MRI of injuries to the first interosseous cuneometatarsal (Lisfranc) ligament

Objective  The objective of this study was to assess the utility of MRI in diagnosing injury to the first interosseous cuneometatarsal (Lisfranc) ligament and to additionally determine the associated patterns of traumatic soft tissue and osseous injury. Materials and methods  Fifteen patients (16 feet) who were referred for MRI evaluation of the Lisfranc ligament, and had operative exploration or examination under anesthesia, were included for analysis. Standard non-contrast MRI foot imaging was performed in all cases. Evaluation of the following components was performed: the dorsal and plantar bundles of the Lisfranc ligament, the plantar tarsal metatarsal ligaments, soft tissue edema and fluid, and bone marrow edema and fractures. Surgical reports were regarded as the reference standard in all cases. Results  Seven of 10 cases of grade 3 Lisfranc ligament injuries at surgery were correctly graded at MRI. No cases of surgically proven complete Lisfranc ligament tears (grade 3) were interpreted as normal at MRI. All Lisfranc ligament sprains (grade 2 or 3) at surgery were detected at MRI. Two of six cases reported as grade 1 injuries at MRI were normal at surgery. No cases of surgically proven normal or sprained Lisfranc ligaments were interpreted as grade 3 tears on MRI. Four of six of our cases of normal or sprained Lisfranc ligaments demonstrated fractures; while the minority of complete Lisfranc ligament tears (3/10) contained fractures. Conclusion  MRI is reasonably accurate at detecting traumatic injury to the Lisfranc ligament. However, in clinically suspected cases of traumatic Lisfranc ligament injury, true positive rate for sprain is low.     

关节镜辅助下足踝关节融合术

目的探讨关节镜辅助下足踝关节融合术的方法与疗效。方法2001年1月-2004年7月，采用关节镜辅助下踝关节融合术13例，距舟关节融合术8例。男15例，女6例；年龄32—68岁，平均41岁。其中踝关节粉碎性骨折伴创伤性骨关节炎6例，地方性大骨节病7例，距舟关节炎8例；左足9例，右足12例。镜下清除踝关节和距舟关节增生肥厚的滑膜和纤维瘢痕组织，磨削骨赘，切除胫骨端、距骨穹隆和内外侧踝穴的软骨和软骨下骨，进行自体骨植骨。为保证骨对骨的密切接触需进行内固定。结果术后均获得随访，时间6～38个月，平均10个月。术后关节无肿胀和疼痛，行走步态和功能明显改善，X线片显示骨性融合。结论关节镜辅助下进行踝关节和距舟关节融合，不仅创伤小、视野清晰、操作简便，而且不破坏周围结构，有利于融合并保留踝穴轮廓。     

Synovial chondromatosis of the foot presenting with Lisfranc dislocation

Primary synovial chondromatosis is rare in the foot. We report a case of synovial chondromatosis affecting multiple sites of the foot and causing bone erosions in a 44-year-old woman. Radiographs demonstrated erosions of multiple metatarsals including the tarsometatarsal joints, resulting in Lisfranc tarsometatarsal dislocation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed the widespread synovial proliferation and soft tissue masses affecting the foot and helped in arriving at a differential diagnosis and plan for needle biopsy. Diagnosis was made initially by needle biopsy under computed tomography guidance and was subsequently confirmed by histopathological assessment of the surgically excised synovial masses. To our knowledge, multifocal synovial chondromatosis causing Lisfranc dislocation in the foot has not been reported previously.     

切开复位内固定治疗早期Lisfranc关节损伤

目的 总结分析切开复位内固定治疗早期Lisfranc关节损伤的临床经验.方法 2005-2010年共收治Lisfranc关节损伤12例,男10例,女2例;平均年龄34岁(8-60岁).Myerson分型:A型2例,B型8例,C型2例.所有患者均在伤后17 d内接受手术,手术采用切开复位、螺钉或克氏针内固定.术后采用美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)中足评分标准进行功能评估;术前、术后采用X线摄片(正、侧及左右斜位)和CT扫描进行影像学评估.结果 所有患者均获得有效随访,平均随访33个月(6-60个月).术后AOFAS中足评分平均74.5分(53～96分),其中优8例,良2例,中2例.X线片和CT扫描示8例获得解剖复位.所有患者均骨性愈合.本组未见任何手术并发症.结论 切开复位内固定是治疗早期Lisiranc关节损伤的有效方法,术前应结合临床、X线片和CT扫描进行综合分析.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical experience in treatment of the Lisfranc joint injury with open reduction and internal fixation at early stage. Methods Twelve patients ( including ten males and two females at average age of 34 years) with early stage Lisfranc joint injury received open reduction and screw/wire fixation from 2005 to 2010. According to the Myerson classification, there were two patients with type A, eight with type B and two with type C. All the patients received open reduction and internal fixation with screw or Kirschner wire within 17 days after injury. The post-operative function was estimated by mid-foot scoring scale of AOFAS. X-ray and CT scan were used in radiography estimation. Results All the patients were followed up for average 33 months ( range, 6-60 months). The mean score of post-operative mid-foot scoring scale of AOFAS was 74.5 points ( range, 53-96 points), with excellent result in eight patients, good in two and fair in two. The anatomical reduction was observed in eight patients and all the patients obtained bony union according to the results of X-ray and CT scan.There was no any complication found.Conclusions Open reduction and internal fixation is a good choice for the treatment of Lisfranc joint injury at early stage. A preoperative comprehensive analysis combined with clinical X-ray and CT scan is necessary.     

A 3-portal approach for arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis

We present a 3-portal approach for arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis with the patient in the prone position. The prone position allows the use of the two standard posterior portals and it allows for accurate control of hindfoot alignment during surgery. Furthermore, the introduction of talocalcaneal lag screws is easy with the patient in this position. In addition to the standard posterior portals, an accessory third portal is created at the level of the sinus tarsi for introduction of a large diameter blunt trocar to open up the subtalar joint. Due to the curved geometry of the posterior subtalar joint, removal of the anterior articular cartilage is impossible by means of the posterior portals only. An advantage of the 3-portal approach is that ring curettes can be introduced through the accessory sinus tarsi portal to remove the articular cartilage of the anterior part of the posterior talocalcaneal joint. Arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis in patients with a talocalcaneal coalition presents a technical challenge as the subtalar joint space is limited. The 3-portal technique was successfully used in three subsequent patients with a talocalcaneal coalition; bony union of the subtalar arthrodesis occurred at 6 weeks following surgery. With the 3-portal technique, a safe and time-efficient arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis can be performed even in cases with limited subtalar joint space such as in symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition.     

Dynamic plantar pressure distribution,strength capacity and postural control after Lisfranc fracture-dislocation

Substantial progress has been made in the operative treatment of Lisfranc fractures, however, the prognosis remains poor. We hypothesized that Lisfranc injuries change the postural control and muscle strength of the lower limb. Both are suggested to correlate with the clinical outcome and quality of life.17 consecutive patients suffering from a Lisfranc fracture dislocation were registered, underwent open reduction and internal fixation and were followed-up for 50.5 ± 25.7 months (Mean ± SDM). Biomechanical analysis of muscle strength capacities, postural control and plantar pressure distribution was assessed >6 month postoperatively. Results were correlated to clinical outcome (AOFAS, FFI, Pain, SF-36).The isokinetic assessment revealed a significant reduction in plantar flexor and dorsal extensor peak torque of the injured limb compared to the uninjured limb. The dorsal extensor peak torque thereby correlated well with clinical outcome. Altered postural control was evident by a significant reduction in unilateral stance time, from which we calculated a strong correlation between stance time and the isokinetic strength measurement. Plantar pressure measurements revealed a significant reduction in peak pressure under the midfoot and of Force-Time Integral beneath the second metatarsal.Sufficient rehabilitation is crucial to the clinical outcome following anatomical open reduction of Lisfranc fracture-dislocation. The present study supports a rehabilitation approach focussing on restoring proprioception and calf muscular strength including isometric exercises of the dorsal extensors.     

Arthroscopic assessment of the unstable shoulder

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the findings during shoulder arthroscopy in patients with recurrent anterior instability of the gleno-humeral joint. One hundred and seventy-eight patietns who fulfilled the criteria of having had at least one documented shoulder dislocation were included in the study. The pathological findings most frequently noted at arthroscopy were: anterior glenoid labral tears (85%), ventral capsule insufficiency (80%), Hill-Sachs compression fractures (67%), glenohumeral ligament insufficiency (55%), rotator cuff tears (20%), posterior glenoid labral tears (8%), and SLAP lesions (5%). Abnormalities were noted more frequently than expected, and there were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative diagnoses. Our study has taught us that a mulitplicity of morphological changes are associated with instability of the glenohumeral joint, and that there is no single cause. The labrum and rim of the anterior inferior glenoid, for instance, showed typical abnormalities corresponding to different entities of anterior instability. In practice, this is very important, as the abnormalities visualized by imaging methods determine the surgical treatment.     

Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy: 5-year follow-up

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of preexisting chondromalacia at time of surgery on the results at a minimum of 5 years follow-up of arthroscopic partial menisceetomy. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (87 patients, average age 29.8 years) with no intraoperative findings of chrondromalacia at the time of surgery, and group II (234 patients, average age 39.2 years) with chondromalacia at the time of surgery. The follow-up period was 70–86 months, with the eriterion of a minimum of 5 years in each patient. Postoperative changes were evaluated according to Fairbank's classification and preoperative X-rays were compared to follow-up X-rays. For statistical analysis the Mann-Whitney test was used. In both groups arthroscopic partial lateral meniscectomy led to worse results in respect of the development of osteoarthritis. Following partial medial meniscectomy preexisting chondromalacia had a negative influence on the radiological outcome. An increase of osteoarthritis was also proven in our patient population which was statistically significantly related to age and female sex (P=0.002).     

Arthroscopic assessment of the chronic unstable ankle joint

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the findings during arthroscopy in patients with chronic instability of the ankle joint. One hundred and ten consecutive patients who had suffered at least two ankle sprains and were symptomatic for at least 6 months were included in this study. A complete rupture of the anterior talofibular ligament was found in 64%, of the calcancofibular ligament in 41% and of the deltoid ligament in 6%. Cartilage lesions of the talus were seen in 54% of the joints, more of them medial (56%) than lateral (15%) or ventral (20%). Other frequently observed findings were synovialitis (38%), rupture of the syndesmosis (7%), and ventral scarring (6%). While cartilage damage was found independently of the lateral ligament injuries, all complete tears of the deltoid ligament were associated with cartilage injury of the talus. Medial instability was assessed in five ankles clinically and found arthroscopically in 23 ankle joints. Our arthroscopic findings show that chronic instability of the ankle joint is associated with various pathological conditions of ligaments, capsule and cartilage. It can therefore give essential information about the status of the chronic unstable joint with regard to the choice of operative or conservative treatment.     

跟骰关节固定对距下关节负重区的影响及其临床意义

目的探讨跟骰关节固定对距下关节负重区面积的影响程度及其临床意义。方法选取12侧新鲜尸体足标本,通过胫骨干轴向动态加载,应用压敏片测量比较跟骰关节固定前后,在大体足中立位、背屈跖屈、内收外展、内翻外翻运动中,距下关节负重区面积。结果跟骰关节固定后,在大体足不同运动状态下距下关节负重区面积较术前均不同程度增大(P＜0．05),为(32．54±7．45)%。结论跟骰关节固定可增加距下关节负重区面积,从而降低距下关节面单位面积的应力及增加距下关节稳定性。     

关节镜肩峰下间隙减压术治疗肩峰下撞击综合征

目的探讨关节镜肩峰下间隙减压术(arthroscopic subacromial decompression,ASD)治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的方法和临床效果。方法回顾研究1998年10月-2003年11月收治的12例肩峰下撞击综合征患者。Neer分度:Ⅰ度1例,Ⅱ度5例,Ⅲ度6例。术前常规拍摄肩关节正位和冈上肌出口位X线片。7例行B超检查,10例行MRI或MRA检查。应用ASD,12例均行前肩峰成形术,6例同时行关节镜下肩袖缝合术。采用美国加州大学(UCLA)肩关节评分标准进行评价。结果随访时间1~6年,平均26个月,UCLA评分术前为(16.9±4.0)分,术后为(32.5±1.4)分,两者差异有统计学意义(t=-14.027,P<0.01)。优2例,良10例。所有患者均对手术效果满意。结论ASD是治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的有效方法,其创伤小,同时可处理关节内其他病变,术后恢复快。     

跗骨窦综合征的关节镜下手术治疗

目的 探讨跗骨窦综合征的关节镜下手术治疗效果.方法 2006年7月-2008年5月,共治疗跗骨窦综合征患者15例,男6例,女9例;年龄26～63岁,平均46.3岁.均为单侧患者,左侧10足,右侧5足.所有患者均在侧卧位、止血带下手术.术中采用外侧、前外侧和后外侧入路,必要时增加内侧入路.随访采用视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)和美国足踝外科协会(America Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分.结果 所有患者在关节镜下均有2个以上阳性表现,包括跗骨窦内瘢痕组织增生、炎症,距下关节内软组织撞击,距下关节滑膜炎,距下关节囊部分损伤,距跟骨间韧带部分损伤,颈韧带部分损伤,软骨面损伤,距下关节退行性变.所有患者均获得19～35个月(平均26.1个月)随访,VAS评分由术前7.6分(6～9分)减少到末次随访时的2.5分(1～4分)(P＜0.01),AOFAS评分由术前41.9分(20～67分)提高到末次随访时的83.1分(70～100分)(P＜0.01).末次随访时AOFAS踝-后足功能评分优良率达到73%.结论 对保守治疗无效的跗骨窦综合征患者应积极进行关节镜下手术治疗,能够获得较好的临床效果.     

Knee arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail: a retrospective study

A group of 19 patients who underwent knee arthrodesis with use of an intramedullary nail between 1996 and 2005, was studied. In the majority of patients knee arthrodesis was performed as a salvage procedure for the limb following an infected total knee arthroplasty. The outcome of the procedure was evaluated with radiographs, the SF-36 score and the Oxford 12-item knee score. The functional result of a successful arthrodesis was found to be comparable with that of a revised hinged total knee arthroplasty. Knee arthrodesis with an intramedullary nail allows weightbearing within 1 week and is accompanied by a high rate of pain relief. However, recurrence of infection is the most challenging problem.     

Arthroscopic second generation autologous chondrocyte implantation

A biodegradable, hyaluronian-based biocompatible scaffold was used for autologous chondrocyte transplantation. This prospective study analyzes a clinical outcome of 70 consecutive patients treated by arthroscopic autologous chondrocyte transplantation at minimum 24 months follow up (47 of these patients achieved minimum 36 months follow-up and 21 patients minimum 48 months follow-up) in order to establish clear indication criteria for this type of treatment. 31 of these patients presented isolated chondral lesions, while 39 patients with associated lesions (23 ACL lesions, 28 meniscal lesions, 1 varus knee) were treated during the same surgical procedure with cartilage harvesting. A statistically significant clinical improvement was shown just at 24 months and the second-look arthroscopy demonstrated a complete coverage of the grafted area with a hyaline cartilage-like tissue in 12 of 15 analyzed patients. A better clinical outcome was observed in young, well-trained patients and in traumatic lesions. Other factors, such as defect size, localization, previous and associated surgery did not influence significantly the results. This matrix autologous chondrocyte transplantation procedure simplifies the surgical procedure and can be performed arthroscopically, thus reducing surgical morbidity and recovery time. Level of evidence: Level IV (Prospective case series study)     

Arthroscopic hybrid double-row rotator cuff repair

A Beath pin is drilled on the greater tuberosity under arthroscopy using an anterior cruciate ligament guide. The suture anchor is inserted in the lateral aspect of the footprint. Sutures are then passed through the margins of the rotator cuff tear and tied with sliding knot. One strand of tied suture anchor is passed into the bony trough. One passed strand and the other strand are then tied with a non-sliding knot on the greater tuberosity. The strength of cuff fixation does not only rely on the quality of the bone, it restores the footprint contact area of rotator cuff, and reduces the use of suture anchors to the minimum in this method.