神经节苷脂对不完全性脑缺血后海马CA1区NOS阳性神经元表达的影响

目的:探讨神经节苷脂(GM1)对不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时间后海马CA1区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响及对神经元的保护作用.方法:用双侧颈总动脉夹闭加放血的方法制成大鼠不完性脑缺血及再灌注模型,以还原尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学方法观察缺血及再灌注后海马CA1区NOS阳性神经细胞变化及GM1对其影响.结果:海马CA1区神经细胞受损,在缺血30 min时NOS阳性细胞数最高(44.5±7.4),为对照组的2倍,再灌注2 h,12 h,24 h,3 d后逐渐下降,5 d时恢复正常水平.而GM1能防止脑缺血及再灌注后神经细胞受损和NOS阳性神经细胞变化.结论:GM1对大鼠不完全性脑缺血及再灌注不同时间后海马CA1区NOS的表达有抑制作用,并对神经元具有保护作用.     

硫酸镁对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Bcl-2表达的影响及神经保护作用

目的探讨硫酸镁对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达的影响及脑保护作用。方法将32只大鼠随机分为缺血组(n=15)、硫酸镁组(n=15)和正常对照组(n=2)。采用改良的Pulsinelli法建立脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型;制模后分别给予缺血组和硫酸镁组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水(1.5 ml/d)及硫酸镁(90 mg/kg.d)。缺血再灌注第1、3、7 d分别观察各组大鼠海马CA1区病理学改变和Bcl-2的表达水平。结果正常对照组大鼠海马CA1区神经细胞数量多,排列整齐。缺血再灌注1 d时,缺血组及硫酸镁组大鼠海马CA1区神经元均未见明显死亡;3 d时,缺血组海马CA1区神经元可见少量死亡,残存神经细胞呈较严重缺血性改变,硫酸镁组海马CA1区神经元无明显死亡;7 d时,缺血组海马CA1区神经元大部分死亡,伴有小胶质细胞增生,硫酸镁组仅见部分神经元死亡。与缺血组相比,硫酸镁组神经元受损程度较轻,坏死区较小。硫酸镁组缺血再灌注各时间点大鼠Bcl-2阳性细胞较缺血组均明显增加(均P<0.05)。结论硫酸镁能上调脑组织Bcl-2的表达,对缺血再灌注大鼠的脑组织有明显的保护作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后海马区一氧化氮合酶活性的变化

目的 :观察鼠全脑缺血再灌流后海马区NOS活性的变化。方法 :采用大鼠 4血管关闭方法制作全脑缺血再灌流模型。实验动物分为假手术组、缺血 10min组、再灌注 1、2、3d组 ,测定脑缺血再灌流后海马区NOS活性的变化。结果 :全脑缺血再灌注后海马组织NOS活性被激活上调。结论 :NO可能参与了海马CA1区迟发性神经元死亡 (DND)的发生。     

神经生长因子对大鼠脑缺血再灌注海马神经细胞损伤的影响

目的 :观察神经生长因子 (NGF)对脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区神经细胞损伤的影响。方法 :采用大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型 ,在光镜和透射电镜下观察NGF治疗组和缺血再灌组动物脑缺血 3 0min再灌注 2 4h和 72h时海马组织学及超微结构的改变。结果 :在缺血 3 0min再灌注 2 4h和 72h时 ,NGF治疗组海马CA1区神经细胞的结构损伤与缺血再灌组比较显著减轻 ;NGF可以减轻海马迟发性神经细胞死亡 (DND)性损伤。结论 :NGF对缺血再灌注所致的神经细胞损伤可能具有一定的保护作用     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经元酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺-β-羟化酶表达的变化

目的　研究大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)和多巴胺 β 羟化酶 (DβH)表达的改变及意义。方法　利用改良四血管闭塞法 ,建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。于缺血再灌注后 1,3,5d断头取脑 ,行免疫组化染色 ,在光镜下观察海马CA1区神经元TH及DβH表达的变化 ,并计数海马CA1区正常神经元。结果　全脑缺血再灌注后 1d ,TH及DβH的表达呈阴性 ,海马CA1区神经元未见显著的病理形态学改变 ;全脑缺血再灌注后 3d ,TH及DβH呈阳性表达 ,海马CA1区可见部分神经元死亡 ;全脑缺血再灌注后 5d ,TH及DβH呈明显阳性表达 ,海马CA1区可见大部分神经元死亡。结论　全脑缺血再灌注后 ,由于TH及DβH异常表达 ,使得儿茶酚胺生物合成增加 ,这可能是短暂性脑缺血损伤的机理之一。     

大鼠前脑不全缺血再灌注后海马区β-淀粉样蛋白的表达

目的　观察大鼠不全性脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马区神经细胞死亡及β 淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ)的表达。方法　应用HE和免疫组化染色方法观察大鼠 2条血管闭塞致大脑不全性缺血再灌注后 6h及 2、3、7、14和 35d不同时间海马区神经细胞死亡和Aβ的表达。 结果　大鼠不全性脑缺血再灌注损伤 3d后 ,海马CA1区神经细胞发生迟发性死亡 ;再灌注 2d后 ,Aβ的表达开始增强 (A值为 0 0 82±0 0 11) ;再灌注 7d达到高峰 (A值为 0 175± 0 0 2 4) ,35d时消失 (A值为 0 0 12± 0 0 0 3)。结论　大鼠短暂性不全性脑缺血再灌注损伤后 ,海马CA1区神经细胞发生迟发性死亡 ,同时Aβ表达上调 ,提示Aβ可能在再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经细胞迟发性死亡过程中起重要作用。     

大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CAl区神经元酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺—β—经化酶表达的变化

目的 研究大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺—β—羟化酶(DβH)表达的改变及意义。方法 利用改良四血管闭塞法，建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。于缺血再灌注后1，3，5d断头取脑，行免疫组化染色，在光镜下观察海马CA1区神经元TH及DβH表达的变化，并计数海马CAl区正常神经元。结果 全脑缺血再灌注后1d，TH及DβH的表达呈阴性，海马CA1区神经元末见显著的病理形态学改变；全脑缺血再灌注后3d，TH及DβH呈阳性表达，海马CA1区可见部分神经元死亡；全脑缺血再灌注后5d，TH及DβH呈明显阳性表达，海马CA1区可见大部分神经元死亡。结论 全脑缺血再灌注后，由于TH及DβH异常表达，使得儿茶酚胺生物合成增加，这可能是短暂性脑缺血损伤的机理之一。     

亚低温对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区c-Jun蛋白表达的影响

目的研究亚低温对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤后海马CA1区神经元的保护作用,并探讨其可能的机制。方法采用四血管阻断法建立大鼠全脑缺血模型。SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组(SH组)、常温组(IR组)和亚低温组(HIR组)。各组在全脑缺血15min后分别再灌注6h、12h、1d、3d,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察各时间点海马CA1区细胞形态学变化和TUNEL法检测海马CA1区神经元凋亡,免疫印迹检测c-Jun蛋白表达。结果(1)HE染色结果 IR组和HIR组于全脑缺血再灌注后6h,HE染色未见明显改变,IR组缺血再灌注1d时CA1区出现严重改变,3d时损伤最严重,出现细胞数目减少,细胞胞体缩小、胞核固缩深染,损伤严重,排列紊乱,核膜不清,核仁消失。而HIR组海马存活的锥体细胞数较之IR组12h、1d、3d时间点均明显增加(P<0.05)。(2)TUNEL标记IR组于缺血再灌注后6h在海马CA1区阳性细胞开始增多,缺血再灌注1 d时阳性细胞数最多。而HIR组各时间点阳性细胞数均较IR组明显减少(P<0.01)。(3)免疫印迹结果全脑缺血再灌注后6h c-Jun蛋白在IR组海马CA1区表达开始增加,12h达高峰,持续到3d;HIR组在各时间点的表达均弱于IR组(P<0.01)。结论亚低温通过减少海马CA1区c-Jun的表达,抑制海马CA1区神经元的凋亡,可能是亚低温脑保护作用的机制之一。     

高血压大鼠全脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞DNA损伤修复的研究

目的 从DNA损伤和修复的角度探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经元凋亡的机制.方法 运用双肾双夹法建立肾血管性高血压大鼠模型,采用四血管法制备高血压大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型,免疫组化法检测再灌注过程中鼠脑DNA损伤修复,蛋白XRCC1、TUNEL法检测凋亡.结果 与假手术组相比,脑缺血再灌注3h在缺血区皮质和海马CA1区XRCC1表达出现显著减低,这种减低一直持续到缺血再灌注24h(P＜0.05);再灌注24h缺血区皮质和海马CA1区神经细胞发生了凋亡,神经细胞XRCC1的表达强度与凋亡呈负相关.结论 脑缺血再灌注早期神经细胞XRCC1表达的减少可能导致机体对此时出现的DNA单链断裂修复的能力下降,造成了再灌注后期发生了凋亡.     

全脑缺血后海马区单胺类神经递质的变化

目的观察全脑缺血后大鼠海马区单胺类神经递质的变化规律,探讨其在缺血后迟发性神经元死亡中的作用。方法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型,观察全脑缺血再灌注后酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)、多巴胺-β-羟化酶(DβH)的表达并对海马区去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素、多巴胺、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和单胺类神经递质代谢产物高香草酸(HVA)、5-羟吲哚乙酸(5-H IAA)的含量进行测定。结果对照组TH及DβH呈阴性表达。全脑缺血再灌注后1 d,3 d缺血组海马CA1区神经元TH及DβH表达阴性。5 d后神经元TH及DβH呈阳性表达;全脑缺血再灌注后6 h,缺血组海马区单胺类神经递质含量显著上升,NE、肾上腺素、多巴胺及5-HT分别为对照组的232.5%、347.3%、336.1%和210.1%,1 d后开始回落,3 d已明显低于对照组,5 d后又有回升并接近对照组;缺血组,海马区单胺类神经递质的代谢产物HVA、5-H IAA含量于全脑缺血再灌注后6 h开始上升,1 d依然保持较高的水平,至3 d回落,5 d接近对照组。结论全脑缺血再灌注后早期海马区单胺类神经递质含量显著上升;单胺类神经递质含量显著上升可能是导致迟发性神经元死亡的主要因素之一。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。