快速老化小鼠海马神经元电压门控离子通道特点

目的:观察快速老化小鼠(Senescence-accelerated mouse,SAM)海马神经元的基本离子通道特点,并对抗快速老化亚系(SAM-resistance/1,SAMR1)与快速老化亚系(SAM-prone/8,SAMP8)的基本离子通道特点进行了比较,探讨离子通道变化在衰老中的可能角色.方法:应用全细胞记录方式,观察并比较原代培养SAMR1和SAMP8海马神经元的电压门控离子通道及膜参数.结果:原代培养SAMR1和SAMP8海马神经元电压门控Na+通道电流(INa)和电压门控延迟整流K+通道电流(Ik)的电学特点和幅度基本一致.SAMP8的电压门控Ca2+通道电流(ICa)和瞬时外向K+通道电流(IA)的幅值则大于相同培养天数的SAMR1.经膜电容校正所得的ICa电流密度也表现出增大的变化规律.结论:SAMP8与SAMR1神经元间IA和ICa的差异可能与其神经系统变异而产生的学习记忆功能下降有关.     

第三讲 电压门控离子通道

在所有可兴奋细胞的细胞膜上都有许多蛋白通道。这些通道打开时 ,允许各种离子通过。其中 ,有些通道的打开由跨膜电压控制 ,称为电压门控离子通道。它们的特点是对某一种离子有特别高的通透性 ,根据离子通透的选择性可鉴别与区分离子通道。神经细胞中第一个被识别的电压门控离子通道是钠通道 (VDSC)和钾通道 (VDKC) ,它们决定着膜动作电位的变化。 Alan Hidgkin和 Andrew Huxley应用电压钳 (Voltageclamping)并结合药理学技术在枪鸟贼轴突上首先研究了钠通道和钾通道 ,证明动作电位由早期流入细胞的钠电流和晚期流出的钾电流组成。钠…     

Ⅰ型电压门控钠离子通道蛋白在大鼠海马区不同类型神经元上的表达差异

目的 研究Ⅰ型电压门控钠离子通道(Nay1.1)蛋白在大鼠海马区不同类型神经元上的表达情况.方法 采用成年SD大鼠脑组织切片.通过免疫组织化学方法和荧光标记激光共聚焦显微镜法观察比较海马区不同类型神经元上Nay1.1蛋向的表达.结果 在SD大鼠的海马中,Nay1.1蛋白在各区的锥体神经元和齿状回的颗粒细胞胞体上的表达均很微弱.而散在分布的中间神经元上则有很强的阳性表达.结论 SD大鼠海马区散在分布的中间神经元上Nav1.1蛋白的表达较强,而投射神经元CA1-4各区的锥体神经元和齿状回的颗粒细胞则表达微弱:推测不同类型的神经元上可能存在不同亚型的钠离子通道优势分布.     

β淀粉样肽25-35对原代培养的海马神经元电压门控钙通道电流的影响

目的 探讨β淀粉样肽25-35(Aβ25-35)对海马神经元电压门控的钙通道电流(VGCC)的作用.方法 应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录海马神经元上的VGCC,通过设定不同的钳制电压分别记录高电压激活的钙电流(HVA-ICa)和低电压激活的钙电流(LVA-ICa),并观察Aβ25-35对其的影响.结果 分别对原代培养的海马神经元急性胞外给予2μmol/L和10 μmol/L的凝聚态Aβ25-35,在最大激活电压下加药后ICa幅度分别是加药前的99.80%±0.02%及100.00%±1.58%,差异没有统计学意义.10 μmol/L凝聚态Aβ25-35预孵育24 h可增大ICa,对照组(未给Aβ25-35)为(24.49±4.35)pA/pF,Aβ25-35组(预孵育24 h)为(46.59±7.15)pA/pF,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);但Aβ25-35组的膜电容[(14.34±1.74)pF]与对照组[(14.44±0.97)pF]相比差异没有统计学意义.结论 急性给予凝聚态Aβ25-35对VGCC没有影响,24 h预孵育凝聚态Aβ25-35增大了VGCC,而膜电容没有改变,提示凝聚态Aβ25-35可通过对细胞膜上钙通道进行分子调控以增大VGCC.     

快速老化与正常老化小鼠脑内神经干细胞增殖的差异**

背景：在老化过程中,脑内环境改变可引起脑内神经干细胞增殖能力改变。脑内神经干细胞与衰老和退行性神经病变疾病密切相关,增殖能力与年龄存在负相关,但以快速老化小鼠为衰老模型的相关研究未见报道。目的：比较快速老化与正常老化小鼠嗅球、海马、皮质神经干细胞增殖的差异。方法：分别取6只快速老化小鼠(SAMP8)和6只正常老化小鼠(SAMR1)的嗅球、海马、皮质组织,在固定、冰冻切片后,运用Ki-67/Nestin免疫荧光双标检测3个脑区的神经干细胞增殖情况。免疫荧光双标在荧光显微镜下通过Leica Qwin v3采图,在40倍物镜和10倍目镜下采图,每一张切片随机选取5 个相邻视野,通过Image-pro-Plus软件完成图像分析。结果与结论：正常老化小鼠和快速老化小鼠均有神经干细胞增殖现象,但二者存在差异,其差异主要表现在海马和嗅球两个脑区(P < 0.05)。提示快速老化可能会导致海马、嗅球神经干细胞增殖能力降低。     

经鼻滴入海人藻酸引起C57BL/6小鼠嗅球和海马区神经元的退行性病变

目的 应用海人藻酸(KA)在C57BL／6小鼠建立神经退行性病变动物模型并观察其对嗅球神经元的影响。方法 经鼻滴人KA应用尼氏和嗜银染色观察海马及嗅球的病理变化，免疫组化检测Cyclooxygenase2(COX-2)的表达。结果 经鼻滴入KA成功地在C57BL／6小鼠建立了神经退行性病变动物模型，KA通过嗅神经引起双侧嗅球和海马损伤，其病变程度与小鼠体重和滴入KA剂量有关，同时KA引起了脑内明显的胶质细胞增生和炎症因子COX-2在嗅球部的表达。结论 经鼻滴入KA能够引起嗅球和海马的损伤。     

快速老化痴呆模型小鼠SAMP8学习记忆能力的增龄性变化

目的对快速老化痴呆模型小鼠SAMP8学习记忆能力的增龄性变化进行较系统的研究,为利用该模型进行其他研究提供实验依据。方法此实验选用1、4、8、12月龄的快速老化痴呆模型小鼠SAMP8,与同龄的正常老化小鼠SAMR1作对照,从老化度评分、避暗实验、Morris水迷宫实验和自主活动实验等方面观察了SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力的增龄性变化。结果与对照组SAMR1相比,SAMP8小鼠随月龄增加老化度评分呈增高趋势,在8、12月龄的老化度评分值显著高于同龄对照组(P<0.05);避暗实验中,8、12月龄的SAMP8小鼠在电击24h后进入暗箱的潜伏期比同龄SAMR1小鼠显著缩短(P<0.05);Morris水迷宫实验中,1、4月龄SAMP8小鼠找到暗台的潜伏时间与同龄SAMR1小鼠相比差异无显著性,而8、12月龄SAMP8小鼠与同龄对照组相比,潜伏时间显著延长(P<0.05);从自主活动实验看,1、4、8月龄SAMP8小鼠单位时间内自主活动次数与同龄SAMR1小鼠相比无显著变化,而12月龄SAMP8小鼠与同龄对照组相比单位时间内自主活动次数显著减少(P<0.05)。结论SAMP8小鼠随月龄增长学习记忆能力逐渐减退;与同龄对照组相比,8、12月龄SAMP8小鼠出现明显衰老特征,表现出学习记忆能力明显低下,故可作为老化痴呆的动物模型用于痴呆有关研究。     

美金刚联合丰富环境治疗对快速老化小鼠学习记忆能力及精神行为的影响

目的 探讨美金刚联合丰富环境治疗对快速老化小鼠(SAMP8)学习记忆能力及精神行为的影响.方法 40只6月龄SAMP8随机分为未治疗对照组(对照组)、丰富环境治疗组(丰富环境组)、美金刚治疗组(美金刚组)、美金刚联合丰富环境治疗组(联合治疗组),每组10只.各组给予相应治疗8周后,采用Morris水迷宫试验、自主活动观察及高架十字迷宫试验对小鼠的学习记忆水平及精神行为能力进行测试.结果 (1)Morris水迷宫定位航行试验:丰富环境组、美金刚组及联合治疗组小鼠潜伏期均较对照组明显缩短(均P＜0.01),且联合治疗组平均潜伏期较丰富环境组和美金刚组(美金刚组除第4 d以外)明显缩短(均P＜0.05);Morris水迷宫空间探索试验:美金刚组和联合治疗组小鼠穿越原平台所在位置的次数较对照组均明显增多(P＜0.01);联合治疗组较丰富环境组明显增多(P＜0.05).(2)自主活动观察:丰富环境组、美金刚组和联合治疗组小鼠的自主活动次数较对照组明显增多(均P＜0.01);联合治疗组小鼠的自主活动次数较丰富环境组和美金刚组明显增多(均P＜0.01).(3)高架十字迷宫试验:丰富环境组、美金刚组和联合治疗组小鼠在开放臂停留的时间百分比较对照组明显增加(均P＜0.01);联合治疗组较丰富环境组和美金刚组明显增加(均P＜0.01).结论 美金刚和丰富环境均能提高SAMP8的学习记忆能力及缓解其焦虑抑郁情绪,当两者联合后这些作用更明显.     

快速老化模型小鼠学习记忆行为及有关脑区单胺递质水平的增龄性变化

目的 研究快速老化模型小鼠(senescence accelerated mice，SAM)学习记忆能力及其大脑皮层、海马和下丘脑单胺递质含量的增龄性变化及它们之间的关系。方法 分别采用跳台实验和穿梭箱实验测定SAM的被动和主动回避反应能力，采用高效液相色谱电化学检测法测定脑内单胺递质的含量。结果 2月龄快速老化亚系SAM-prone/8(SAMP8)的被动和主动回避反应能力已较同龄抗快速老化亚系SAM-resistance／1(SAMR1)明显降低，且其主动回避反应能力随增龄进一步降低。同时，SAMP8大脑皮层、海马及下丘脑内单胺递质水平多明显高于同龄SAMR1，且随增龄明显增高。结论 SAMP8学习记忆能力的衰退可能与其相关脑区单胺递质的变化密切相关。     

8-oxo-G在快速老化小鼠SAMP8海马中表达的增龄性变化研究

目的观察8-氧鸟嘌呤核苷(8-oxo-G)在SAMP8品系快速老化小鼠海马不同区域的表达,以探讨其与SAMP8小鼠增龄性变化的关系。方法选用1、4、8、12月龄的快速老化小鼠SAMP8以及同龄抗快速老化小鼠SAMR1(对照组),每组各6只,采用免疫组化方法检测小鼠海马不同区域8-oxo-G的表达。结果8-oxo-G主要在SAM小鼠海马神经元胞浆内表达。对照组SAMR1 1月龄小鼠海马CA1和CA3区8-oxo-G表达显著高于其他月龄组(P<0.05),4、8、12月龄小鼠间其表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);SAMP8 12月龄小鼠海马8-oxo-G的表达显著高于1、4、8月龄组(P<0.05);SAMP8和SAMR1小鼠之间比较,1、4月龄间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),8、12月龄间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论SAMP8小鼠海马8-oxo-G的表达除1月龄外随月龄增加而增加,提示8-oxo-G的表达增加与SAMP8小鼠的快速老化相关,有可能为增龄,甚至AD的生物学标志。     

Transient forebrain ischemia induces persistent hyperactivity of large conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels via oxidation modulation in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons

The present study examined temporal changes in activity of large conductance, Ca2+-activated potassium (BKCa) channels in postischemic CA1 pyramidal neurons at 2, 6, 24 and 48 h after reperfusion. These changes in activity and possible cellular mechanisms were examined using the inside--out configuration of patch clamp. The unitary conductance of postischemic BKCa channels increased transiently to 119% of the control at 2 h after reperfusion, and recovered to the control level thereafter. A persistent increase in [Ca2+]i sensitivity of BKCa channels was observed in postischemic CA1 neurons with the maximal sensitivity to [Ca2+]i at 6 h after reperfusion while channel voltage- dependence showed no obvious changes. Kinetic analyses showed that the postischemic enhancement of BKCa channel activity was due to longer open times and shorter closed times as there was no significant changes in opening frequency after ischemia. Glutathione disulphide markedly increased BKCa channel activity in normal CA1 neurons, while reducing glutathione caused a decrease in BKCa channel activity by reducing the sensitivity of this channel to [Ca2+]i in postischemic CA1 neurons. Similar modulatory effects on postischemic BKCa channels were also observed with another redox couple, DTNB and DTT, suggesting an oxidation modulation of BKCa channel function after ischemia. The present results indicate that a persistent enhancement in activity of BKCa channels, probably via oxidation of channels, in postischemic CA1 pyramidal neurons may account for the decrease in neuronal excitability and increase in fAHP after ischemia. The ischemia-induced augmentation in BKCa channel activity may be also associated with the postischemic neuronal injury.     

缺氧对大鼠大脑皮层神经元钙激活性钾通道的影响

目的　研究缺氧对大鼠大脑皮层神经元钙激活性钾 (Kca)通道的影响 ,以揭示神经元抗缺血损伤的电生理机制。方法　在不同缺氧条件下 ,应用膜片钳技术记录大脑皮层神经元上Kca通道电流活动。电流信号经放大、滤波及A/D、D/A转换后输入微机进行采样和储存。实验数据应用PClamp(6 .0 .2 )软件进行分析处理。结果　缺氧对通道的开放概率 (Po)及平均开放时间 (To)有明显影响 ,在缺氧实验早期通道Po明显增加 ,其中 10 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组其增加程度大于 2 0 μmol·L-1和 30 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组 (P <0 .0 5 )。而在缺氧实验后期通道Po和To明显降低 ,其中 30 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组其降低程度大于 2 0 μmol·L-1和 10 μmol·L-1NaCN缺氧组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　缺氧早期大脑皮层神经元Kca通道激活 ,产生超极化电位 ,从而稳定细胞膜 ,降低细胞兴奋性 ,延缓缺氧除极的发生 ,这可能是神经元自身的一种代偿作用     

Vascular endothelial growth factor acutely reduces calcium influx via inhibition of the Ca2+ channels in rat hippocampal neurons

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protects neurons against ischemic injury. An overload of intracellular calcium ions (Ca(2+)) caused by the excessive release of glutamate is widely considered to be one of the molecular mechanisms of ischemic neuronal death. In the present study, we investigated whether VEGF could modulate the activity of Ca(2+) channels on the neuronal membrane. We used the Fluo-3 image method assisted by confocal laser scan microscopy to detect any Ca(2+) influx in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to record the activity of the high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) currents in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slices that were freshly prepared from neonatal brains of rats. The results obtained from the Fluo-3 image experiments showed that VEGF pretreatment of cultured neurons at a final concentration of 50, 100, or 200 ng/ml acutely and dose dependently attenuated the Ca(2+) influx induced by application of KCl (60 mM) or glutamate (50 microM). This effect was blocked by SU1498, an antagonist of Flk-1 VEGF receptor. The influx of Ca(2+) returned to basal levels after removal of VEGF. Furthermore, electrophysiological recording data showed that VEGF could acutely reduce the amplitudes of the HVA Ca(2+) currents in a dose- and voltage-dependent manner. The HVA Ca(2+) currents also returned to the levels of the control after removal of VEGF from the system. Taken together, the results obtained from the present study demonstrated that VEGF specifically reduced the influx of Ca(2+) via the inhibitory activity of the HVA Ca(2+) channels in hippocampal neurons.     

Deletion of the L‐type calcium channel CaV1.3 but not CaV1.2 results in a diminished sAHP in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons

Trains of action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons are followed by a prolonged calcium‐dependent postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that serves to limit further firing to a sustained depolarizing input. A reduction in the AHP accompanies acquisition of several types of learning and increases in the AHP are correlated with age‐related cognitive impairment. The AHP develops primarily as the result of activation of outward calcium‐activated potassium currents; however, the precise source of calcium for activation of the AHP remains unclear. There is substantial experimental evidence suggesting that calcium influx via voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels (L‐VGCCs) contributes to the generation of the AHP. Two L‐VGCC subtypes are predominately expressed in the hippocampus, Ca_V1.2 and Ca_V1.3; however, it is not known which L‐VGCC subtype is involved in generation of the AHP. This ambiguity is due in large part to the fact that at present there are no subunit‐specific agonists or antagonists. Therefore, using mice in which the gene encoding Ca_V1.2 or Ca_V1.3 was deleted, we sought to determine the impact of alterations in levels of these two L‐VCGG subtypes on neuronal excitability. No differences in any AHP measure were seen between neurons from Ca_V1.2 knockout mice and controls. However, the total area of the AHP was significantly smaller in neurons from Ca_V1.3 knockout mice as compared with neurons from wild‐type controls. A significant reduction in the amplitude of the AHP was also seen at the 1 s time point in neurons from Ca_V1.3 knockout mice as compared with those from controls. Reductions in both the area and 1 s amplitude suggest the involvement of calcium influx via Ca_V1.3 in the slow AHP (sAHP). Thus, the results of our study demonstrate that deletion of Ca_V1.3, but not Ca_V1.2, significantly impacts the generation of the sAHP. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Single inward rectifier channels in horizontal cells

The ion channels responsible for inward rectification in horizontal cells were studied using the patch clamp technique applied to isolated cells from goldfish retina. Inward currents recorded from these cells were identified as due to the opening of inward rectifier channels based on their ion selectivity, channel gating behavior, and the effects of external blocking ions. The single channel conductance was 20 pS in 125 mM external K+. The null current potential shifted with changes in the K+ concentration as expected for a channel permeable to K+, and the channel appeared to have little permeability to Na+. The probability of a channel being in an open state increased as the membrane was hyperpolarized from the K+ equilibrium potential (0 to -10 mV) over potentials ranging to -80 mV, in the presence of external Na+. The closing rate was insensitive to membrane potential in the presence of external Na+. The opening rate of the channel increased as the membrane was hyperpolarized. The increase in the probability of a channel being open at negative potentials was therefore caused by the voltage sensitivity of the rate of channel opening.     

皮质酮对大鼠背根神经节细胞钙电流的快速抑制作用

探讨了皮质酮 (Corticosterone)对急性分离的大鼠背根神经节细胞 (DRG神经元 )上电压依赖性钙通道电流的快速作用及作用机制。实验采用全细胞膜片钳方法 ,结果显示三种浓度的皮质酮 ,10 7mol/L ,10 9mol/L ,10 12 mol/L均可以在 3～ 5s的时间内 ,快速抑制DRG神经元上的电压敏感钙通道电流 ,其平均抑制的程度分别为4 8% ,37%和 2 5 %。且这种快速抑制作用在吹药 15s后可以达到最大 ,停药 2 0s后钙电流基本恢复为原来的大小。在外液中加入 5 0 0nmol/L的PKC抑制剂BIS之后 ,皮质酮的对钙电流的快速抑制作用被阻断 ,提示这一作用可能与PKC信号转导途径有关。