肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓的手术切除及疗效观察

目的 探索肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓（ＰＶＴＴ）手术切除的疗效及其影响预后因素。方法 总结近１０年１１１例肝细胞癌合并门静脉主干或第一分支癌栓的患者,均行肝癌联同门静脉左或右支癌栓切除或经左、右支断端取栓或切开主干取栓,其中２２例患者切除肿瘤及癌栓后行肝动脉和（或）门静脉插管。３２例患者术后经肝动脉化疗栓塞和（或）经门静脉导管化疗。另１４例ＰＶＴＴ患者仅行保守治疗（非手术组）,２０例ＰＶＴＴ患者行探查     

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目的：探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）合并门静脉癌栓（PVTT)外科治疗的效果。方法：总结1997年1月至2001年12月采用肝切除和门静脉切开取癌栓术治疗HCC合并PVTT63例，其中10例术后行门静脉化疗。结果：术后3个月内死于肝肾功能衰竭5例，58例术后恢复良好。术后1、3、5年生存率分别为42．6％、21．3％、4．2％。结论：肝切除和门静脉切开取癌栓术是HCC合并PVTT有效的治疗方法，术后联合门静脉化疗和超声介入疗法能提高治疗的效果。     

门静脉癌栓术后复发再手术治疗2例报告

1　临床资料例 1 :杨某某 ,女 ,45岁。因原发性肝癌 (右 ,巨块型 )伴门静脉右支癌栓行右半肝切除 +含癌栓的门静脉右支切除术。术前 AFP>30 0 0 ug/L。术中见左半肝体积代偿性增大 ,呈小结节性肝硬化。术后 2个月 AFP降至 30 ug/L。6个月 AFP回升至 2 80 ug/L,B超、MR检查提示门静脉主干扩张 ,直径 3cm,腔内充填实质性占位 ,残肝未见占位性病变。例 2 :陈某 ,男 ,46岁。因肝细胞癌 (左 ,弥漫型 )伴门静脉主干及左右支癌栓行扩大的左半肝切除 +门静脉左支切除 +经左支断端取除门静脉主干及右支癌栓。术前 AFP:1 1 1 8ug/L。术中见右…     

肝癌切除联同门静脉癌栓取出术治疗肝癌（附25例报告）

作者报告了２５例肝细胞癌合并门静脉癌栓，于切除肝癌后同时行门静脉癌栓清除术。肝癌位于左侧肝者２１例，右侧肝４例。瘤体均较大，直径１０．１～２０ｃｍ者占１３例。门静脉主干及左右分支充满癌栓者１０例，左右分支分别均有癌栓者３例，癌栓由左支延伸至主干者１０例，右前后支同时有癌栓者２例。行左肝叶切除后，自门静脉左支残端清除癌栓较为方便。术后半年、１年和２年生存率分别为９５．４５％，４７．０５％和２０％。７     

放射性125I粒子植入治疗原发性肝细胞癌合并静脉癌栓

目的探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺放射性~(125)I粒子植入治疗原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)合并静脉癌栓的价值。方法回顾性分析10例原发性HCC合并静脉癌栓患者,其中8例合并门静脉癌栓,2例合并肝静脉癌栓。对静脉癌栓行~(125)I粒子植入治疗,术前通过放射治疗计划系统(TPS)制定治疗计划,术后进行剂量验证。随访评估癌栓治疗效果,计算术后6个月治疗有效率及疾病控制率,对患者进行生存分析,并观察放射性损伤及并发症情况。结果对所有患者均顺利完成粒子植入。随访期间未见癌栓复发,术后6个月治疗有效率为90.00%(9/10),疾病控制率达100%(10/10)。术后患者生存期为8～36个月,术后1年生存率为70.00%,术后2年生存率为40.00%。2例术中出现肝出血、2例术中出现肝区疼痛,2例术后轻度恶心、食欲下降,未发生急晚期放射性损伤及严重并发症。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺放射性~(125)I粒子植入可安全有效地治疗原发性HCC合并静脉癌栓。     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的临床病理分级及意义

目的 评价肝细胞癌（HCC）合并门静脉癌栓（PVTT）临床病理分型在外科治疗HCC合并PVTT中的意义和价值。方法 42例HCC合并PVTT病人，按门静脉主干及其一级分支受累情况、以及有无肝外淋巴结转移将PVTT分为Ⅴ级：Ⅰ级为门静脉一级分支，即门静脉左或右干（LPV、RPV）有瘤栓；Ⅱ级LPV或RPV加门静脉主干（TPV）被侵犯；Ⅲ级LPV、RPV和TPV均受累；Ⅳ级为Ⅲ级加脾静脉或肠系膜上静脉被累及；Ⅴ级为Ⅰ～Ⅳ任何级加肝外组织或淋巴结转移。外科治疗包括肝叶切除加癌栓清除（33例）、门静脉主干切开取栓（9例）等。病理上对30例癌栓行组织学分型，并对其影像学、大体解剖特征和临床经过进行对比分析。结果 癌栓分级Ⅰ到Ⅴ级的例数分别为14、12、11、2和3例，术后中位存活时间分别是28、17．5、7、6、6个月。30例PVTT病理分型增殖型50％、坏死型36．7％、机化型13．3％。4例机化型癌栓手术无法彻底清除，预后不良。结论 本项研究的结果提示：（1）HCC合并PVTT临床病理分型有助于判断预后，Ⅲ级以上病人预后不良，尤其是机化型PVYY。（2）合理选择外科治疗方法，Ⅰ、Ⅱ级宜外科手术，Ⅲ级合并急性上消化道大出血者，可行主干切开取栓术。其余应以综合治疗为主，一般不宜手术治疗。此外，机化型PVTT、在Ⅱ级以上不宜切除治疗。（3）PVTT的外科治疗要强调无瘤原则，尽量避免癌栓术中扩散。     

肝细胞癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗

目的 探讨肝细胞癌(简称肝癌)合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗方法。方法 采用肝切除 腔静脉取栓治疗4例肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,取栓方法包括经荷栓肝静脉取栓(1例)和下腔静脉切开取栓(3例),后者又分在全肝血流阻断下取栓(2例)和在萨氏钳局部血管阻断下取栓(1例)。结果 4例肝癌及下腔静脉癌栓均得到成功切除,术中无明显并发症发生;术后除l例发生中等量胸水外,无其他并发症发生;随访中3例已死亡,分别生存30、10和14个月;1例尚存活,已生存7个月。结论 肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的手术治疗安全可行,其基本术式为肝切除 下腔静脉切开取栓。     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的治疗仍是医学难题,一直被视为手术禁忌证.患者主要接受非手术治疗或放弃治疗,其生存率较低.近年来随着医学的进步,手术治疗肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的成功率逐年增高.201 1年5月哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院为1例肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者行肝脏Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段切除＋下腔静脉癌栓取出术.术前CT检查示肝Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ段占位性病变,下腔静脉内癌栓充盈,三维重建测算左半肝体积489 cm^3,低于最小存活肝脏体积.为了最大限度保留剩余肝脏,拟行保留肝Ⅵ段的右半肝切除术,于全肝血流阻断下腔静脉癌栓取出术.患者术后恢复良好,术后18个月复查未见明显复发转移症状.     

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的外科治疗方式选择

目的探讨原发性肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(TTPV)的外科治疗方式选择。方法对1990年1月至2003年1月期间收治的138例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料进行分析和总结。结果37例行保守姑息治疗患者1至8个月内死亡,平均生存时间3．9个月。101例患者行手术治疗,其中23例行单纯肝癌切除术,平均生存时问10．9个月;78例采取各种手术方式行肝癌切除加门静脉癌栓取栓术,平均生存时间26．8个月。其中52例术后采用了肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗,其1、3、5年生存率为96．2％、51．9％、11．5％,26例未行插管化疗,1、3、5年生存率为76．9％、23．1％、0％。结论手术治疗比保守治疗能相对延长肝癌合并门静脉癌栓患者的生存时间;手术在切除肝癌的同时应尽量使用各种方式取出门静脉癌栓;术后使用肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗可有效提高治疗效果。     

腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓

目的探讨腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓的临床经验和文献分析。 方法女性患者,61岁,临床诊断：右肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓。术前全面评估手术风险,组织多学科会诊为患者制定详尽的围手术期治疗与护理方案,拟行腹腔镜下右侧肾癌根治性切除+高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓取出+腹膜后淋巴结清扫术。术后医护密切配合严密观察患者病情变化,进行围手术期观察处理与护理。 结果手术顺利完成,手术时间390 min,无中转开放手术。术中完全游离右侧和左侧肾静脉、肝后下腔静脉直达第二肝门水平远端,近右肾静脉处下腔静脉内侧壁剪开静脉壁,癌栓下部小灶性侵犯静脉壁,切除部分腔静脉壁完整取出癌栓,恢复左侧肾静脉、腔静脉血流回流无障碍。术后病理提示符合透明细胞癌,癌组织侵犯肾窦脂肪,腹膜后淋巴结（-）。术后随访6个月未见肿瘤复发。 结论腹腔镜下微创手术治疗肾癌合并高位肝后下腔静脉癌栓安全可行,多学科协助模式为疑难复杂病例提供了一种新的选择,值得临床进一步推广。     

Thrombectomy before hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with a tumor thrombus extending to the inferior vena cava

Tumor thrombi of hepatocellular carcinoma occasionally invade into the inferior vena cava (IVC) through the hepatic vein. Once the tumor thrombus is dislodged, severe and lethal complications, such as pulmonary infarction, can develop. We successfully operated on a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient with a tumor thrombus extending to the IVC through the right hepatic vein. To avoid dislodging the thrombus during surgery, a thrombectomy using selective hepatic vascular exclusion was performed before a hepatic resection, which is the most dangerous procedure to dislodge the thrombus.     

Surgical intervention for patients with stage IV-A hepatocellular carcinoma without lymph node metastasis: proposal as a standard therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of surgical treatments for patients with stage IV-A hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without lymph node metastasis. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Nonsurgical therapy for highly advanced HCC patients has yielded poor long-term survival. Surgical intervention has been initiated in an effort to improve survival. METHODS: The outcome of 150 patients who underwent hepatic resection was studied. Survival analysis was made by stratifying stage IV-A HCC patients into two groups-those with and those without involvement of a major branch of the portal or hepatic veins. Those with involvement were further divided into subgroups according to major vascular invasions. RESULTS: Patients who had multiple tumors in more than one lobe without vascular invasion had a significantly better 5-year survival rate (20%) than those with vascular invasion (8%) (p < 0.01). The survival rate of patients with hepatic vein tumor thrombi (10%) was better than the rate for those with tumor thrombi in the inferior vena cava (0%), in whom no patients survived more than 2 years, although the survival rate for those with portal vein tumor thrombi in the first branch (11%) was no different from the rate for that in the portal trunk (4%). The operative mortality decreased from 14.3% in the first 6 years to 1.4% in the following 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical intervention for stage IV-A HCC patients brought longer survival rates for some patients. We recommend surgical intervention as an effective therapeutic modality for patients with advanced HCC.     

肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的多学科联合治疗

目的 探讨肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓多学科联合治疗的临床意义.方法 经B超和CT检查诊断为右肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓的患者2例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级各1例.全麻下取腹部人字形切口.泌尿外科行右肾切除;肝胆外科游离腔静脉至第二肝门,于癌栓上下阻断腔静脉和周围分支静脉;血管外科切开腔静脉完整取出癌栓,缝合腔静脉.例2患者腔静脉癌栓距右心房2-3cm,肿瘤侵及腔静脉血管壁及血管内膜,术中建立左股静脉-右心房转流,心肺转流241 min,阻断主动脉18 min,行自体血液回输、腔静脉置换及第二肝门肝静脉-人工血管吻合.分析手术适应证、手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间等.结果 2例均成功行根治性右肾切除术,完整取出癌栓.2例分别于术后15、27 d出院.分别随访1、16个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移.结论 对于没有淋巴结侵犯和远处转移的肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓患者,应积极行根治性肾切除术及癌栓取出术,多学科联合协作可缩短手术时间、降低手术风险、减少肿瘤复发、提高患者生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and the clinical significance of multidisciplinary treatment. Methods Two cases of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and CT were included in this retrospective analysis. The tumor thrombus was in level Ⅱ in one case and in level Ⅳ in the other. Coagulation test and complete blood count were done again before surgery. Human albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin complex, plasma, platelet, UW and irrigating solution were prepared before the operation.Under general anesthesia, surgery was performed using abdomen inverted Y shaped incision. Right radical nephrectomy was finished by the urological surgeon; the vena cava was completely dissected from the renal vein level to the secondary porta of the liver by the hepatobiliary surgeon, the vena cava and the surrounding branch vein were blocked in the upper and lower vena cava tumor thrombus; tumor thrombus was removed completely by the vascular surgeon. In one case (patient with level Ⅳ thrombus ) where the tumour thrombus invaded the wall of the vena cava, the thrombus was found to be extending to the cavo-atrial junction but not into the right atrium. The left femoral venous-right atrial bypass was established, the cardiopulmonary bypass lasted for 241 mia, and the aorta was blocked for 18 min. Salvage autotransfusion was used during surgery, and the hepatic vein of the secondary liver porta was anastomosed to artificial vascular graft.The data for surgical indication, operation time, operative blood loss and postoperative hospital stay were analyzed. Results Right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy were performed successfully, and the two patients were discharged on the 15th and 27th day after surgery, respectively. The two patients were followed up for 1 and 16 months after surgery, respectively, and both survived without local recurrence and distant metastasis. Conclusion Radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy is the preferred method for patients without metastasis, and multidisciplinary cooperation could shorten the operation time, reduce the tumor recurrence and increase the survival rate of patients.     

合并下腔静脉癌栓原发性肝癌的手术治疗及其价值

目的探讨合并下腔静脉癌栓原发性肝癌的手术治疗方法及其价值。方法自2000年11月～2004年12月我科采用全肝血流阻断技术,实施10例肝癌及下腔静脉、肝静脉内癌栓切除手术。其中肝血流阻断手术方法包括有：1、Pringle’s手法＋肝上下腔静脉侧壁肝静脉阻断（2例）;2．Pringle’s手法＋肝上肝下下腔静脉联合阻断（7例）;3．Pringle’s手法＋经膈下胸纵隔内下腔静脉阻断＋肝下IVC阻断（1例）。并对其疗效进行观察。结果10例手术均获成功。9例患者术后半年内复发,1例至今术后3月未见复发。全组病人中位生存期6个月。结论采用全肝血流阻断技术下,实施肝癌及下腔静脉、肝静脉内癌栓切除手术,技术安全可行,然而如何加强防止手术后复发是将来研究重点。     

Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus: report of 19 cases

BACKGROUND: Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumor thrombus in the main portal vein (MPV), inferior vena cava (IVC), or extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) treated by conventional therapies has been considered poor. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy after surgical resection as an adjuvant therapy or as a treatment for intrahepatic recurrence of HCC with tumor thrombus in MPV, IVC, or EBD. METHODS: Nineteen patients with HCC and tumor thrombus in the MPV, IVC, or EBD who underwent hepatectomy with thrombectomy were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The overall 3-year survival rate was 48.5%. Two patients with postoperative residual tumor thrombus died within 6 months owing to rapid progression of the residual tumor thrombus. Five patients survived more than 5 years after their operations. Tumors disappeared completely in 3 patients after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with a combination of cisplatinum and 5-fluorouracil, and the longest survival period was 17 years and 11 months in a patient with EBD thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: If hepatic reserve is satisfactory, an aggressive surgical approach combined with chemotherapy seems to be of benefit for patients having HCC with tumor thrombus in the MPV, IVC, or EBD.     

Strategy for hepatoblastoma with major vascular involvement: A guide for surgical decision-making

BackgroundSurgical management of tumor thrombus extending to the major vascular system for children with hepatoblastoma is challenging and insufficiently discussed.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of hepatoblastoma with tumor thrombus extending to the major vascular system (inferior vena cava, 3 hepatic veins, and portal vein trunk) treated at our center between May 2010 and June 2021. We describe our preoperative assessment, surgical strategies, and outcomes.ResultsWe identified 9 patients (median age at the diagnosis: 3.4 years). All patients received chemotherapy before liver surgery. At the time of the diagnosis, tumor thrombus extended to the portal vein trunk (n = 6), inferior vena cava (n = 3), and 3 hepatic veins (n = 2). Among the 9 patients, 4 underwent liver resection. Liver transplantation was performed in 5 patients. The inferior vena cava wall was circumferentially resected for tumor removal in 1 patient and partially resected in 2 patients. One patient underwent liver transplantation using veno-venous bypass. Patients with tumor thrombus extending to the portal vein trunk were more likely to be managed by liver transplantation in comparison to those with tumor thrombus spreading to the inferior vena cava. The median follow-up period was 5.5 years. One patient underwent transhepatic balloon dilatation for biliary stricture after liver resection. Tumor recurrence was seen in 3 patients (33.3%; lung, n = 2; lymph node and liver, n = 1). No patients died during the follow-up period.ConclusionSurgical intervention for pediatric hepatoblastoma with tumor thrombus extending into the major vascular system is safe, feasible, and achieves excellent outcomes.     

Suprarenal vena caval occlusion. Principles of operative management.

Retrohepatic occlusion of the inferior vena cava caused by tumor complicates complete resection and not infrequently is associated with life-threatening symptoms that accelerate the lethality of the underlying malignant process. This report summarizes our experience with caval thrombectomy and reconstruction that allowed complete removal of all gross tumor in seven patients with malignant occlusion of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava. Included in this group are five patients with renal cell carcinoma and extension of tumor into the retrohepatic vena cava. Three of these patients had extension of tumor thrombus into the right atrium. A sixth patient had recurrent right adrenal cortical carcinoma with tumor invasion of the vena cava and occlusion to the right atrium. Associated hepatic vein occlusion and secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome also was successfully managed in this patient. The final patient with occlusion of the entire suprarenal vena cava required caval reconstruction after resection of a primary leiomyosarcoma of the retrohepatic portion of the vena cava. Careful planning of the operative procedure, adequate exposure, complete mobilization of the retrohepatic vena cava, and control of the hepatic venous effluent will allow patients with retrohepatic vena caval occlusions to be managed with safety and success.     

Treatment of colorectal liver metastasis with biliary and portal vein tumor thrombi by hepatopancreatoduodenectomy

We present a case of a large colorectal liver metastasis with portal vein and biliary tumor thrombi and duodenal and jejunal direct invasion that required hepatopancreatoduodenectomy. A 38-year-old woman presented to her local hospital with right back pain and jaundice. She had undergone transverse colectomy and limited liver resection for transverse colon cancer with a synchronous liver metastasis in September 1991, and low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma in January 1996. She was diagnosed as having colorectal liver metastasis and was referred to our hospital for possible surgery. Radiologic and endoscopic examinations revealed a large liver tumor occupying the right lobe, biliary dilation in the left lateral section, and a portal vein tumor thrombus. Invasion of the inferior vena cava and the right renal vein were also suspected. Intraoperative findings revealed a large liver tumor that occupied the right lobe and invaded the duodenum and jejunum. The tumor was resected successfully by right trisectionectomy, caudate lobectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, partial resection of the jejunum, and combined portal vein resection and reconstruction. The inferior vena cava, right kidney, and renal vein could be detached from the tumor. The patient has enjoyed an active life without recurrence for 2 years since the operation.