕吐、镇静过度、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等副作用的发生情况,记录术后72 h时患者镇痛满意度. 结果 4组均未行补救镇痛,均未见镇静过度、呕吐、呼吸抑制和低血压发生.与OD组比较,OD1组嗜睡发生率升高,OD2组和OD3组恶心、嗜睡、心动过缓和皮肤瘙痒发生率降低,OD1组、OD2组、OD3组患者术后镇痛满意度均升高(P＜0.05);与OD1组比较,OD2组和OD3组恶心、嗜睡、心动过缓和皮肤瘙痒发生率降低,OD2组患者术后镇痛满意度显著升高(P＜0.05),OD3组患者术后镇痛满意度降低(P＜0.05);与OD2组比较,OD3组副作用发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),OD3组患者术后镇痛满意度降低(P＜0.05);与OD组、OD1组和OD2组比较,OD3组PCA有效按压次数显著增加(P＜0.01). 结论 Dex 2.5 μg/kg复合OD 0.8 mg/kg用于脊柱手术后PCIA效果确切,可减少OD的用量,降低其副作用的发生率,提高患者对术后镇痛的总体满意度.     

布托啡诺与芬太尼联合用于术后病人自控静脉镇痛

目的比较布托啡诺、芬太尼、布托啡诺联合芬太尼用于术后病人自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的临床效果。方法90例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级的腹部或下肢手术的全麻病人,随机均分为布托啡诺组(B组)、芬太尼组(F组)、布托啡诺联合芬太尼组(BF组),术毕按三种方案实行PCIA。在PCIA开始后4、8、12、24、48h观察并记录镇痛、镇静效果、病人自控镇痛(PCA)给药次数、监测数据及不良反应情况。结果三组PCIA方案均能达到良好的镇痛和镇静目的,但12h内B组的疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)高于F和BF组(P<0.01),4h内F组、4~8h之间B组需要更多的PCA给药次数。BF组不仅镇痛、镇静效果满意,恶心、呕吐和头晕的发生率也较低。结论布托啡诺与芬太尼联合应用是一种较理想的术后镇痛方法。     

Postoperative management using intensive patient-controlled epidural analgesia and early rehabilitation after an esophagectomy

Purpose  Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) was developed for use after surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer to relieve wound pain, introduce early rehabilitation, and provide an uneventful postoperative recovery. Methods  This retrospective study investigated 22 patients who underwent esophageal surgery to determine the efficacy of postoperative management with PCEA. In the PCEA group (n = 12), patients had two epidural catheters inserted to cover both the thoracic and abdominal incision with a patient-controlled bolus capability. Results  Postoperative mechanical ventilation was administered in all cases in the control group (n = 10). On the other hand, this was only necessary in two patients in the PCEA group. The amount of time the patients stayed in the intensive care unit and the hospital was significantly shorter in the PCEA group than in the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Respiratory complications occurred in four patients in the control group, and none in the PCEA group. The mean number of supplemental analgesics administered for breakthrough pain until the 7th postoperative day was 5.5 in the control group, and 1.3 in the PCEA group (P < 0.001). Conclusions  Early rehabilitation is facilitated with intensive PCEA, while it also improves postoperative management and reduces hospitalization after esophageal surgery.     

不同剂量纳布啡复合舒芬太尼用于腹腔镜全子宫切除术后患者自控静脉镇痛的效果

目的观察不同剂量纳布啡复合舒芬太尼在腹腔镜全子宫切除术后PCIA中的效果。方法选择本院择期行腹腔镜全子宫手术的患者120例,年龄40~60岁,体重45~70 kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法随机分为四组,每组30例。术后均采用PCIA,S组给予舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+格拉司琼2 mg+生理盐水至120 ml,SN1、SN2、SN3组分别给予0.2、0.4和0.8mg/kg纳布啡+舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg+格拉司琼2 mg+生理盐水至120 ml。记录患者术后1、4、8、12、24、48 h Ramsay镇静评分、PCIA有效按压次数及补救镇痛和术后48 h内不良反应的发生情况。结果术后8、12、24、48 h,与S组比较,SN2组和SN3组镇痛泵有效按压次数明显减少,Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05);与SN1组比较,SN2组和SN3组镇痛泵有效按压次数明显减少,Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05);与SN2组比较,SN3组Ramsay镇静评分明显升高(P<0.05)。S组和SN1组补救镇痛率明显高于SN2组和SN3组(P<0.05)。术后48 h内SN2组和SN3组恶心、呕吐发生率明显低于S组和SN1组,SN3组嗜睡发生率明显高于SN2组(P<0.05)。结论纳布啡0.4mg/kg复合舒芬太尼2.0μg/kg用于腹腔镜全子宫镇痛效果满意,不良反应发生率低。     

舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后自控静脉镇痛的效果

目的研究舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法选择2016年1月至2017年3月于本院行剖宫产手术的初产妇150例,年龄20～35岁,体重54～89kg,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机将产妇分为三组,每组50例。舒芬太尼组(S组):舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼10mg;纳布啡组(N组):纳布啡2mg/kg+托烷司琼10mg;舒芬太尼复合纳布啡组(SN组):舒芬太尼1μg/kg+纳布啡1mg/kg+托烷司琼10mg。记录术后1、3、6、9、12、24和36h静息和咳嗽时的疼痛VAS评分及镇静Ramsay评分;PCIA实际按压次数;恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生情况。结果三组静息时VAS评分、镇静Ramsay评分和呼吸抑制发生率差异无统计学意义;SN组咳嗽时VAS评分明显低于S组和N组(P0.05)。SN组PCIA实际按压次数明显少于S组、N组(P0.05)。N组和SN组恶心呕吐发生率明显低于S组(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合纳布啡用于剖宫产术后PCIA可获得满意的镇痛效果。     

舒芬太尼复合右美托咪定用于喉部分切除术后患者自控静脉镇痛的效果

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合右美托咪定用于喉部分切除术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的效果.方法 选择全麻下行喉部分切除术患者60例,男44例,女16例,年龄35～65岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级.采用随机数字表法分为两组:舒芬太尼组(S组)和舒芬太尼复合右美托咪定组(SD组),每组30例.术毕行PCIA,S组配方为舒芬太尼1.5μg...     

Significance of patient-controlled analgesia in combination with continuous epidural block for patients who underwent posterior lumbar surgery

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) combined with continuous epidural block in patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery. In group 1 (postoperative PCA group), 23 patients were administered postoperative continuous epidural block in combination with analgesics, which was self-regulated by the patient using a device. In contrast, the 22 patients in group 2 (control group) received suppositories or intramuscular injections of analgesics on request. The following factors were compared between the two groups: pain relief according to the visual analog scale for pain assessment, the frequency of administration of analgesics, and side effects of the postoperative analgesia. The patients in group 1 had more satisfactory relief of pain according to the visual analog scale for pain assessment and needed suppositories and intramuscular injection of analgesics less frequently on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd postoperative day. The time spent by nurses on pain management in group 1 was less than that in group 2. No patient had any serious complications in either group. In conclusion, the present patient-controlled method combined with postoperative continuous epidural block could decrease the intensity of postoperative pain and the amount of time spent by nurses on the administration of postoperative analgesics after lumbar spine surgery. Received: 17 July 1997 Revised: 30 September 1997 Accepted: 14 October 1997     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼用于分娩硬膜外自控镇痛

目的观察甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择120例ASAI或Ⅱ级初产妇，随机分为舒芬太尼组（A组）、芬太尼组（B组）、无镇痛组（N组），每组40例。A组和B组采用PCEA，N组不给镇痛药物。A组：舒芬太尼0．2．g／L＋0．1％甲磺酸罗哌卡因；B组：芬太尼2μg／L＋0．1％甲磺酸罗哌卡因。观察各组不同时段视觉模拟评分（VAS）和不良反应，同时记录三组产程时间、分娩方式、催产素使用情况、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分。结果A、B两组和N组在PCEA15、60min及宫口开全时VAS差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），PCEA5min，A、B两组VAS差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），两组Bromage评分、不良反应差异无统计学意义。三组产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血量、新生儿Apgar评分均差异无统计学意义。结论甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼分娩镇痛效果好，对母婴无明显不良影响。     

地佐辛联合舒芬太尼用于全麻术后患者静脉自控镇痛的临床效果及安全性:Meta分析

目的 系统评价地佐辛联合舒芬太尼与单独舒芬太尼用于术后患者自控静脉镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的临床效果及副作用.方法 计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、CBM、Ovid、ScienceDirect、ProQuest、Springer、CNKI、万方和维普等数据库从建库至2014年6月文献,在按纳入和排除标准进行资料提取和文献质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.1版软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入6个随机对照实验,共计患者477例.Meta分析结果显示:地佐辛联合舒芬太尼与单独舒芬太尼分别用于PCIA后,患者术后4、8、12、24 h视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scales,VAS)比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后48 h VAS[加权均数差(weighted mean difference,WMD)=-0.36,95％置信区间(confidence interval,CI)(-0.69,-0.04)]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);副作用总发生率差异有统计学意义[比值比(odds ratio,OR)=0.36,95％CI(0.26,0.50)](P＜0.05);术后24、48 h白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6及IL-10水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 地佐辛联合舒芬太尼镇痛效果明显且副作用少,能在一定程度上改善免疫功能.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后硬膜外自控镇痛

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛(patient-controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)的效果.方法 下腹部择期手术120例,年龄28 ～66岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,应用随机数字表法分为3组(每组40例):0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)、5 mg/L芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组).所有患者术后镇痛均采用PCEA模式,观察镇痛后4、8、16、24、48 h的MAP、HR、VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分(ramsay sedationscore,RSS)情况,并记录48 h内镇痛泵总按压次数以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及呼吸抑制的发生率.结果 各时点Ⅰ组VAS评分[(1.4±0.4)、(1.6±0.5)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.6±0.3)、(1.3±0.3)分]和Ⅱ组VAS评分[(1.5±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)、(1.7±0.6)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.4±0.6)分]明显低于Ⅲ组[(2.1±0.7)、(2.4±0.6)、(2.4±0.5)、(2.3±0.7)、(2.2±0.8)分](P＜0.05);在8、16、24 h,Ⅰ组RSS[(2.4±0.6)、(2.1±0.9)、(2.4±0.5)分]高于Ⅱ组[(1.4±0.7)、(1.6±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)分]和Ⅲ组RSS[(1.7±0.6)、(1.4±0.3)、(1.6±0.6)](P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组镇痛泵总按压次数与Ⅲ组比较,差异有统计学意义(分别为3、4、18次,P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组恶心呕吐的发生率高于Ⅲ组(分别为15％、12.5％、0,P＜0.05);3组皆未发生呼吸抑制.结论 0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼配伍0.2％罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后PCEA效果确切,且副作用发生率低.     

Morphine consumption and respiratory depression in children receiving postoperative analgesia from continuous morphine infusion or patient controlled analgesia

Thirty children, aged between five and 15 years, were randomly allocated to receive postoperative analgesia from continuous morphine infusion (CMI) or patient controlled analgesia (PCA), also using morphine. The children's morphine consumption, respiratory rates, oxygen saturations and observation points during which they were sleeping were recorded during two periods, one on the day of operation and one the following day. The median dose of morphine consumed by the children using PCA was significantly larger than that consumed by the children having continuous infusions. Children aged between nine and 15 years using PCA had significantly lower minimum respiratory rates and minimum oxygen saturations than similarly aged children receiving continuous infusions. There was no significant difference between the PCA and CMI groups in the number of observation times that the children were asleep or in the minimum respiratory rates and minimum oxygen saturations in the awake and sleeping children.     

轻比重罗哌卡因单侧腰麻用于单侧下肢创伤手术对PCEA的影响

目的 观察轻比重罗哌卡因单侧腰麻用于下肢创伤手术患者的麻醉效果及其对硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的影响.方法 ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级下肢创伤手术患者120例,随机均分为L1、L2、W1、W2四组.L1、L2组分别用轻比重罗哌卡因7.5～15.0 mg、15.0～22.5 mg,W1、W2组分别用重比重罗哌卡因7.5～15.0 mg、15.0～22.5 mg.术后用罗哌卡因150 mg+舒芬太尼0.05 mg+阿扎司琼10 mg+生理盐水至100 ml行PCEA.记录两组麻醉效果、不良反应,术始、术中及PCEA结束时双下肢的Bromage评分.结果 L1、L2、W2组麻醉效果优于W1组(P＜0.05).L1、L2组感觉、运动阻滞起效时间明显短于W1、W2组(P＜0.05).L1组各时点健肢Bromage评分明显低于患肢(P＜0.05).L1组低血压、尿潴留发生率明显低于L2、W2组(P＜0.05).结论 下肢创伤手术使用0.3％轻比重罗哌卡因7.5～15.0 mg单侧腰麻,麻醉效果满意,术后PCEA期间运动阻滞仅限于患肢,血流动力学稳定,不良反应发生率低,患者总体满意度高.     

患者自控静脉镇痛用于脊椎融合术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察各年龄组患者脊椎融合术后使用患者自控静脉镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)进行镇痛治疗的有效性及并发症发生的情况,并评价镇痛效果与年龄、性别等因素的关系.方法 选取自2007年6月至2009年2月于我院行脊椎融合手术的患者154名,根据年龄分为20岁以下组、20岁～39岁组、40岁～59岁组和60岁及以上组,各组再根据性别分为2个亚组.记录患者术后的痛觉评分、与PCIA应用有关的并发症以及患者对PCIA治疗的满意度. 结果各组患者使用PCIA治疗后VAS评分均降低.PCIA使用时间与年龄、性别无明显关联.40岁～59岁年龄组中患者VAS评分与年龄存在正相关.女性患者组中VAS评分与年龄存在正相关.87.7%的患者对术后PCIA治疗的满意度为优和良.结论 PCIA治疗腰椎融合术术后疼痛是安全、有效的.     

Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for acute-pain management after orthopedic surgery: a comparative study with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) has been demonstrated in clinical trials to be safe and effective for acute-pain management after several types of major surgery. The current study compared the efficacy, safety, and convenience of fentanyl ITS with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) for acute-pain management after unilateral total-hip replacement (THR). METHODS: In this multicenter (52 sites), randomized, open-label, active-controlled, phase IIIb study, patients (n = 799) received fentanyl ITS (40 mug fentanyl [10-minute infusion/lockout], up to 6 doses/h) or morphine IV PCA (1-mg morphine bolus [5-minute lockout], up to 10 mg/h) after unilateral THR. The primary efficacy measure was success ratings ("excellent" or "good") on the patient global assessment (PGA) of the method of pain control in the first 24 hours. Pain intensity and adverse events were also assessed. RESULTS: The PGA success ratings (83.0% v 82.2%; difference = 0.9%; 95% CI: -4.4% to 6.1%) and the mean last pain-intensity scores (3.0 v 3.0; difference = 0.0; 95% CI: -0.33 to 0.33) in the first 24 hours were statistically equivalent between fentanyl ITS and morphine IV PCA groups, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study demonstrate fentanyl ITS and a standard regimen of morphine IV PCA were comparable methods of pain control for management of acute postoperative pain after THR, on the basis of the PGA success ratings and pain intensity in the first 24 hours of treatment.     

硬膜外腔芬太尼或吗啡胸腔手术后镇痛的呼吸功能观察

报告20例胸腔手术后硬膜外(T_(68))注射芬太尼或吗啡镇痛,观察其用药前后的通气功能及动脉血气变化,与术前对照值比较,痛疼发作时的f增加55%,V_T减少40%,V_c减少74%(P均<0.01)。硬膜外用药后0.5～lh,f减慢,V_T和V_c均基本恢复,通气功能明显改善;芬太尼注药24h和吗啡注药48h内的每分钟通气量及动脉血气均保持正常,也未见临床呼吸抑制表现,提示硬膜外吗啡类药胸腔手术后镇痛一般不出现呼吸抑制,相反可缓解疼痛造成的通气干扰,但1考虑到硬膜外吗啡类药呼吸抑制的诱因是多方面的,故重视用药后呼吸监测仍属必要。