放电等离子烧结法制备牙科纳米氧化锆复相陶瓷的力学性能研究

目的比较放电等离子烧结（spark plasma sintering,SPS）法与常压炉中高温烧结（atmospheric furnace sintering,AFS）法所得纳米ZrO2复相陶瓷的力学性能。方法对照组将纳米α-Al2O3粉体以第二相填充到基体微米ZrO2造粒粉中,常压炉中AFS法烧结;实验组将纳米ZrO2粉体与纳米α-Al2O3粉体等体积混合,SPS法烧结。测试所制得的纳米ZrO2复相陶瓷的抗弯曲强度和断裂韧性。结果对照组在纳米α-Al2O3粉体填充量占体积分数5%时制得的纳米ZrO2复相陶瓷的抗弯曲强度和断裂韧性最佳,分别为659.2 MPa和8.6 MPa·m1/2。实验组制得的纳米ZrO2复相陶瓷的最佳抗弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别为633.5 MPa和8.3 MPa·m1/2。结论SPS法可以制得抗弯曲强度和断裂韧性与AFS法接近的纳米ZrO2复相陶瓷。     

氧化锆粉体粒度与氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷强度的关系

目的:研究氧化锆粉体粒度与材料增韧补强效果之间的关系.方法:在氟硅云母玻璃粉中添加等量但不同粉体粒度的氧化锆(粒径分别为50nm和10nm),制备氧化锆质量百分数为25的复合粉体,经冷等静压成型后遵循烧结热制度进行烧结,用扫描电镜观察其显微结构,X线衍射确定物象组成及含量,测定样本的抗弯强度和断裂韧性.以未添加氧化锆的氟硅云母玻璃烧结体为对照.结果:添加等量、不同粒度Zr02(纳米组和微米组)的氟硅云母玻璃陶瓷复合材料,其中纳米组增韧增强效果最明显,抗弯强度达到(224.8±9.30)Mpa,断裂韧性达到(2.54:±0.10)Mpa.m1/2.结论:纳米氧化锆粉体制备的复合材料抗弯曲强度和断裂韧性都显著高于微米氧化锆粉体制备的复合材料.     

MgO和TiO2烧结助剂对凝胶注模成型氧化锆增韧氧化铝陶瓷性能的影响

目的探讨加入氧化锆增韧氧化铝（ZTA）基体粉体质量分数5%的烧结助剂对凝胶注模成型工艺制备牙科ZTA纳米复合陶瓷烧结性能和力学性能的影响。方法将微米氧化铝和纳米氧化锆按质量比4∶1配置体积分数为55%的浆料,同时加入基体粉体质量分数5%的烧结助剂MgO、TiO2,按二者比例的不同分0、1、2、3、4号组。各组凝胶注模成型后,分别在1 150、1 200、1 300、1 400、1 450、1 500、1 600 ℃下保温2 h,冷却后取出抛光,测其三点抗弯强度、线收缩率、相对密度,扫描电镜观察其断面形态。结果添加1%MgO和4%TiO2烧结助剂组（1号组）具有最高的抗弯强度,1 600 ℃保温2 h后达（401.78±19.50）MPa,高于0号组（380.64±44.50）MPa。MgO含量为基体粉体质量分数2%及以上时,对烧结致密后陶瓷的抗弯强度起降低作用,均比0号组低。MgO含量高于2%及以上,含烧结助剂各组相对密度升高的速率没有明显的区别。烧结温度高于1 200 ℃后各组均出现明显的收缩,且含烧结助剂组均高于0号组。结论含1%MgO和4%TiO2烧结助剂的ZTA纳米复合陶瓷具有最佳的力学性能。MgO含量为基体粉体质量分数2%及以上时,对ZTA纳米复合陶瓷相对密度速率的提高没有明显的作用,且对ZTA纳米复合陶瓷的力学性能起降低作用。     

两种着色氧化物对氧化锆陶瓷的颜色影响

目的:选取适合的2种着色金属氧化物对氧化锆粉体(3Y-TZP)进行着色,系统的研究2种着色金属氧化物对氧化锆最终的颜色性能影响。方法:在氧化锆粉体中,加入不同质量分数Fe2O3、CeO2粉体,将粉体装入模具,200MPa冷等静压成型,常压烧结后制得终烧体。从终烧体上切取瓷片,每组5个,使用VITAEasyshade比色仪进行颜色测定,得到瓷片的颜色色度值。结果:添加CeO2后材料的明度为85左右,a*值稍有降低,颜色色调向黄绿色相偏移。添加Fe2O3能显著降低氧化锆陶瓷(3Y-TZP)明度,使材料色调向黄红色相偏移。结论:着色金属氧化物能够赋予氧化锆陶瓷所需的色度值,对氧化锆陶瓷的其他性能影响,尚待进一步研究。     

牙科氧化锆纳米复合陶瓷的制备

目的:制备具有较好力学性能的口腔修复用纳米氧化锆复合陶瓷.方法:将纳米级3Y-ZrO2粉体以不同体积百分比加入3 Y-ZrO2造粒粉中,成型、烧结并测试不同纳米粉含量对试样力学性能的影响.结果:添加10%3Y-ZrO2纳米粉的试样力学性能最佳,其弯曲强度和断裂韧性分别达到(673.17±47.19)MPa,(9.01±0.82)MPa·m1/2.结论:纳米级3Y-ZrO2粉体的添加有一最适比例,本实验条件下为10%(V/V).     

成型压力对牙科可切削氧化锆陶瓷性能的影响

目的:研究成型压力对牙科可切削氧化锆陶瓷的线性收缩率、烧结性能和可加工性能的影响.方法:纳米氧化锆粉体在不同的等静压力下成型,并烧结到不同的温度.检测烧结体的线性收缩率;采用Archimedes法测试烧结体的密度;用精密线切割机切削不同成型压力下的预烧结瓷坯,并在显微镜下观察切削面的形貌.结果:随着成型压力的升高,氧化锆陶瓷烧结体的致密化速度加快,烧结温度下降.烧结体的线性收缩率随成型压力的升高而下降,50MPa成型压力时,烧结体的最大线性收缩率为24.54%,而400MPa时为20.9%.成型压力对氧化锆陶瓷预烧结瓷坯可切削性能的影响较小,但过高的成型压力并不利于切削,可导致切削面质量下降.结论:综合考虑氧化锆陶瓷的烧结性能和可切削性能,适宜的成型压力应在200～300MPa之间.     

口腔材料与器械

共沸蒸馏法制备牙科氧化锆纳米晶微粉的研究；HEMA-胶原抗菌药物缓释膜的制备与性能测定；组织工程化口腔黏膜载体材料聚乳酸羟基乙酸膜在兔皮下的埋植实验；云纹干涉法应用于金瓷界面抗断裂能力研究的初步探讨；桩核材料与纤维／树脂复合材料桩钉联合修复无髓牙的抗折性能研究。     

牙科着色氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷的结构与性能

目的添加不同着色剂组合,配制着色的牙科氧化钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆（3Y-TZP）陶瓷,分析着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测定其理化、机械及抗低温时效性能。方法将TZ-3Y-S粉体与一定组分的着色剂球磨混合后,在200 MPa压力下等静压成型,先于1 050 ℃预烧结2 h,然后在1 500 ℃终烧结2 h,烧制5种具有一定颜色的氧化锆材料,测量烧结体的密度、收缩率、热膨胀系数、维氏硬度、三点弯曲强度、断裂韧性和化学稳定性;通过扫描电镜和X线衍射观察着色后材料的显微和晶相结构,并测试着色对材料抗低温时效性能的影响。结果着色后3Y-TZP陶瓷烧结密度在99.7%以上,烧结收缩率约20%,热膨胀系数为11×10-6·℃-1;晶粒大小均匀,主要断裂方式为穿晶断裂,主晶相为四方相氧化锆（t-ZrO2）;在弱酸性条件下具有较好的化学稳定性;5组着色氧化锆陶瓷的三点弯曲强度较未着色组略有降低,但均在900 MPa以上,断裂韧性略有提高,经低温时效处理后四方相到单斜相（m-ZrO2）的相变量约40%,但弯曲强度没有降低。结论3Y-TZP陶瓷经过着色后,具有优良的理化和机械性能,能够满足牙科临床应用的要求。     

牙科纳米氧化锆陶瓷粉体的制备

目的 :探讨用于增韧牙科氧化铝陶瓷的纳米氧化锆陶瓷粉体的制备方法。方法 :应用沉淀法 ,比较不同前驱物浓度和 pH值等条件下 ,所制备氧化锆粉体的物理性能。 结果 :ZrOCl2 ·8H2 O浓度为 0 .3～ 0 .5mol/L、pH 8.5时 ,经 70 0℃煅烧 2h后 ,可获得性能优良、粒径约为 10 0nm的氧化锆陶瓷粉体。 结论 :选择适当的条件 ,该方法可制得粒径小、团聚少的纳米氧化锆陶瓷粉体。     

氧化铝-氧化锆纳米复合渗透陶瓷力学性能与微观结构的研究

目的　利用ZrO2 相变和微粉的纳米效应对氧化铝复合渗透陶瓷增强增韧 ,并对其化学组分、复合体的微观结构与复合体系力学特性的相互关系进行探讨。方法　制备氧化铝-氧化锆纳米复合渗透陶瓷 ,测试其抗弯强度和断裂韧性 ;采用X射线衍射分析测定其晶相组成 ;扫描电镜观察其显微结构。结果　氧化铝-氧化锆纳米复合渗透陶瓷三点弯曲强度测试的平均值高达 (6 1 0 85± 37 0 7)MPa,单边切口梁法测定断裂韧性的平均值高达(6 5 1± 1 38)MPa·m1 2 ,复合陶瓷的主晶相为α_Al2 O3及TZP-ZrO2 。结论　氧化铝-氧化锆纳米复合渗透陶瓷是一种力学性能优良的新型渗透陶瓷材料 ,展示出良好的临床应用前景。     

Evidence of the validity of a model of determinants of quality of restorative dental care

A model describing the relationship between self-reported quality of restorative dentistry and dentist characteristics for 119 Montana general dentists is presented. The best predictors formed a significant model explaining 22% of the variance of the quality measure. Results are contrasted with a previous estimation of the model for 102 Washington general practitioners. Evidence for the external validity of the model is presented.     

不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀溶解性比较研究

目的:研究、比较不同剂型玻璃离子水门汀的溶解性和表面微观形态改变,为临床使用提供依据.方法:将3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)及GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)分别在人工唾液中浸泡30 d,冷热循环15000次,烘干测重,比较前后质量变化,计算溶解率,并用扫描电镜观察表面微观改变.结果:不同剂型的玻璃离子水门汀溶解率由高到低分别为3M树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(水粉剂型)、GC玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型).3种玻璃离子水门汀经浸泡溶解后,SEM扫描表面微观形态可观察到GE玻璃离子水门汀(双糊剂型)表面形态改变较少,其他2组玻璃离子水门汀表面微观改变较多.结论:双糊剂型玻璃离子水门汀理化性能及溶解率均低于传统水粉剂型,是未来临床修复治疗的的良好选择.     

Evaluation of efficacy of chemiluminescence for diagnosis of leukoplakia

ObjectiveLeukoplakia is the most common potentially malignant disorder preceding oral cancer. Chemiluminescence has been developed as an adjunct to conventional examination for the diagnosis of these potentially malignant disorders. This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of chemiluminescence in the diagnosis of leukoplakia and to compare the results with histopathological examination.Study designA total of 50 patients with leukoplakia were included from the outpatients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. These patients were subjected to conventional oral examination followed by chemiluminescent examination with Vizilite (Zila, Fort Collins, CO, USA) and biopsy for histopathological confirmation.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chemiluminescence were 93.75%, 55.56%, 78.95%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall accuracy of chemiluminescence was 80%. A statistically significant association was observed between histopathology results and chemiluminescence results.ConclusionAlthough it is an easy, safe, minimal time consuming, and noninvasive technique, it has only adjunctive utility and it does not replace biopsy for the diagnosis of leukoplakia.     

正畸患者切牙影像失真发生情况分析

目的研究正畸患者曲面体层片上的切牙影像失真发生情况，并分析其原因。 方法从中山大学附属口腔医院放射科影像数据库中选取500例正畸患者的曲面体层片和头影测量侧位片，所有曲面体层片均采用咬合杆投照，分别从切牙牙体影像放大、缩小、牙根变短、根尖模糊等评价指标分析上下颌切牙影像失真的发生情况，在头影测量侧位片上测量中切牙根尖-对颌切牙切缘的距离，探讨切牙影像失真发生的原因。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计学检验。 结果500例患者中，切牙牙体影像正常者共417例，切牙牙体影像失真者共83例，影像失真发生率16.6%，其中切牙牙体影像放大17例、牙体影像缩小0例、牙根变短30例，牙根影像变短伴模糊36例。影像失真患者的根尖-切缘距离大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F = 5 187.18，P = 0）；影像失真患者的覆盖值大于影像正常的患者，差异有统计学意义（F>477，P = 0）。 结论严重牙颌面畸形如反 、深覆盖是导致曲面体层片的切牙影像失真的主要原因之一。     

Experimental evidence of formation of imines in the course of reduction of hydrazones

The reduction of hydrazones is generally suggested to proceed through a reductive cleavage of the nitrogen–nitrogen bond followed by a reduction of the carbon–nitrogen bond. This sequence of reduction processes is here supported for fluorenone (V) and benzophenone (VI) hydrazones as well as by a comparison of the reduction of fluorenone and benzophenone hydrazonium ions (I,III) with corresponding imines (II,IV). Another proof of the presence of imines as intermediates is the splitting of four-electron waves of hydrazones V and VI and hydrazonium ions I and VIII into two waves at pH < 2. This has been interpreted as due to differences in slopes dE_1/2/dpH and pK_a-values of protonated hydrazine derivatives on one side and corresponding imines on the other. In this pH-range imines formed in reductions of VI and VIII are reduced in a single two-electron wave, those of I and V in two one-electron steps. Fluorenone imine (II) is sufficiently stable to allow recording of time-independent current–voltage curves between pH 6 and 11. In this pH-range the imine (II) is reduced in two one-electron steps. Benzophenone imine (IV) has been found stable between pH 4.6 and 12. At pH 4.6–8 the reduction of the imine IV takes place in a single two-electron step, at pH 8–12 in two one-electron steps. Final proof of the initial cleavage of the N–N bond is presented by comparison with the reduction of nitrones.     

Design of clinical trials of traditional therapies of periodontitis

The present paper on the design of clinical trials of periodontal therapy first addresses the issue of the etiology of periodontal disease. It is suggested that most if not all forms of destructive periodontal disease are caused by microorganisms and that there are different forms of disease with different microbial etiologies. The progressive nature of destructive periodontal disease is subsequently discussed and it is emphasized that, in a given patient, periodontal sites which show signs of inflammation and attachment loss may not over a period of several months and years show further sign of attachment loss. The present methods of assessing periodontal disease do not allow us to discriminate between potentially active and inactive sites in untreated patients. The significance and variability of indicators of periodontal disease such as bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level measurements are discussed. The errors inherent in the various measurements are analyzed and suggestions are presented describing how alterations in any of the above parameters could be identified and presented in a clinical trial. Of concern for the statistical analysis of clinical data of periodontal disease is the definition of the "experimental unit". For a number of years, the "experimental unit" in periodontal trials was the patient. It is clear, however, that different sites within the same individual show different patterns of disease progression and lesion morphology and often respond differently to periodontal therapy. Statistical analyses must consequently be designed which recognize differences in site-to-site infection and lesion morphology within a common host. Until such analyses are available, the investigator should be wary of pooling data within the same individual, since such pooling may obscure meaningful alternatives which may take place in individual periodontal sites. Some goals of periodontal therapy are subsequently identified. 4 goals are discussed more in detail, namely: to establish conditions which will allow the patient to maintain a dentition without further breakdown of the periodontium; to reduce pocket depth to establish an anatomy in the dentogingival region which with proper maintainance care will prevent the re-establishment of the subgingival infection; to gain attachment as a result of treatment; to assess the effect of a certain chemotherapeutic agent on periodontal disease.     

比色板标准与非标准色标识别差异的初探

目的 测试口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板标准色标与非标准色标颜色识别的差异,评价、分析口腔修复学专业研究生临床实际比色能力,为探讨临床比色教学方法提供客观的基础数据.方法 选择具有1～5年临床工作经验、排除色觉识别障碍、经过色彩学知识培训的口腔修复学专业研究生62名.从比色板A(Lineargnide)的29个标准色标中通过随机数字表抽取7个色标作为标准色标,以比色板B(Vita Bleachadgnide 3D-Master)中的7个色标作为非标准色标,在D55标准光源下,以比色板C(Vita 3D-Master)作为比色工具,对标准色标和非标准色标进行比色测试.计算受试者对两种色标比色的总体准确率;统计比色正确的人数分布,并进行Monte Carlo确切概率法检验;统计比色结果在明度、饱和度、色相上的等级偏差,并进行Wilcoxin符号秩和检验.结果 受试者对标准色标比色的总体正确率为45.9%(199/434),对非标准色标比色的总体正确率为9.0%(39/434);对两种色标比色正确的人数分布的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);对两种色标比色结果的明度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.3)、0.4(0.4～0.5)]、饱和度等级偏差[分别为0.2(0.1～0.4)、0.5(0.4～0.6)]的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),色相等级偏差[分别为0.3(0.1～0.4)、0.3(0.1～0.4)]的差异无统计学意义(P=0.079>0.01).结论 口腔修复学专业研究生对比色板非标准色标颜色的识别能力明显低于对标准色标颜色的识别能力.     

正常青年Monson球面半径的测量研究

目的测量正常青年Monson球面半径。方法选择60名(男30名,女30名)正常青年制取全口印模,应用立体摄影成像的原理与方法对Monson球面半径进行测量和统计学处理。结果Monson球面的半径平均为10.173 cm,大于理论值10.160 cm,差异有显著性(P<0.01);男、女性球面半径差异无显著性。结论本实验所得到的数据可作为全口义齿修复中记录颌位关系的一个参量。     

颌骨动静脉畸形的栓塞治疗

目的：总结直接穿刺结合经血管内介入栓塞治疗颌骨动静脉静脉畸形的经验。方法：收治凳骨动静脉畸形患者6例,均进行了介入栓塞治疗。采用的栓塞材料为附凝血棉纤毛的螺圈,聚乙烯醇泡沫微粒和二氰基丙烯酸对丁酯。数字减影颈动脉造影在PHILIPSV300下完成。结果6例颌骨动静脉畸形患者中4,例急性出血得到了快速、有效控制,1例慢性渗血的右下 骨动静脉畸形患者,介入栓塞治疗,拔除松动的右下凳第一磨牙,有效地控制了出血,另1例伴局部软组织搏动性膨隆的上凳骨动静脉畸形患者,介入治疗后膨隆的搏动性得到明显改善,栓塞治疗后分别随访3－24个月,均未发现有口腔内渗血或出血。随访的X线片上,病灶区可见新骨形成。结论：局部穿刺结合经血管内介入栓塞治疗颌骨动静畸形是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。