Bisphosphonates reduce local recurrence in extremity giant cell tumor of bone: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign but locally aggressive tumor that is characterized by the presence of mononuclear stromal cells and multinucleated giant cells. Although topical adjuvants have been used in the past, local recurrence following intralesional excision of GCT of bone continues to remain a problem. The use of bisphosphonates as an anti-osteoclastic agent in the management of osteolytic bone metastases is well accepted. Furthermore in vitro studies have shown that bisphosphonates also induce apoptosis in GCT stromal cells. Therefore our clinical study aims to investigate whether the administration of bisphosphonate as an adjuvant can further decrease local recurrence following the surgical treatment of GCT of bone. METHOD: A retrospective case-control study was performed between 1988 and 2004. Forty-four patients with histological diagnosed appendicular GCT were included. Intralesional curettage or wide excision of the lesions was followed with cementation or biological reconstruction. Additional intravenous and oral bisphosphonates were given peri-operatively to 24 patients who were treated between 1998 and 2004. The average follow-up of the control group was 115 months while that of the treatment group was 48 months. RESULTS: In the bisphosphonate treated group, 1 of 24 patients (4.2%) developed local recurrence. In the control group, 6 of 20 patients (30%) developed local recurrence. The difference in the recurrence rate was statistically significant between the bisphosphonate treatment group and the control group (Log Rank test p=0.056). The effect of reduction of local recurrence was significant in patients with stage III diseases. Patients treated with bisphosphonate did not report any untoward effects. CONCLUSION: Clinical use of bisphosphonates as an adjuvant therapy for giant cell tumor of bone demonstrated a lower local recurrence rate. The clinical response seems to be more promising in stage III diseases.     

骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的手术治疗

目的:探讨骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的手术方法及疗效。方法:1994年6月-2003年10月,收治四肢长骨复发性骨巨细胞瘤18例,男12例,女6例;年龄18⁴4岁,平均26岁。股骨下端5例,胫骨上端8例,股骨上端1例,桡骨远端4例。Enneking分期:Ⅰa期14例,Ⅰb期4例。放射影像学Cam-panicci分级:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级4例。病理学Jaffe分级:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级3例。采用肿瘤扩大切除,吻合血管的自体腓骨、髂骨联合移植术治疗9例;瘤段切除,吻合血管的腓骨头移植重建术4例;瘤段切除,人工假体置换术5例。结果:随访时间11¹10个月,平均66个月。所有移植骨术后均愈合,一侧关节间隙轻度狭窄2例,术后再复发1例。术后功能评价:优13例,良3例,可1例,差1例。结论:肿瘤扩大切除,吻合血管的自体腓骨、髂骨联合移植术既能彻底切除病变,又能保持和重建关节功能,是一种较理想的方法,Campanicci分级Ⅲ级、病理学Jaffe分级Ⅱ^Ⅲ级的复发性骨巨细胞瘤原则上应施行更为广泛的瘤段切除术,桡骨远端复发性骨巨细胞瘤因其部位的特殊性,应用自体腓骨移植重建效果良好。     

骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的手术治疗

目的:探讨骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的手术方法及疗效。方法:1994年6月-2003年10月,收治四肢长骨复发性骨巨细胞瘤18例,男12例,女6例;年龄18~44岁,平均26岁。股骨下端5例,胫骨上端8例,股骨上端1例,桡骨远端4例。Enneking分期:Ⅰa期14例,Ⅰb期4例。放射影像学Cam-panicci分级:Ⅰ级7例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级4例。病理学Jaffe分级:Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级7例,Ⅲ级3例。采用肿瘤扩大切除,吻合血管的自体腓骨、髂骨联合移植术治疗9例;瘤段切除,吻合血管的腓骨头移植重建术4例;瘤段切除,人工假体置换术5例。结果:随访时间11~110个月,平均66个月。所有移植骨术后均愈合,一侧关节间隙轻度狭窄2例,术后再复发1例。术后功能评价:优13例,良3例,可1例,差1例。结论:肿瘤扩大切除,吻合血管的自体腓骨、髂骨联合移植术既能彻底切除病变,又能保持和重建关节功能,是一种较理想的方法,Campanicci分级Ⅲ级、病理学Jaffe分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级的复发性骨巨细胞瘤原则上应施行更为广泛的瘤段切除术,桡骨远端复发性骨巨细胞瘤因其部位的特殊性,应用自体腓骨移植重建效果良好。     

影响骨巨细胞瘤复发的预后因素分析

目的 分析影响骨巨细胞瘤（giant cell tumor,GCT）术后复发的预后相关因素。方法回顾性分析1990-2003年收治的146例骨巨细胞瘤患者的临床资料,采用单因素,分析性别、年龄、影像学Campanacci分级、病理学Jaffe分级、手术方式、局部处理、发病时间等13项临床因素与GCT复发的关系,并分析Campanacci分级和Jaffe分级的相关性。多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析。结果146例患者获得随访,随访时间24-180个月,平均58个月。本组共19例复发,总复发率为13.0％,局部刮除和瘤段切除后复发率分别为18．8％和6．3％,单纯刮除和扩大刮除复发率分别为38．9％和12．9％。肺转移5例,恶变2例,转移率和恶变率分别为3．4％、1．4％。单因素分析显示肿瘤突破包壳、手术方式（单纯刮除、扩大刮除、瘤段切除）与GCT复发具有相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析显示手术方式是影响复发的重要因素。影像学分级和病理学分级与肿瘤复发不具有相关性。结论手术方式、肿瘤突破包壳与GCT复发相关,手术方式是影响复发的关键因素。     

"T"形植骨治疗膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤

[目的]介绍膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤的治疗方法。[方法]本组回顾1995～2003年在本院住院的2l例骨巨细胞瘤病人,Campanacci Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。采用局部肿瘤刮除辅以自体“T”形髂骨植骨及苯酚治疗。随访18～24个月。[结果]19例病人随访期内愈合,负重无明显疼痛,膝关节功能无受限。2例病人8～10个月后复发。[结论]对膝关节周围骨巨细胞瘤采用肿瘤刮除及自体髂骨“T”形植骨苯酚治疗是保存膝关节功能防止复发的较好方法。     

Diagnosis of recurrence and therapy of recurrence with in situ bone cement filling in the treatment of giant cell tumor

Bone-cement plugging allows immediate weight bearing and early detection in case of recurrence of giant cell tumor. A recurrence might be treated by either total or partial removal of the old plug and new curettage followed by a second cement plug. The method allows to plan the final surgery for a time which is likely free of risk of recurrence and which appears appropriate in terms of private time scheduling. In addition it saves the valuable autogenous graft.     

膝关节骨巨细胞瘤复发的危险因素分析

 目的 探讨膝关节骨巨细胞瘤术后复发的临床及影像学相关危险性因素。方法回顾性分析来自国内6 家骨肿瘤治疗单位的105例膝关节骨巨细胞瘤,包括36例术后局部复发病例和69例术后未复发病例的临床和影像学资料。通过单因素法分析临床因素（包括发病性别、年龄、部位、临床评分、分级、手术方式）和影像学因素与肿瘤术后复发的相关性,将有统计学意义的指标放入多因素Logistic回归方程中确定影响肿瘤复发的相关危险因素。结果105例患者中,男49例,女56例;随访时间为（45.6±32.1）个月。其中复发组36例,平均年龄（35.64±10.87）岁,复发时间为术后平均（18.9±6.5）个月;未复发组69例,平均年龄（36.32±13.82）岁。单因素χ²检验显示病灶边缘清晰或硬化、骨皮质中断、软组织肿块、Hu评分和手术方式与术后复发有关,其他临床因素（发病性别、年龄、部位、Campanacci影像学分级）以及部分影像学因素（膨胀性、多房性或骨性分隔、骨皮质破坏、病理性骨折、病灶是否达到关节面、骨髓水肿、病灶囊性变）与术后复发无关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示边缘清晰或硬化（P=0.048）、软组织肿块（P=0.041）、Hu评分（P=0.040）和手术方式（P=0.001）与肿瘤术后复发密切相关。结论膝关节骨巨细胞瘤术后复发受多种因素影响,其中病灶边缘模糊、软组织肿块两项影像学征象为独立危险因素,而术前Hu评分和手术方式是影响肿瘤术后复发的重要因素。     

Multinucleated giant cells in cultured giant cell tumor of bone

Further observations on multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in 12 giant cell tumors of bone (GCT) were made, by means of tissue culture, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. In continuous in vitro culture, two distinct types of MGCs were found and herein termed preliminarily short-lived MGCs and long-lived MGCs respectively. The former type had limited life span of about 2-3 weeks, whereas the latter type of MGCs maintained growth or continual formation. They had entirely different appearance and characteristics. This fact reflects two types of MGCs exist in GCT in vivo. Besides, the origin of MGCs were also investigated and discussed in considerable depth.     

The study of giant cell tumors in bone

Twelve samples of giant cell tumor of bone were incubated in the authors' laboratory. The activity of the cells was documented by means of time lapse cinemicrography. The multinuclear giant cells (MGCs) with undegenerating nuclei migrating from the explants had active ameboid movement and continuously changed their shapes. The majority of them kept splitting themselves into smaller MGCs until mononuclear cells formed, which were indistinguishable from the original stromal cells in morphology and could take up tritiated thymidine as shown by autoradiography. This splitting process of MGCs is mainly responsible for their vanishing in culture. The authors believe that an MGC is one of the true neoplastic elements. MGCs are present merely in the form of a syncytium derived from neoplastic stromal cells. In culture, the factors maintaining the syncytium are lost and the process opposite to cell fusion appears. Therefore, from a morphological view, MGCs and neoplastic stromal cells are homologous.     

Imaging of giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a benign but locally aggressive and destructive lesion generally occurring in skeletally mature individuals. Typically involving the epiphysiometaphyseal region of long bones, the most common sites include the distal femur, proximal tibia and distal radius. On radiographs, GCT demonstrates a lytic lesion centered in the epiphysis but involving the metaphysis and extending at least in part to the adjacent articular cortex. Most are eccentric, but become symmetric and centrally located with growth. Most cases show circumscribed borders or so-called geographical destruction with no periosteal reaction unless a pathological fracture is present. There is no mineralized tumor matrix. Giant cell tumor can produce wide-ranging appearances depending on site, complications such as hemorrhage or pathological fracture and after surgical intervention. This review demonstrates a spectrum of these features and describes the imaging characteristics of GCT in conventional radiographs, computerized tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, bone scans, positron emission tomography scans and angiography.     

Granular cell tumor of the breast: a diagnostic pitfall

We report a rare case of benign granular cell tumor of the breast associated with multiple similar lesions of the scalp, the right shoulder, the right flank, the abdominal wall and the vulva, treated with wide excisions.     

手部腱鞘巨细胞瘤术后复发原因与再手术方法探讨

腱鞘巨细胞瘤是手部常见的软组织良性肿瘤，发病原因不明，可发生在任何年龄，但以青壮年多发，女性多于男性，手术切除是唯一方法，但术后易复发是该肿瘤的特点。1986-2001年，我院对18例腱鞘巨细胞瘤复发的患者，进行了手术治疗，术后随访1～5年，疗效满意，无病例再次复发。     

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath simulating giant cell tumor of bone: report of a case

A 24-year-old male patient presented with a painful eccentric lytic lesion of the proximal tibial epiphysis with a soft tissue component. Clinical and radiological assessment led to the tentative diagnosis of aggressive giant cell tumor of bone. The patient was treated with curettage, high-speed burr, and cementation after intraoperative pathology consultation. The final pathological report indicated that the tumor was giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath with bone invasion. Although uncommon, GCTTS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such lesions when there is a prominent soft tissue component. Although the resection was intralesional, the thermal effect of the cementation of the involved cavity and complete removal of the tendon sheath may allow successful local control conjecture of lesions that otherwise present with clinical and radiographic findings suggesting giant cell tumor of the bone.