Positional anatomy of vessels that may be damaged at laparoscopy: new access criteria based on CT and ultrasonography to avoid vascular injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To study the relations of major blood vessels (aortoiliac bifurcation and iliocaval confluence) and the inferior epigastric arteries to the umbilicus and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) planes and to apply this information to define ideal, anatomically based locations for primary and secondary laparoscopic port insertions to minimize vascular injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred randomly selected postcontrast CT images of the abdomen and pelvis were assessed by two radiologists. The position of the umbilicus (mobile point), ASIS (fixed point), and relations with the great vessels were measured. The angle of the umbilicus with the aortic bifurcation, theta (theta), was calculated using trigonometric principles. The position and course of the inferior epigastric arteries (IEA) was analyzed in 103 patients with color Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: The median distance of the aortoiliac bifurcation was 8 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 28.8 mm] and that of the iliocaval venous confluence 25 mm (IQR 32 mm) below the umbilicus. The aorta divided 48 mm (IQR 16 mm) and the iliac veins joined 33 mm (IQR 9 mm) above the ASIS plane. The angle of the umbilicus to the aortoiliac bifurcation in the sagittal plane had a range of 14 degrees to 34 degrees with a median of 21.6 degrees . The median distance from the right IEA to the midline at the umbilicus was 4.75 cm (IQR 0.7 cm), and the same distance in the ASIS plane was 4.8 cm (IQR 0.7 cm). The distance of the IEA to the midline did not exceed 6 cm in any patient on either side or in either plane. CONCLUSION: The position of the umbilicus should not be relied on for access planning. The relation between the level of the ASIS and the aortic bifurcation is more consistent. The ideal primary port entry (or Veress needle site) is at the ASIS plane in the midline, and the ideal lateral port entry is in the same plane >6 cm from the midline. If the umbilicus is to be used, a Hasson insertion is desirable, but if a Veress needle is used at the umbilicus, an angle of 45 degrees in the sagittal plane should be used.     

Variation in surface marking of superior epigastric vessels. A guide to safe laparoscopic port insertion.

This study aimed to map surface markings of the superior epigastric artery, to provide safe landmarks for the placement of trochars in laparoscopic surgery. Seventeen cadavers were dissected and surface anatomy of the superior epigastric artery was defined at two levels: the xiphoid process, and midway between the xiphoid process and umbilicus. Safe sites for insertion of ports were determined in cadavers by dissecting and locating the main trunks of the superior epigastric artery. At the level of the xiphoid process, the distance from the midline ranged from 3.9cm to 4.8cm with a mean of 4.3cm (SD +/- 0.2cm) while midway between the xiphoid process and umbilicus, the distance of the superior epigastric artery from the midline ranged from 4 to 7.5cm, with a mean of 5.7cm (SD +/- 0.7cm). In this area the artery is vulnerable to damage, hence it can be declared as a danger zone.     

Anthropometric Determinations of Umbilical Position in Iraqi Adults

Introduction  Umbilicus is an important surface landmark on the anterior abdominal wall in addition to its aesthetic and psychological effect. Objectives  The objective of the study is to determine the position of umbilicus in Iraqi adults to provide a guide for the neoumbilicus in abdominoplasty. Subjects and Methods  This is an observational study performed on 100 volunteers with no abdominal wall abnormality. Measurements included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), distance from xiphoid to umbilicus, distance from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis, distance from xiphoid process to both anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), distance from pubic symphysis to umbilicus and from pubic symphysis to xiphisternum, distance of umbilicus to both ASIS, and distance of umbilicus to interspinous line and to inter-anterior hypochondrium line. Results  The study included 100 volunteers, with 50% male and 50% female whose age ranges between 18 to 60 years. The results were a follows: distance from xiphoid process to umbilicus and distance from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis were 18.03 ± 3.25 cm and 32.21 ± 4.64 cm, respectively; distances from xiphoid process to right ASIS and left ASIS were 25.95 ± 5.72 cm and 25.84 ± 6.02 cm, respectively; distance from pubic symphysis to umbilicus was 17.66 ± 3.12 cm; distance of umbilicus to interspinous line was 9.25 ± 1.84 cm. The distance from umbilicus to inter anterior hypochondrium line was 9.905 ± 2.19 cm. Conclusion  These measurements can determine the neoumbilicus position, reduce practical mistakes, and improve postsurgical outcomes.     

腹直肌肌皮瓣的动脉分布及其在乳房再造中的意义

目的 探讨腹直肌肌皮瓣与血供的关系,为肌皮瓣的再划分及乳房再造提供理论基础.方法 用大体解剖、血管X线造影方法对60侧尸体腹直肌进行观测.结果 腹壁上动脉(superiorepigastric artery,SEA)和腹壁下动脉(inferior epigastrie artery,IEA)在腹直肌内,纵行于肌后方,根据X线造影所见其终末分支多呈螺旋状,在脐上方互相吻合,穿支到达腹直肌表面皮肤.其中腹壁下动脉在脐周围发出的穿支较粗,较腹壁上动脉在肌皮瓣分布较广.在肌内的动脉分支分布可分为3种类型:Ⅰ支型(SEA 26.5%,IEA 34.6%)在X线造影显示肌内有1条动脉主干.Ⅱ支型(SEA64.7%,IEA 48.1%)在肌内有2条主要分支.Ⅲ支型(SEA 8.8%,IEA 17.3%)在肌内显示3条主要分支.根据解剖学研究提示,SEA、IEA在腹直肌内多数分为2支或2支以上主要分支(SEA73.5%,IEA 65.4%).结论 腹直肌肌皮瓣按其动脉分支特点可分为几个部分,为部分分离转移,保持肌功能提供血管解剖基础.     

Reconstruction of the abdominal wall after excision of a bulky desmoid tumor and postoperative electromyography investigation to demonstrate its integrity

The reconstruction of the abdominal wall following the removal of a bulky desmoid tumor involving the left rectus abdominis muscle from the xiphoid to the umbilicus is presented. After the tumor was removed, only the lateral third of the left rectus abdominis remained intact and, consequently, the muscles of the abdominal wall were mobilized according to the Ramirez technique. A polypropylene mesh was placed between the two rectus abdominis muscles and their posterior sheaths, the muscles having been sutured in the midline without tension. The anterior abdominal wall was further reinforced by using an inferiorly pedicled dermal flap in the cutaneous area between the umbilicus and the pubis. This is an area commonly removed in an abdominoplasty. An electromyographical study demonstrated that the muscles involved were functioning perfectly - both at rest and under stress - about 40 days after the surgery.     

Advancement flap umbilicoplasty after abdominal wall closure: postoperative results compared with normal umbilical anatomy

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Umbilical reconstruction frequently is an adjunct used after repair of congenital abdominal wall defects. The authors describe a new technique of umbilicoplasty and compare their results with normal neonatal umbilical anatomy. METHODS: After fascial closure, 6 newborn infants with either gastroschisis (n = 3) or omphalocele (n = 3) underwent umbilicoplasty performed by advancing bilateral skin flaps including creation of an umbilical skin collar. The umbilical collar height, circumference, and distance from the xiphoid with respect to the pubis (ratio of xiphoid-umbilicus distance to xiphoid-pubis distance or XU:XP) were recorded and referenced to normal umbilical anatomy in additional 28 infants (24 to 40 weeks gestation [mean, 33.2 weeks] and age 2 to 131 days [mean, 26.5 days]). RESULTS: After umbilicoplasty, all infants had a near-normal-appearing umbilicus (collar height, 0.75 +/- 0.25 cm and circumference, 5.24 +/- 1.20 cm) compared with normal umbilical anatomy (collar height, 4.36 +/- 1.32 cm and circumference, 1.03 +/- 0.38 cm). However, after umbilicoplasty, the neoumbilicus was positioned more cephalad (XU:XP = 0.53 +/-.05) compared with normal (mean XU:XP, 0.67 +/- 0.07). The only complication encountered was a small dehiscence of the superior aspect of the abdominal wound. CONCLUSIONS: Closure of abdominal wall defects with simultaneous umbilicoplasty provides a cosmetically pleasing result. When performing umbilicoplasty, attempt should be made to position the neoumbilicus as inferior as possible, optimally at two thirds the distance from the xiphoid to the pubis.     

A new flap model in the rat.

Standardized skin flap models in the rat, such as the McFarlane and Finseth flaps, have suggested placement on the rat of only a single flap. The single flap, because of variations in skin vasculature among rats, may be problematic and require prohibitively large numbers of rats to obtain statistically significant results. In this study of 60 Sprague-Dawley rats, we have developed a flap model designed to be paired in a single rat and standardized to serve as the experimental flap and the control. At the level of the symphysis pubis, symmetrical, three-sided, caudally based, bilateral skin flaps, 2 cm in width, were extended to different bony landmarks. Only the length of the flaps was varied. The inferior epigastric pedicle was then divided. The flap length, which optimally produced predictable and persistent necrosis, was found midway between the xiphoid and the sternal notch. The model was pharmacologically manipulated with the injection of superoxide dismutase through the epigastric vein before division of the inferior epigastric pedicle; this scavenger did not effect the survival of the random pattern flaps.     

The arterial vascularisation of the abdominal wall with special regard to the umbilicus.

AIM: In order to prevent wound healing problems around the transposed umbilicus following abdominoplasty, we investigated the arterial vascularisation of the abdominal wall with special regard to the umbilicus. The aim was to optimise the planning of the umbilical stalk and flap design. METHOD: The inferior and superior epigastric arteries of 12 cadavers (mean age 83 years) were injected with barium-sulphate, lead-mennige and gelatine. The abdominal walls were resected en bloc and X-ray photographs were taken by conventional and mammographic technique. RESULTS: The radiographic examination showed that the main trunks of the epigastric vessels follow an "hour-glass" or "rhomboid" pattern around the centromedial umbilicus. Each main trunk splits into two obligate branches one medial and one lateral. The anastomosis between the inferior and superior epigastric artery is located above the umbilicus. The umbilicus is nourished by separate axial vessels originating from the inferior epigastric artery. It was also shown that the inferior intercostal arteries anastomose with the branches of the inferior and superior epigastric artery. CONCLUSION: Dividing the abdominal wall into four quadrants around the central umbilicus, the lateral areas of the lower quadrants show the weakest vascularisation by the inferior epigastric artery. This fact may cause healing problems after surgery in this area. The axial vascularisation of the umbilicus makes any torsion or traction a potential hazard to the umbilical flap during abdominoplasty especially by re-siting the umbilicus. The anatomical study showed clearly the benefit of preparing a broad base fat layer with a generous diameter of incision line around the umbilicus.     

下腔静脉膈上段解剖特征及毗邻关系的尸体研究

目的:明确腹腔镜手术中下腔静脉膈上段的解剖特点及毗邻关系。方法:2018年12月于南方医科大学基础医学院选取成人尸体、新鲜尸体各2例。对冰冻尸体进行解剖。沿双侧锁骨中线打开胸腔,翻开心包前壁,解剖分离上腔静脉、下腔静脉。沿腹正中线打开腹腔,翻左、右肝叶,显露肝后段下腔静脉、第二肝门,剖开腔静脉裂孔进入心包,观察下腔静脉...     

Localization of the arcuate line from surface anatomic landmarks: a cadaveric study

The arcuate line is a relevant structure when reconstructing the abdominal wall after rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap harvest. Its location is classically taught to be half the distance from the pubic symphysis to the umbilicus, but recent anatomic literature provides evidence to the contrary. Better understanding of the relationship between the arcuate line and surface anatomic landmarks could facilitate better preoperative planning when harvesting a rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap. A total of 32 arcuate lines were dissected in 18 cadavers, and the location was correlated to various surface anatomic landmarks. The arcuate line was found to lie at 74.6% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to the umbilicus, and 32.7% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid. This location was 1.8 +/- 1.7 cm superior to the level of the anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS). This study provides further support for the finding in the anatomic literature that the arcuate line is substantially more superior than classically described. This knowledge may prove useful in preoperative planning of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap harvest.     

后腹腔镜进路应用解剖学研究

目的　探讨后腹腔镜手术的应用解剖学基础。　方法　选择国人成人尸体 2 0具 ,男性12具 ,女性 8具。对其侧腹壁神经、血管和后腹膜间隙结构与后腹腔镜进路之间的距离进行测量。结果　髂嵴距腰下三角顶点的距离 :男性 :左侧 (4 0 2± 1 2 6)cm ,右侧 (3 83± 0 90 )cm ;女性 :左侧(3 90± 0 3 7)cm ,右侧 (3 87± 0 3 7)cm。髂腹下神经距髂嵴的距离 :男性 :左侧 (0 82± 0 13 )cm ,右侧(0 84± 0 0 8)cm ;女性 :左侧 (0 94± 0 0 6)cm ,右侧 (0 93± 0 10 )cm。肋下神经距肋缘下的距离 ,在腋后线和腋中线 :男性 :左侧分别为 (0 79± 0 2 6)cm、(1 65± 1 12 )cm ,右侧分别为 (0 78± 0 3 0 )cm、(1 5 9± 1 0 7)cm ;女性 :左侧分别为 (0 61± 0 14)cm、(1 3 7± 0 89)cm ,右侧分别为 (0 64± 0 13 )cm、(1 3 2± 0 95 )cm。肾下极水平输尿管距腰大肌外缘的距离 :男性 :左侧 (2 2 4± 0 67)cm ,右侧 (2 19±0 73 )cm ;女性 :左侧 (2 0 0± 0 2 3 )cm ,右侧 (1 91± 0 13 )cm。输尿管髂血管交界处距腰大肌外缘的距离 :男性 :左侧 (3 91± 0 5 9)cm ,右侧 (3 76± 0 5 3 )cm ;女性 :左侧 (3 43± 0 3 1)cm ,右侧 (3 85±0 43 )cm。　结论　临床上选择髂嵴上 2cm腰下     

Perforator vessel anatomy of the papilla umbilicalis: topography and importance for reconstructive abdominal wall surgery

Purpose

Separation of midline abdominal wall components or other procedures involving the papilla umbilicalis within the context of abdominal wall reconstruction can significantly affect vasculature of the umbilicus. Adjusting dissection to the vascular anatomy of that region may evade such complications. For this purpose, an anatomic microdissection study was performed, focusing on the vascular architecture of the papilla umbilicalis in the midst of the stratigraphical anatomy of the midline abdominal wall.

Methods

Ramifications of the epigastric vessels were filled with dye on 27 abdominal walls originating from 15 female and 12 male corpses. Vascular architecture of the midline abdominal wall was examined by X-ray imaging and microdissection focusing region of the papilla umbilicalis.

Results

Vasculature of the papilla umbilicalis is provided by both myocutaneous and septocutaneous perforator vessels originating from the medial branch of the arteria epigastrica inferior and accompanying veins. On their way to the inferiolateral basis of the papilla umbilicalis, these perforators prove an intimate and regular association with the rectus abdominis muscle, and different components of the rectus sheath.

Conclusions

Vasculature of the papilla umbilicalis is susceptible to damage resulting from separation of midline abdominal wall components or periumbilical dissections. To secure vasculature of the papilla umbilicalis, the integrity of the loose areolar fascia covering the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis muscle must be kept from being harmed by dissection. In addition, the musculo-fibrous-aponeurotic anatomy on either the left or the right side of the papilla umbilicalis must be left in structural continuity.     

Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rectus abdominis muscle after breast reconstruction with the DIEP flap

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the dissection of the vascular pedicle of the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap could induce secondary muscle atrophy. Evaluation of the rectus abdominis muscle was performed using ultrasonography, and the muscle thickness was measured as an expression of muscle substance. This was performed at 4 levels: below the xiphoid process, at the umbilicus level, above the symphysis, and between the 2 last mentioned (central zone). The results were expressed as the ratio of the muscle thickness on the operated side where dissection of the vascular pedicle was performed to the thickness of the contralateral not operated muscle. Thirteen patients were included with a mean follow up of 20 months (range, 7-42 months). The combined measurements showed that the thickness of the muscle as a whole was significantly reduced on the operated side compared with the opposite side. Broken down to the specific levels, the greatest reduction in thickness, approximately 10%, was found at the xiphoid process and above the symphysis. We conclude that performing the dissection of the vascular pedicle of the DIEP flap gives a small but significant degree of muscular atrophy.     

陈旧性耻骨联合分离继发膀胱脱垂及腹壁疝

目的：探讨陈旧性耻骨联合分离继发膀胱脱垂及腹壁疝的临床特征及治疗方法。方法对2002年8月收治的1例陈旧性Tile C2型骨盆骨折，耻骨联合分离合并膀胱脱垂及腹壁疝的患者行X线，CT三维重建，MR及膀胱造影检查。术中采用扩大的髂腹股沟入路，切口分段进行，其主要手术步骤为；（1）首先显露，清理耻骨联合。术中见耻骨联合分离约7.5cm，腹直肌全层沿中线纵形撕裂，腹横筋膜纤维化并与腹膜粘连形成疝囊，右侧腹外斜肌腱膜于腹直肌外缘处部分缺如，小肠沿腹直肌裂口经膀胱前方及右侧海氏三角区疝出。术中将疝内容物推入腹腔，游离并临时高位结扎疝囊。（2）延长切口，对畸形愈合的左髂骨翼骨折进行截骨，复位，然后应用重建钢板分别沿双侧耻骨支上缘及左侧髂嵴内缘固定。（3）还纳疝出脏器。在缝合修补下腹壁结构的基础上，应用人体软组织补片进行加强重建。结果：术后随访半年，腹壁疝获得治愈，骨折坚强愈合，左下肢短缩基本纠正，步态明显改善。阴茎外观及排尿功能恢复正常，自觉排便较术前有力，患者性功能障碍无明显好转。结论：骨盆骨折畸形愈合的截骨矫形及复位固定，是关闭耻骨联合，减小盆腔容量，间接紧缩盆底，修补下腹壁缺损，治疗腹壁疝和改善膀胱脱垂的有效方法。     

腹壁浅动脉蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术的初步临床应用

目的 探讨采用腹壁浅动脉（superficial inferior epigastric artery,SIEA）蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术方法 、特点及适应证.方法 术前采用多层螺旋CT（multipledetector-row computed tomography,MDCT）三维血管造影及多普勒血流探测仪检查SIEA的直径、走行及分布,于脐与阴阜上缘之间设计皮瓣,采用单蒂或双蒂SIEA,与胸廓内动,静脉吻合,腹部供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 4例乳房再造病例皮瓣全部存活,皮瓣和腹部供区无脂肪液化、坏死、切口裂开、腹壁薄弱及腹壁疝等并发症的出现,再造乳房外形效果满意.结论 SIEA蒂游离腹壁皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣（DIEP）,横行腹支肌肌（TRAM）皮瓣乳房再造术提供同样的腹部皮肤和组织量,但却减轻了对腹部功能和形态的损害,在做好充分的术前血管评估、严格把握适应证和熟练掌握显微外科技术的前提下,是一种可供选择的乳房再造方法.     

腹壁浅动脉蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术的初步临床应用

目的 探讨采用腹壁浅动脉(superficial inferior epigastric artery,SIEA)蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术方法 、特点及适应证.方法 术前采用多层螺旋CT(multipledetector-row computed tomography,MDCT)三维血管造影及多普勒血流探测仪检查SIEA的直径、走行及分布,于脐与阴阜上缘之间设计皮瓣,采用单蒂或双蒂SIEA,与胸廓内动,静脉吻合,腹部供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 4例乳房再造病例皮瓣全部存活,皮瓣和腹部供区无脂肪液化、坏死、切口裂开、腹壁薄弱及腹壁疝等并发症的出现,再造乳房外形效果满意.结论 SIEA蒂游离腹壁皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP),横行腹支肌肌(TRAM)皮瓣乳房再造术提供同样的腹部皮肤和组织量,但却减轻了对腹部功能和形态的损害,在做好充分的术前血管评估、严格把握适应证和熟练掌握显微外科技术的前提下,是一种可供选择的乳房再造方法.     

腹壁浅动脉蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术的初步临床应用

目的 探讨采用腹壁浅动脉(superficial inferior epigastric artery,SIEA)蒂游离腹壁皮瓣乳房再造术方法 、特点及适应证.方法 术前采用多层螺旋CT(multipledetector-row computed tomography,MDCT)三维血管造影及多普勒血流探测仪检查SIEA的直径、走行及分布,于脐与阴阜上缘之间设计皮瓣,采用单蒂或双蒂SIEA,与胸廓内动,静脉吻合,腹部供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 4例乳房再造病例皮瓣全部存活,皮瓣和腹部供区无脂肪液化、坏死、切口裂开、腹壁薄弱及腹壁疝等并发症的出现,再造乳房外形效果满意.结论 SIEA蒂游离腹壁皮瓣与腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP),横行腹支肌肌(TRAM)皮瓣乳房再造术提供同样的腹部皮肤和组织量,但却减轻了对腹部功能和形态的损害,在做好充分的术前血管评估、严格把握适应证和熟练掌握显微外科技术的前提下,是一种可供选择的乳房再造方法.     

Minimal skin incision in living kidney transplantation

Usually, the transplanted kidney is placed into the right retroperitoneal iliac fossa through a right abdominal surgical skin incision. The skin incision may be oblique or inverted J-shaped known as the "hockey stick." The oblique or curvilinear incision, parallel to the inguinal ligament, known as the "pelvic Gibson incision," is also extended medially to the midline, just above the pubis. The most common incision for kidney transplantation in our center is a paramedian incision, which is parallel to rectus abdominis muscle and extends medially to the midline, just above the pubis symphysis ("hockey stick"). Nowadays, minimally invasive surgery is popular in various field of surgery; the number of patients who are concerned about cosmetic effects are increasing. We make the skin incision in the lower right abdomen from laterally below the anterior superior iliac spine to the midline just above the pubis in five young unmarried women whose body mass index was >25 and there were no anatomic variations. The lower transverse abdominal skin incision showed more favorable cosmetic results and there was no difference in postoperative factors, including renal function, compared with other routine renal transplant patients.     

下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣血供的应用解剖

目的了解与下腹部腹直肌肌皮瓣相关的血管分布情况,促进乳腺癌根治术后下腹部肌皮瓣移位乳房再造手术的推广。方法采用福尔马林浸泡未超过6个月的成人尸体15具30侧。上起锁骨下、下至腹股沟韧带,两侧至腋中线的胸腹壁完整切下。腹壁下动静脉自髂外动静脉起始处离断。分别用红、蓝乳胶墨水经腹壁下和胸廓内动静脉灌注,使其分支、属支显影。结果腹壁上、下动脉起始处外径分别为1.87±0.28mm及2.25±0.32mm。腹壁下动脉的皮下穿支分布有向脐水平逐渐密集的趋势,弓状线以下穿支明显减少,Rand各个区均可见穿支出腹直肌前鞘,排列上外侧穿支距腹直肌前鞘外侧缘、、区分别平均为1.22、1.46、1.57cm;内侧穿支在距正中线、、区平均1.54、1.62、1.66cm。近脐的穿支管径较其他部位粗和密集。腹壁上动脉在与肋弓下缘交界附近发出一肋缘动脉,距肋弓1.25±0.37cm。发出肋缘动脉后67%的肋缘动脉比腹壁下动脉本干粗。肋缘动脉分支分布于腹直肌中、外侧2/3,且与肋间前动脉及营养膈肌的血管间有广泛吻合。胸廓内动脉在发出腹壁上动脉前后还分出一分支营养剑突水平的腹直肌。结论以腹壁上动脉为蒂的横形下腹部肌皮瓣切取过程中,脐以下、弓状线以上保留腹直肌前鞘内、外侧各1cm在腹壁上和区的全部前鞘在皮瓣上,能较好保护腹壁下动脉肌皮动脉不受损伤。将肋弓下2cm以上的腹直肌前鞘和腹直肌完全保留在皮瓣上可有效保护肋缘动脉。肋缘动脉不受损是肌皮瓣成活的重要保证。     

改良Stoppa入路死亡冠血管的解剖学研究

目的研究改良Stoppa入路髂外和腹壁下血管与闭孔血管在耻骨上支区的吻合支（死亡冠）解剖学特点,为提高骨盆髋臼前路手术操作安全性提供解剖学基础。方法模拟改良Stoppa入路对12具国人成人尸体标本共24侧半骨盆进行解剖学研究。观测死亡冠血管的出现率、直径大小、长度及其至耻骨联合和髂耻隆起的距离。结果87．5％（21侧）耻骨上支表面存在死亡冠血管,其中62．5％（15侧）为静脉型,8．3％（2侧）为动脉型,16．7％（4侧）为混合动静脉型。死亡冠血管的长度平均32．1（24．1～40．6）mm,直径平均2．5（2．0～3．7）mm。死亡冠血管至耻骨联合距离平均54．9（47．8～63．8）mm,至髂耻隆起距离平均20.3（6．2～35．0）mm。死亡冠血管紧贴耻骨上支,移动度小。结论死亡冠血管出现率高,变异度大,以静脉型为主。移位骨盆前环髋臼骨折及前入路手术时易损伤死亡冠血管,应注意其存在并妥善处理,推荐骨膜下剥离。