Blood pressure and renal function after kidney donation from hypertensive living donors

BACKGROUND: Rising numbers of patients reaching end-stage kidney disease intensify the demand for expansion of the living-kidney-donor pool. On the basis of low risk in white donors with essential hypertension, our transplant center undertook a structured program of accepting hypertensive donors if kidney function and urine protein were normal. This study reports outcomes of hypertensive donors 1 year after kidney donation. METHODS: We studied detailed measurements of blood pressure (oscillometric, hypertensive therapy nurse [RN], and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]), clinical, and renal characteristics (iothalamate glomerular filtration rate [GFR], urine protein, and microalbumin) in 148 living kidney donors before and 6 to 12 months after nephrectomy. Twenty-four were hypertensive (awake ABPM>135/85 mm Hg and clinic/RN BP>140/90 mm Hg) before donation. RESULTS: After 282 days, normotensive donors had no change in awake ABPM pressure (pre 121 +/- 1/75 +/- 2 vs. post 120 +/- 1/ 5 +/- 1 mm Hg), whereas BP in hypertensive donors fell with both nonpharmacologic and drug therapy (pre 142 +/- 3/85 +/- 2 to post 132 +/- 2/80 +/- 1 mm Hg, P<.01). Hypertensive donors were older (53.4 vs. 41.4 years, P<.001) and had lower GFR after kidney donation (61 +/- 2 vs. 68 +/- 1 mL/min/1.73m, P<.01). After correction for age, no independent BP effect was evident for predicting GFR either before or after nephrectomy. Urine protein and microalbumin did not change in either group after donor nephrectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that white subjects with moderate, essential hypertension and normal kidney function have no adverse effects regarding blood pressure, GFR, or urinary protein excretion during the first year after living kidney donation. Although further studies are essential to confirm long-term safety, these data suggest that selected hypertensive patients may be accepted for living kidney donation.     

Long-term risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease in living kidney donors

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term risks of chronic kidney disease and arterial hypertension in living kidney donors.

Methods

Donors who were followed for more than 1 year after nephrectomy were included. We assessed each donor's blood pressure, urine protein, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

Results

The follow-up rate was 11% (154 out of 1,356 donors), only 19% of whom were followed by nephrologists. Blood pressure had increased from 113/75 to 116/77 mm Hg (P < .01), urinary protein excretion after donation did not increase, and renal function was well preserved after donor nephrectomy. However, 33 patients (21.4%) showed a decreased eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m², and 3 donors developed end-stage renal disease that required renal replacement therapy.

Conclusions

The follow-up rate of living donors after donation was low, and we observed an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease after donation.     

慢性肾脏病患者维生素D缺乏与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的通过比较不同时期慢性肾脏病（chronickidneydisease,CKD）患者的血清1,25-二羟维生素D3[1,25（0H）2D3]水平,探讨血清1,25（0H）2D3水平与CKD患者胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法选择98例CKD2～3期患者,均测量身高、体质量及血压。ELISA法测定血清1,25（OH）2D3,同时常规测定空腹血糖、胰岛素、血肌酐,超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、24h尿蛋白定量、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、收缩压,计算稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,分析维生素D缺乏与上述指标的关系。结果CKD3期组的体质量指数、空腹胰岛素水平、血肌酐、24h尿蛋白定量、超敏C反应蛋白、IL-6、收缩压及胰岛素抵抗指数均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。而CKD3期组患者有明显降低的肾小球滤过率（GFR）,1,25（OH）2D3及HDL-C均显著降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。相关分析表明,血清1,25（OH）2D3与HOMA-IR、IL-6、24h尿蛋白定量、收缩压、血肌酐呈负相关水平（r=-0．357、-0．207、-0．241、-0．187、-0．141,P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,与CKD患者胰岛素抵抗的多元线性逐步回归分析示有显著相关性（r=-0．458,P〈0．01）。结论CKD患者维生素D缺乏可导致胰岛素抵抗。     

Urinary enzyme excretion after donor nephrectomy

A number of recent studies of long-term kidney donors have reviewed glomerular function and blood pressure. Little attention has been paid to the potentially damaging effects of compensatory hyperfiltration on renal tubular cells after donor nephrectomy. The urinary excretion of high-molecular-weight enzymes is a sensitive indicator of renal tubular cell damage. This study compares the urinary excretion of four enzymes (alanine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and lactate dehydrogenase) in a group of 77 subjects who had undergone unilateral nephrectomy up to 21 years previously with 52 healthy non-nephrectomized controls. The urinary excretion for all four enzymes by the remaining kidney after contralateral nephrectomy in the kidney donors was significantly greater than the enzyme excretion per single kidney in the control group (p less than 0.001). No correlation was found between the degree of enzymuria and either glomerular filtration rate or time since nephrectomy. The elevated activity of urinary enzymes in kidney donors may be related to increased metabolism by the renal tubular cells after contralateral nephrectomy. This study suggests that long-term compensatory hyperfiltration does not damage tubular cells, at least over this time scale.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in living kidney donors: What changes in 10 years?

In renal transplantation, living donations have more significant benefits compared to cadaveric donations. However, a probable increase in blood pressure following donation should also be kept in mind. In this study, we investigated the long‐term changes in blood pressure in living kidney donors using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and we explored the e‐GFR and albuminuria/proteinuria measurements at 3 time points. Twenty‐eight living kidney donors and 39 healthy individuals were evaluated and compared at the baseline and later at the 10th year. At the 10th year, creatinine levels were higher and eGFR levels were lower in the donors, whereas the systolic and diastolic measurements of the donors and controls and the prevalence of nondipping in the donors and controls were similar. Our study may be underpowered due to its small population size. However, our results at the 10th year follow‐up indicated that the risk of hypertension might not seem to have increased in the well‐selected donors. In addition, the majority of our donors had preserved their GFR values. Therefore, we can suggest that living kidney donation appears to be safe in well‐selected patients over a 10‐year time frame.     

Long-term Kidney Function Evolution in Living Kidney Donors: A Single Center Experience

Living donor kidney transplant is the best treatment for end-stage kidney disease, posing minimal perioperative morbimortality for the donor, although long-term consequences are subject of debate if donor acceptance widens. We present a retrospective observational study analyzing clinical, demographic, and analytical variables throughout the follow-up period of 60 kidney donors whose procedures were performed between 1985 and 2021 at our hospital.Donors were divided according to their previous high blood pressure status, analyzing kidney function and other clinical parameters throughout follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences, although there was a trend toward a higher uric acid levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in predonation patients with hypertension, not yielding an excess of end-stage kidney disease between groups at the end of the follow-up.We also analyzed the evolution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), dividing patients into tertiles, which resulted in none of the parameters associating a higher rate of progression.All donors had an eGFR >71 mL/min/1.73 m² at the time of donation. Over time, a decline in eGFR <60 mL/min/m/1.73 m² was observed in 26 patients (53.6%), measured by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimation and in 55.4% of the total (31 patients) by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease.At our center, kidney donors with adequate predonation eGFR, although presenting a reduction in postnephrectomy eGFR, remain stable afterward, with none of them reaching an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m². We found no differences in the impact of high blood pressure on long-term eGFR, nor predictive factors influencing the rate of eGFR decline. Studies with larger number of patients are needed to confirm these results.     

亲属活体供者供肾前后肾功能的变化

目的 观察亲属活体供者供肾前后肾功能的变化.方法 102名供者均经过严格的术前筛选及评估,其中男性32名,女性70名,供肾时年龄为34～62岁,平均为51.7岁.采用腹腔镜切取供肾74例,开放手术切取供肾28例;其中取左肾90例,取右肾12例.术后对供者进行长期随访,收集术后1 d、7 d、14 d、1个月、3个月、6个月及每年的随访检测资料,检测内容包括血常规、尿常规、血清肌酐(Cr)和尿素氮(BUN)及肾小球滤过率(GFR)等,观察术后不同时期肾功能的变化情况,并与术前进行比较.结果 102例亲属活体供肾切取术均获得成功,术后随访时间为3～99个月,平均37.85个月,供者均健在.供肾术后早期供者的血红蛋白和红细胞计数有所下降,但分别在术后1周和2周后恢复至术前水平;供者的血清Cr水平均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05),但未超出正常范围;除术后第1天供者的血清BUN水平较术前有所升高外(P<0.05),其他随访时间血清BUN水平与术前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后供者的GFR较术前均有不同程度的升高,从术后2周开始,与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中以术后3个月时的增幅最大;术后各随访时间均未检测出尿蛋白定性呈阳性的供者.结论 活体供肾后,供者的血清Cr水平虽较术前有不同程度的升高,但未超出正常范围,GFR呈代偿性增高,活体供肾是安全的.     

Long-term consequence of nephrectomy

Renal function and blood pressure were assessed in 139 patients after unilateral nephrectomy. Followup ranged from 1 to 57 years, with a mean of 13.0 +/- 1.1 (standard error). Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, beta 2-microglobulin clearance and blood pressure remained stable during followup. No significant effect of years after unilateral nephrectomy, blood pressure or cause of nephrectomy was observed on creatinine clearance. However, urine excretion of protein (correlation coefficient 0.475, p less than 0.01) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (correlation coefficient 0.464, p less than 0.01) increased as a function of years after unilateral nephrectomy. Creatinine clearance tended to be low in elderly patients or patients who underwent nephrectomy at an advanced age. Our studies show that despite the late development of proteinuria and tubular injury, unilateral nephrectomy is not associated with deterioration in kidney function or elevation of blood pressure during long-term followup.     

Statins for improving renal outcomes: a meta-analysis

Statins frequently are used to prevent cardiovascular events. Several recent studies suggest that statins also may have renal benefits, although this is controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to assess the effect of statins on change in kidney function and urinary protein excretion. Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, conference proceedings, and the authors' personal files were searched. Published or unpublished randomized, controlled trials or crossover trials of statins that reported assessment of kidney function or proteinuria were included, and studies of individuals with ESRD were excluded. Data were extracted for study design, subject characteristics, type of statin and dose, baseline/change in cholesterol levels, and outcomes (change in measured or estimated GFR [eGFR] and/or urinary protein excretion). Weighted mean differences were calculated for the change in GFR between statin and control groups using a random-effects model. A random-effects model also was used to calculate the standardized mean difference for the change in urinary protein excretion between groups. Twenty-seven eligible studies with 39,704 participants (21 with data for eGFR and 20 for proteinuria or albuminuria) were identified. Overall, the change in the weighted mean differences for eGFR was statistically significant (1.22 ml/min per yr slower in statin recipients; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44 to 2.00). In subgroup analysis, the benefit of statin therapy was statistically significant in studies of participants with cardiovascular disease (0.93 ml/min per yr slower than control subjects; 95% CI 0.10 to 1.76) but was NS for studies of participants with diabetic or hypertensive kidney disease or glomerulonephritis. The standardized mean difference for the reduction in albuminuria or proteinuria as a result of statin therapy was statistically significant (0.58 units of SD greater in statin recipients; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.98). Statin therapy seems to reduce proteinuria modestly and results in a small reduction in the rate of kidney function loss, especially in populations with cardiovascular disease.     

RENAL OUTCOME 25 YEARS AFTER DONOR NEPHRECTOMY

PURPOSE: The extended outcome after kidney donation has been a particular concern ever since the recognition of hyperfiltration injury. Few published reports have examined donor renal outcome after 20 years or greater. Kidney transplantation has been performed at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation since 1963, at which there is extensive experience with live donor transplantation. We assess the impact of donor nephrectomy on renal function, urinary protein excretion and development of hypertension postoperatively to examine whether renal deterioration occurs with followup after 20 years or greater. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1963 to 1975, 180 live donor nephrectomies were performed at the Cleveland Clinic. We attempted to contact all patients to request participation in our study. Those 70 patients who agreed to participate in the study were mailed a package containing a 24-hour urine container (for assessment of creatinine, and total protein and albumin), a vial for blood collection (for assessment of serum creatinine) and a medical questionnaire. All specimens were returned to and processed by the Cleveland Clinic medical laboratories. Blood pressure was taken and recorded by a local physician. A 24-hour creatinine clearance and the Cockcroft-Gault formula were used to estimate renal function, and values were compared with an age adjusted glomerular filtration rate for a solitary kidney. RESULTS: Mean patient followup was 25 years. The 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance decreased to 72% of the value before donation. For the entire study cohort serum creatinine and systolic blood pressure after donation were significantly increased compared with values before, although still in the normal range. The overall incidence of hypertension was comparable to that expected in the age matched general population. There was no gender or age difference (younger or older than 50 years) for 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance, or change in serum creatinine before or after donation. Urinary protein and albumin excretion after donation was significantly higher in males compared with females. There were 13 (19%) subjects who had a 24-hour urinary protein excretion that was greater than 0.15 gm./24 hours, 5 (7%) of whom had greater than 0.8. No gender difference was noted in blood pressure, and there were no significant changes in diastolic pressure based on gender or age. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, renal function is well preserved with a mean followup of 25 years after donor nephrectomy. Males had significantly higher protein and albumin excretion than females but no other clinically significant differences in renal function, blood pressure or proteinuria were noted between them or at age of donation. Proteinuria increases with marginal significance but appears to be of no clinical consequence in most patients. Patients with mild or borderline proteinuria before donation may represent a subgroup at particular risk for the development of significant proteinuria 20 years or greater after donation. The overall incidence of proteinuria in our study is in the range of previously reported values after donor nephrectomy.     

Effect of alcohol consumption on estimated glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance rate.

BACKGROUND: Moderate alcohol consumption is widely recognized as beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, yet the renal effects of alcohol intake are still controversial. The present study is designed to investigate the influence of alcohol consumption on calculated creatinine clearance rate (CCr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a Southern Taiwan Pai-Wan aboriginal community with a high prevalence of alcohol consumption. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional community-based study. The 1466 aboriginal subjects, 40-95 years of age, are a stratified random subpopulation identified during an integrative health care programme. They were sampled for drinking patterns. The main outcome measurements were serum creatinine, estimated CCr and GFR. RESULTS: Subjects with alcohol consumption had significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, estimated CCr and GFR values than non-drinkers. Their blood pressure was also significantly higher. They had lower total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Increasing alcohol consumption was independently and significantly associated with a higher level of estimated CCr and GFR when analysed as both a categorical and continuous variable. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that chronic alcohol consumption has a negative effect on blood pressure and lipid profile and stimulates the estimated GFR.     

Amelioration of ischemic acute renal failure by dietary fish oil administration in conscious dogs.

The hypothesis that dietary fish oil would protect dogs from ischemic acute renal failure was tested. Fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, 55 mg/kg per day, and docosahexaenoic acid, 40 mg/kg per day was given to eight instrumented, female, beagle dogs for 6 wk, while seven control dogs received vehicle. After 3 wk, unilateral nephrectomy was performed and a pneumatic cuff with flow probe was placed around the remaining renal artery of each dog. Three weeks thereafter, the cuff was inflated for 120 min. Renal function, RBF, and prostanoid excretion were measured 24 and 72 h after ischemia. In dogs receiving fish oil, blood pressure, GFR, RBF, renal vascular resistance (RVR), cholesterol, triglycerides, and prostanoid excretion were measured weekly for 6 wk. Further, cytosolic calcium was measured before and five times after fish oil. Blood pressure decreased, serum cholesterol and triglycerides decreased, and the cytosolic calcium within platelets decreased. The urinary excretion (expressed as picograms per milligram of creatinine) of the thromboxane (TX) metabolite TXB2 and the excretion of prostaglandin (PG)E2, as well as the excretion of the PGI2 metabolite 6-keto PGF1 alpha were decreased. GFR, RBF (Cl inulin and Cl para-aminohippuric acid), and RVR were not influenced by fish oil. Unilateral nephrectomy decreased GFR and RBF and increased RVR as expected, whereas it further decreased prostanoid excretion. Acute renal ischemia caused a significant, reversible decrease in GFR and urine volume in vehicle-treated animals, whereas no significant effect on renal function or urine volume was observed in animals pretreated with fish oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Using race to estimate glomerular filtration and its impact in kidney transplantation

Since direct measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is time‐consuming and more expensive, estimated GFR (eGFR) based on measured laboratory values is widely used to determine kidney function. Commonly used formulae to calculate eGFR are dependent on variables, which include filtration markers like serum creatinine and patient characteristics including race. Medical algorithms which utilize race are increasingly being scrutinized, as race is recognized to be a social construct rather than a biologic one. eGFR calculations have important implications for kidney transplantation, both in the listing of candidates as well as in the evaluation of potential kidney donors. This review considers the specific implications of race‐based eGFR calculations on recipient evaluation and on decisions related to living kidney donation. We suggest a potential policy solution to ensure that racial and ethnic minority patients are not disadvantaged by eGFR as a result of current calculation methods.     

Hepcidin, an acute-phase protein and a marker of inflammation in kidney transplant recipients with and without coronary artery disease

BACKGROUND: In kidney transplant recipients, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are almost universal, as are cardiovascular complications. Inflammatory markers have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, regarded as a chronic inflammatory condition. Iron metabolism is disturbed in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Hepcidin, the liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide, LEAP-1, is an acute-phase reactant produced in the liver that displays intrinsic antimicrobial activity. Cross-sectional study was performed to assess possible relations between hepcidin and inflammatory markers in kidney transplant recipients with versus without coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Iron status, complete blood count, creatinine, albumin, and lipids were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated using the MDRD formula. Hepcidin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, TNFalpha, and soluble receptor of transferrin were measured using commercially available kits. RESULTS: Kidney transplant recipients with CAD were older, and showed higher hepcidin, hsCRP, IL-6, TNFalpha, sTFR, ferritin, and lower cholesterol levels than did patients without CAD. Univariate analysis of values in kidney transplant recipients showed hepcidin to correlate significantly with total protein, ferritin, time after transplantation, creatinine, eGFR (simplified MDRD), cholesterol, neutrophil count, hsCRP, and IL-6. There were tendencies to correlate with TNFalpha. Multiple regression analysis showed that hepcidin was independently related to GFR, cholesterol, and hsCRP. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated hepcidin values in kidney allograft recipients may be due not only to impaired renal function, but also to a low-grade inflammatory state, as reflected by hepcidin correlations with hsCRP, IL-6, and ferritin.     

Stimulation of tubular secretion of creatinine in health and in conditions associated with reduced nephron mass. Evidence for a tubular functional reserve

Background: The increment in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after a protein load has been taken to reflect the renal reserve capacity; however, this response is preserved in end-stage kidney disease. Tubular secretion of creatinine is increased in relation to the GFR in renal failure, but little is known about the tubular functional response to stimulation despite the fact that tubulointerstitial lesions are always pre-eminent in chronic renal damage. Therefore we decided to compare the urinary creatinine excretion (UcrV) and tubular secretion of creatinine (TScr) induced by a test meat meal in normal individuals and in individuals with reduced nephron mass. Methods: We studied 12 normal subjects, seven healthy uninephrectomized (kidney donors) and eight patients with chronic renal disease (serum creatinine ranging from 121.2 to 486 &mgr;mol/l). They had been on a standard diet for 5 days before the studies. The test meal provided 80 g of animal protein. Three baseline and four stimulated (post-meal) 30-min simultaneous inulin and creatinine clearances were carried out. Results: We found that normals increased more than twice the UCrV (post-meal=329.5±SEM 13.1 nmol/min/kg) and 3.4 times the TSCr (114,4±12.7 nmol/min/kg) after the test meal. In contrast, patients were unable to raise their baseline values (P<0.001), despite a normal increment in GFR. The data in kidney donors fell between normals and patients. Strong correlation existed between the stimulated (but not the baseline) TScr (P=0.003) and GFR and between UcrV post-meal/pre-meal ratio and GFR (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The increment in TScr resulting from a protein meal is related to the functioning nephron mass. Evaluation of this increment could have potential clinical relevance.     

High Perirenal Fat Volume Affect Negatively Renal Function in Living Renal Transplantation

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the effect of perirenal fat volume (PFV) on graft functions by calculating the PFV of donor kidney with routine computed tomography before renal transplantation.MethodsFrom May 2019 to December 2020, a total of 54 living donors and recipients who met the criteria for kidney donor were included in the study. Left donor nephrectomy was performed to all donors. Data of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), PFV of the donors, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and serum creatinine measurement data of the recipients were recorded. Serum creatinine and eGFR of the recipients were recorded at the 12th month controls. The patients were sorted into 2 groups (G) according to their GFR values. G1, GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m²; G2, GFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m².ResultsThere was no difference in terms of recipient sex, recipient age, donor sex, recipient BMI, and donor BMI between the 2 groups. The mean of PFV was higher in G1 and was statistically significant (P= 0.01). The ability of the donor BMI and PFV to predict G2 was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. It was determined that PFV predicted G2 to be statistically significant. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, PFV (odds ratio = 0.988, 95% GA = 0.977-0.999, P = 0.03) was found as an independent predictor of G2.ConclusionsIn conclusion, our study showed PFV as an independent risk factor for low eGFR, revealing that the previously documented relevance of increased BMI with a low eGFR can be partially explained by PFV.     

腹腔镜与开放手术活体取肾供者1年随访研究

目的 比较腹腔镜活体取肾(LDN)与开放手术活体取肾(ODN)的手术安全性及供者术后1年肾功能及血压状况. 方法LDN和ODN各30例,比较2组手术时间、热缺血时间、术中失血量、术后开始进食时间及术后开始下床活动时间,并根据改良Clavien分级系统统计2组围手术期并发症情况.对2组供者术前及术后第1天、1周、3、6个月、1年的血肌酐、血压、24 h尿蛋白定量水平和术前及术后6个月、1年时的肾小球滤过率(GFR)值进行统计比较. 结果 LDN组和ODN组手术时间分别为(98.65±13.6)、(96.3±19.5)min,热缺血时间为(90.6±15.1)、(86.4±12.3)s,2组术中失血量为(105.2±34.8)、(206.35±126.4)ml(P<0.01).术后开始进食及开始下床活动时间LDN组分别为(28.55±2.9)、(25.85±3.8)h,ODN组分别为(38.6±3.3)、(36.5±5.3)h(P值均<0.01).LDN和ODN组围手术期并发症总发生率分别为6.6%(2/30)和23.3%(7/30).术后第1天、1周、3个月、6个月、1年时血肌酐水平LDN组为(109.1±7.5)、(105.4士9.5)、(96.6±10.7)、 (89.4±11.5)、(91.6±9.3)μmol/L,ODN组为(107.3±9.6)、(103.3±8.4)、(95.4±9.1)、(90.5±13.6)、(90.35±11.7)μmol/L.2组术后6个月时平均GFR值分别为64.7、65.8 ml/min,术后1年时为65.9、67.5 ml/min,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后1年与术后6个月时相比及2组问同期比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后1年内2组平均24 h尿蛋白定量水平及血压与术前相比及2组间同期比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 LDN具有创伤小,出血少、恢复快的优点,手术安全性与ODN相当,术后1年内对供者的肾功能及血压无明显不良影响.     

Risk Factors for Deterioration of Renal Function After Donor Nephrectomy

Introduction

There are few recent studies investigating increased risks for adverse effects leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD) among kidney donors. The aim of this study was to identify factors that protect renal function among actual live kidney donors.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 68 individuals who had undergone donor nephrectomy in this study. We assessed donor age, body mass index (BMI), casual blood pressure, preoperative and 3-month follow-up serum creatinines, serum total cholesterol, and several other clinical parameters. The severity of arteriosclerosis in the arteriolar and interlobular arteries of the donor kidney was semiquantitatively evaluated in 4 grades using back table biopsies. Impairment of renal function after surgery was expressed by differences in serum creatinine levels.

Results

The ratio of glomerular sclerosis, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure positively correlated with donor age. Deterioration of renal function after donor nephrectomy negatively correlated with BMI and positively correlated with severity of arteriosclerosis in interlobular arteries. A multiple regression analysis model with respect to the severity of arteriosclerosis in interlobular arteries showed significant influence, of serum creatinine and systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions

Preventing progression of arteriosclerosis and selecting the optimal BMI before donor nephrectomy will help to avoid impaired renal function among live kidney donors.     

Practice patterns in evaluation of living kidney donors in United network for organ sharing-approved kidney transplant centers

Introduction: The current pattern of evaluation for living kidney donors was investigated. Methods: We designed a 37-question electronic survey to collect information about living kidney donor evaluation. Of the 181 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)-approved centers, 72 responded. Survey responses were coded and downloaded into SPSS. Data was expressed as means and standard deviations or the percentage of centers with specific responses. Results: 66% of the centers used a cut-off of <80 ml/min for exclusion of living kidney donors. 24-hour urine measuring creatinine clearance (CrCl) was the most common screening method for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessment in potential living donors. 56% of the centers excluded donors with blood pressure (BP) >140/90, whereas 22.7 and 7.1% excluded patients with pre-hypertension with a cut-off BP of 130/85 and 120/80, respectively. 66% of the centers used 24-hour urine creatinine to assess for proteinuria. 20% of the centers accepted living kidney donors with microalbuminuria and 84% accepted patients with a history of nephrolithiasis. 24% of the centers reported use of formal cognitive testing of potential living donors. Discussion: There were significant variations in exclusion criteria based on GFR, history of kidney stones, body mass index, BP and donors with urinary abnormalities. The definitions for hematuria and proteinuria were variable. There is a need for uniformity in selection and for a living donor registry. We also recommend raising the cut-off for estimated GFR to 90 ml/min to account for 10-15% overestimation when CrCl is used.     

Effect of low-protein, very-low-phosphorus diet on diabetic renal insufficiency with proteinuria

We describe the clinical outcome of 13 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), renal insufficiency, and proteinuria, treated for 12.2 +/- 12.9 months (mean +/- SD) with a low-protein, very-low-phosphorus diet (LPVLP) containing 30 g protein and 11.3 mmol (350 mg) phosphorus. After a control period of 18.2 +/- 20.4 months, LPVLP therapy was initiated and serum urea nitrogen, uric acid, and phosphate, as well as urinary excretion of protein, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and phosphate, decreased significantly. There was no change in mean blood pressure, hemoglobin, blood pH, and HCO3-, as well as in serum creatinine, protein, albumin, calcium, magnesium, cholesterol, triglyceride, beta-lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. Nitrogen balances were measured over 5 weeks in nine patients. Nitrogen balance increased significantly from a negative balance of -0.795 +/- 1.367 g/d in the first week, to almost neutral in the fourth week, and later, was neutral or positive. Neither uremic symptoms nor signs of malnutrition appeared during the LPVLP period. These results suggest that negative nitrogen balance during the initial few weeks does not predict future nutritional status of patients with diabetic renal failure.