大鼠伏隔核神经元膜特性及乙醇对其影响

目的:观察伏隔核神经元的膜特性及致醉剂量的乙醇(44 mmol/L)对其影响.方法:在大鼠伏隔核脑片上,采用细胞内电流钳记录技术.结果:所观察到的神经元包括五种类型,神经元的静息膜电位(mV)为-79.1±2.4,输入阻抗(MΩ)为48.4±2.3,锋电位的幅度(mV)平均为98.5±4.1;致醉剂量的乙醇(44 mmol/L)对大部分伏隔核神经元的膜电位、输入阻抗及I/V曲线无明显影响.结论:在伏隔核内,存在多种膜特性类型的神经元;致醉剂量的乙醇对大鼠伏隔核神经元的膜特性无明显影响,说明乙醇对伏隔核神经元的抑制作用主要并不是通过影响膜特性来实现的.     

吗啡成瘾对大鼠伏隔核神经元自发放电的影响

目的 研究吗啡成瘾对大鼠伏隔核电生理的影响及静脉吗啡注射对吗啡成瘾大鼠伏隔核神经元自发放电的影响探讨伏隔核在吗啡成瘾过程中的作用.方法 通过连续14日递增腹腔吗啡注射,建立急性大鼠吗啡成瘾模型,通过玻璃微电极记录吗啡依赖大鼠伏隔核单细胞细胞外放电,观察吗啡成瘾及静脉注射吗啡对大鼠伏隔核神经元放电的影响.结果 与生理盐水组相比,吗啡依赖组大鼠伏隔核神经元单位自发放电的频率分布组间差异显著(P<0.05),放电形式无明显差异.吗啡依赖大鼠伏隔核神经元放电频率静脉注射吗啡前为14.40±4.92Hz,静脉注射吗啡后降为4.10±2.65Hz.结论 吗啡成瘾对大鼠伏隔核神经元自发放电有影响,吗啡可以显著抑制吗啡成瘾大鼠的伏隔核神经元放电,伏隔核在吗啡成瘾过程具有重要作用.     

神经性厌食症大鼠伏隔核神经元电活动及峰峰间期序列的分析

目的观察神经性厌食症大鼠模型伏隔核神经元的电活动并分析其峰峰间期。方法通过微阵列电极记录大鼠在神经性厌食症病理及正常生理状态下伏隔核神经元的自发放电活动。结果电生理记录显示模型组大鼠NAc神经元平均放电频率为6.89±2.67Hz,对照组大鼠NAc神经元平均放电频率为3.22±1.23Hz。(P=0.001)。模型组大鼠伏隔核神经元放电的峰峰间期散点图在200ms以下有密集分布。模型组伏隔核神经元放电峰峰间期直方图呈逐渐衰减的正偏态分布,对照组伏隔核神经元放电峰峰间期直方图呈对称分布。结论神经性厌食症模型大鼠伏隔核神经元较生理状态下放电频率明显增加,峰峰间期序列发生明显变化。     

神经性厌食症大鼠伏隔核神经元局部场电位分析

目的观察神经性厌食症大鼠模型伏隔核神经元的电活动并分析其局部场电位。方法实验动物分为运动诱发的厌食症(activity-based anorexia,ABA)大鼠模型组及对照组(各12只)。ABA模型的建立基础是模型大鼠不受限制的滚轮运动以及限制饮食(1h/d),通过这种限制饮食及过度活动,造成明显的体重下降,从而模拟AN的行为学特征。通过微阵列电极记录大鼠在神经性厌食症病理及正常生理状态下伏隔核神经元的局部场电位。结果电生理记录显示模型组大鼠NAc神经元平均放电频率为(6.89±2.67)Hz,对照组为(3.22±1.23)Hz。模型组大鼠伏隔核神经元放电的峰峰间期散点图在200ms以下有密集分布。模型组伏隔核神经元放电峰峰间期直方图呈逐渐衰减的正偏态分布,对照组伏隔核神经元放电峰峰间期直方图呈对称分布;回归映射分析结果显示病理状态下数据明显较生理状态下集中。功率谱密度分析显示模型组在10~20Hz范围内出现了能量高值成分。结论神经性厌食症模型大鼠伏隔核神经元较生理状态下放电频率明显增加,峰峰间期序列发生明显变化,局部场电位模式发生变化。     

甘丙肽在离体新生大鼠三叉神经主核神经元引发的两种不同膜电位和膜电流

运用细胞内记录和全细胞膜片钳技术 ,在 7～ 16d大鼠带三叉神经残根的 4 0 0 μm厚脑桥切片上进行研究。细胞内电流钳记录显示三叉神经主核灌流甘丙肽引发两种膜电位变化 :54.2 %细胞超极化 (3.2±1.2 )mV ;35.4 %细胞去极化 (2 .9± 1.3)mV ,两者均伴有兴奋性突触后电位抑制和膜电阻减小。电压钳实验显示甘丙肽也引致两种膜电流变化 :57.9%细胞出现外向性电流 (11.6± 6 .1)pA ,该电流可被四乙基胺所抑制 ,其反转电位为 (- 77.1± 5.3)mV ;2 7.3%细胞出现内向性电流 (10 .9± 5.9)pA ,该电流可被细胞外低钠所抑制而被细胞外高钾所增强 ,其反转电位为 (- 2 9.2± 4 .3)mV。两电流均可被甘丙肽激动剂M16所模拟 ,为甘丙肽阻断剂M35和M4 0所阻抑。上述结果提示 ,甘丙肽在突触后膜引发两种不同的膜电活动 :钾离子外流引发超极化和外向性电流 ;钠离子内流和钾离子外流引发去极化和内向性电流 ,两种反应均能抑制三叉神经主核神经元的突触传递。     

星形胶质细胞诱导成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞分化前后的电生理功能鉴定

目的 探讨骨髓基质细胞向神经元方向分化后是否具备神经元的电生理功能。方法 应用膜片钳技术,釆用全细胞记录方式.对由星形胶质细胞诱导的分化前、分化3d、分化7d的成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞进行电生理功能测定。结果分化前后的骨髓基质细胞未记录到内向Na~+电流,但成功记录到了静息膜电位,分別为:(-12.71±3.25)mV(n=7)、(-26.29±10.34)mV(n=7)、(-45.0±8.46)mV(n=6);刺激脉冲为40 mV时三组的外向延迟整流K~+电流分別为:(0.31±0.17)nA(n=7)、(1.34±0.59)nA(n=8)、(1.99±0.97)nA(n=7);刺激脉冲为-40 mV时的内向整流K~+电流为:(79±58)pA(n=7)、(260±150)pA(n=8)、(420±120)pA(n=7),伴随着分化时间的逐渐延长,两种K~+电流及膜电位逐渐增高。结论(1)骨髓基质细胞表达弱的外向延迟整流K~+电流及内向整流K~+电流可能是其特征性的电生理指标。(2)骨髓基质细胞经过星形胶质细胞的诱导能够向功能性神经元方向分化。     

乙醇对颈上神经节神经元Ca2+通道的作用

目的 探讨乙醇对颈上交感神经节神经元(SCGs)电压依赖性Ca2+通道(VDCC)的作用.方法 分散、培养新生12h内大鼠SCGs,应用全细胞膜片钳技术观察乙醇对SCGs VDCC的作用.结果 培养SCGs的VDCC类型以N-型为主,约占(73.31±16.31)%(P＜0.01,n=7).在钳制电位-70 mV,刺激电压-70～40 mV,波宽100ms的条件下,乙醇可逆性抑制SCGs VDCC,该作用具电压依赖性及浓度依赖性,其IC50为(257.36±20.56)mmol/L.乙醇可使VDCC的失活曲线显著左移,但不改变其激活曲线及电流的衰减.结论 乙醇对SCGs VDCC呈抑制作用,且可改变其通道特性,这可能是乙醇神经毒性的机制之一.     

深部电刺激伏隔核对吗啡成瘾大鼠复吸后伏隔核内γ-氨基丁酸含量变化的影响

目的研究深部电刺激(deep brain stimulation,DBS)双侧伏隔核对吗啡成瘾大鼠复吸后伏隔核内γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric Acid,GABA)含量的影响。方法手术前使用条件性位置偏爱试验(conditionedplace preference,CPP)筛选无自然偏爱大鼠,随机分组后DBS组行电极植入术,术后10天采用固定剂量吗啡皮下注射(10mg.Kg-1)建立吗啡成瘾大鼠模型(使用CPP证实)。通过改进的DBS电路进行电刺激(频率130Hz,电流300uA,电压1V,1h.d-1),在不同的时间点使用CPP证实DBS组大鼠戒断成功后再皮下给予小剂量吗啡(3mg.Kg-1),24h后使用CPP验证吗啡成瘾大鼠复吸模型建立成功。CPP试验结束后于冰台上按大鼠脑立体定位图谱取伏隔核行高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定GABA含量。结果①皮下注射固定剂量吗啡能够使大鼠成瘾,DBS能够有效抑制吗啡复吸行为;②morphine+DBS组大鼠伏隔核内GABA含量与吗啡组,morphine+sham组差异明显。结论 DBS双侧伏隔核使吗啡成瘾大鼠复吸后伏隔核内GABA含量增加。     

母爱剥夺的成年大鼠伏隔核DNA甲基转移酶的表达

目的 探讨DNA甲基化是否参与调控伏隔核多巴胺受体2(DRD2)基因表达,探索DNA甲基转移酶(Dnmts)是否参与调控DRD2基因的表达.方法 采用随机数字表法对16只新生大鼠随机分为母爱剥夺组和对照组,每组8只.母爱剥夺组大鼠于授乳期每天接受6 h母爱剥夺,12周龄时采用实时定量聚合酶链反应检测伏隔核DRD2受体、DNA甲基转移酶mRNA表达水平.结果 母爱剥夺组大鼠脑内伏隔核DRD2 mRNA表达水平(1.25±0.06)低于对照组(1.15±0.07;t=2.83,P<0.05);母爱剥夺组大鼠和对照组大鼠脑内伏隔核DNA甲基转移酶1 mRNA表达水平分别为1.17±0.10和1.17±0.14(t=-0.14,P>0.05);DNA甲基转移酶3a mRNA表达水平分别为1.18±0.07和1.20±0.16(t=0.39,P>0.05);DNA甲基转移酶3b无法检测.结论 DNA甲基化可能不参与调控伏隔核DRD2基因的表达.     

毁损伏隔核、扣带回前部对海洛因成瘾大鼠觅药行为的影响

目的探讨伏隔核和扣带回前部在药物强化效应中的作用。方法分别毁损海洛因成瘾大鼠双侧伏隔核、扣带回前部,利用条件性地点偏好实验测定术前、术后成瘾大鼠对注射海洛因的偏好分,评价伏隔核和扣带回前部在药物强化效应的作用。结果毁损大鼠双侧伏隔核能够完全消除条件性地点偏好,毁损扣带回前部明显减少条件性地点偏好。术后未见明显副作用及并发症。结论伏隔核和扣带回是调节强化作用的重要位置;本实验为阐明药物依赖机制及指导临床药物依赖的治疗提供一定的参考。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。