球部尿道膀胱颈吻合治疗前列腺术后尿失禁的疗效观察

目的探讨球部尿道膀胱颈吻合治疗前列腺术后尿失禁的疗效。方法前列腺切除术后尿失禁患者5例，行球部尿道膀胱颈吻合术。结果4例患者术后能完全控制尿，无排尿困难；1例术后出现排尿困难，经膀胱颈部电切后排尿通畅。结论球部尿道膀胱颈吻合术是治疗前列腺切除术后尿失禁的一种可行方法。     

尿道膀胱镜下后尿道形态研究与外科临床

近年来,随着腔道泌尿外科的发展,许多后尿道疾病的治疗,根据情况,已不需要开放手术,通过内镜即可完成临床治疗,如尿道狭窄,前列腺增生,精阜肥大症、膀胱颈挛缩（纤维化）输尿管间嵴肥厚等,这些疾患经内镜治疗,创伤小、安全,受到广泛欢迎,最常用的方法是在尿道膀胱镜下,使用激光,电切以及电汽化来治愈疾患,因而除掌握激光、电切、电汽化固有特性外,熟练掌握后尿道的解剖及活体病态时形态特点极其重要,它关系到手术治疗效果及安全。自１９９４年至今,通过尿道膀胱镜我们集中观察了５５２例病人后尿道结构与形态变化,并结合…     

经尿道前列腺电切术后尿道狭窄原因分析及预防措施

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电切术后发生尿道狭窄的原因及预防措施。方法：回顾分析我院2001年6月至2008年6月施行的456例诊断为良性前列腺增生症经尿道前列腺电切术的临床资料和术后随防资料。结果：456例中术后1-24个月发生尿道狭窄22例,占4.8%,其中尿道外口狭窄5例,阴茎阴囊连接部狭窄2例,尿道膜部狭窄9例,球部尿道狭窄1例,前列腺部尿道狭窄2例,膀胱颈口挛缩狭窄3例。结论：尿道狭窄为经尿道前列腺电切术后常见并发症之一,术中操作轻柔、尽可能切净增生腺体、避免过度电凝止血、术后留置导尿管时间不宜过长、预防泌尿系感染是防止尿道狭窄的重要措施。     

钬激光尿道内切开治疗尿道狭窄疗效观察

我院自 2 0 0 1年 2月始 ,在腔镜下应用钬激光行尿道内切开及瘢痕切除术治疗创伤后尿道狭窄及闭锁 3 8例 ,效果满意 ,现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 1　临床资料　本组 3 8例 ,均为男性 ,年龄 2 2～ 78岁 ,平均 48岁。病程 1个月～ 3年 ,平均 10个月。尿道狭窄 2 5例 ,完全闭锁 13例。病因 :骨盆骨折所致 16例 ;经膀胱前列腺摘除术后 9例 ,汽化电切前列腺术后 11例 ,膀胱镜下经尿道取石损伤 2例。狭窄部位 :阴茎部 5例 ,尿道球部 7例 ,尿道膜部 9例 ,球膜部 4例 ,膀胱颈闭锁 8例 ,膜部闭锁 3例 ,球膜部闭锁 2例。 9例入院前已有耻骨上膀胱造瘘…     

经尿道手术治疗复杂性尿道狭窄64例

198 9～ 1998年我院采用经尿道手术 (包括 :尿道内切开术、尿道电切术及尿道激光术 )治疗复杂性尿道狭窄 6 4例 ,现报告如下 :1　临床资料本组 6 4例均为男性 ,年龄 2 0～ 78岁。外伤性4 9例 ,医源性 13例 (前列腺增生术后 11例 ,卡介苗膀胱灌注所致 2例 ) ,炎症性 2例。尿道闭     

TUVP联合TURP治疗良性前列腺增生病人的护理

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺汽化切割术联合经尿道前列腺电切术治疗良性前列腺增生的护理对策。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月～2008年5月我院经尿道前列腺汽化切割术联合经尿道前列腺电切术81例病人的临床护理资料，总结围术期护理对策。结果：平均手术时间（52．9±13．6）min，术中出血量（52．1±29．8）ml，术后离床活动时间（23．8±2．27）h，平均住院天数（7．3±1．1）d。术后病理报告均为良性前列腺增生。术后发生电切综合征2例、暂时性尿失禁4例、膀胱颈痉挛6例、术后出血2例、尿道狭窄并尿路感染1例，术后无1例输血。均及时采取有效的治疗和护理措施，全部痊愈出院。结论：经尿道前列腺汽化切割术联合经尿道前列腺电切术是治疗前列腺增生安全有效的外科治疗方法，同时良好的围术期护理是手术成功的保障。     

经尿道前列腺电切术后再入院病人的诊治分析

目的：探讨经尿道前列腺电切术后再入院病人的病因和治疗方法。方法：对2002年4月至2006年12月我院开展的经尿道前列腺电切术480例中术后再入院的24例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析并随访。结果：480例前列腺电切术后再入院24例。占4．6％。其中术后血尿导致屎潴留12例，均在膀胱镜下行血肿清除术：术后前尿道狭窄4例。定期尿道扩张治愈。术后并发膀胱结石3例，行经尿道膀胱结石气压弹道碎石术；膀胱颈挛缩2例。再次行电切术：术后膀胱过度活动症1例，给予药物治疗后缓解；术后并发晚期前列腺癌1例，给予去势手术＋氟他胺＋局部放疗治疗。结论：术后继发性出血，前尿道狭窄，继发性膀胱结石，膀胱颈挛缩是术后再入院的主要原因，治疗上根据相应的病因选择适当的治疗方法。[著者文摘]     

小体积前列腺增生经尿道电切术

目的探讨小体积前列腺增生经尿道电切方法。方法回顾性分析32例体积小于15g的良性前列腺增生患者经尿道电切加膀胱颈切开术的临床资料。结果32例术后症状缓解,排尿通畅。术前IPSS评分24.7±4.8,术后降至12.9±2.4;术前Qmax(8.2±3.4)ml/s,术后升至(13.1±3.8)ml/s,无出血、漏尿、尿失禁及水中毒等并发症发生。结论小体积前列腺增生开放手术很难剥离、单纯经尿道前列腺切除及单纯经尿道膀胱颈切开术术后膀胱颈挛缩发生率较高,经尿道前列腺电切术加膀胱颈切开术是治疗小体积前列腺增生的理想术式。     

经尿道膀胱颈电切治疗女性膀胱颈梗阻

目的 回顾性分析76例女性膀胱颈梗阻的诊断及治疗经验.方法 自2000年5月～2005年5月,采用Gyrus双极等离子环状电切袢,对76例临床诊断为膀胱颈梗阻的女性患者行膀胱颈电切术.切除部位依膀胱镜下梗阻性质的不同,切除5、7点或6点.术后对症状改善不明显的患者,再次行膀胱颈电切或配合定期尿道扩张.结果 76例中,经一次膀胱颈电切后自觉排尿症状明显改善者62例;14例改善不明显者,术后1个月复查膀胱镜,5例切除深度不够者再次电切,9例定期行尿道扩张.术后随访3～6个月,排尿通畅,感觉满意.结论 经尿道膀胱颈电切治疗女性膀胱颈梗阻疗效确切,值得推广.     

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术后排尿困难38例原因分析

经尿道前列腺汽化电切术是目前腔内治疗前列腺增生症的新方法,疗效满意,但也有不少并发症,其中术后排尿困难就是其中之一.我院近4 a来,行经尿道前列腺汽化电切术（TUVP）治疗前列腺增生症（BPH）412例,术后出现排尿困难38例,现分析如下. 1 临床资料 本组年龄58～87岁.中叶增生20例,两侧叶增生18例.合并糖尿病5例,陈旧性脑出血3例.因腺体残留引起排尿不畅23例,膀胱颈水肿3例,膀胱颈后唇过高、输尿管间嵴肥厚及膀胱颈瘢痕性挛缩4例,尿道外口狭窄4例,血块堵塞3例,神经原性膀胱1例.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.