ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸和淋巴引流对大鼠肠道缺血再灌注损伤时远隔器官的保护作用

目的 研究大鼠肠道缺血再灌注损伤时ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸干预和肠淋巴引流对远隔组织器官的影响.方法 将48只健康雄性SPF级SD大鼠随机分为正常饮食、普通肠内营养(EN)、普通肠内营养加ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)三大组,每组又分为肠淋巴引流组(I/R+D)和非引流组(I/R)(各8只).所有大鼠均行胃造口手术,分别给予不同营养5 d后行肠系膜上动脉夹闭60 min再灌注120 min.引流组在肠道缺血再灌注同时,进行肠淋巴液引流180 min.检测大鼠血清ALT、肺脏中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)、一氧化氮(NO)、总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的变化,观察肝脏,肺脏损伤程度以及Toll样受体4(TLR4)的内源性配体高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)的表达.结果 PUFA I/R+D组和I/R组、EN I/R+D组血清ALT水平显著低于正常饮食I/R组,分别为(46±20)、(53±15)、(45±21)和(100±60)U/L(P＜0.05).肺脏MPO、NO、tNOS、iNOS在I/R+D组低于不引流I/R组(P＜0.05),分别为MPO(0.73±0.15)U/g湿片比(0.85±0.10)U/g湿片、NO(0.72±0.51)μmol/gprot比(1.79±1.32)μmol/gprot、tNOS(0.46±0.15)U/mgprot比(0.78±0.27)U/mgprot、iNOS(0.06±0.04)U/mgprot比(0.11±0.07)U/mgprot;PUFA I/R组tNOS显著低于正常饮食I/R组,分别为(0.56±0.13)和(0.78±0.27)U/mgprot(P＜0.05);PUFA组中MPO、NO、iNOS均小于EN和正常饮食组.HE染色以及免疫组化显示I/R组肺和肝组织均较I/R+D组损伤严重,I/R组细胞出现大量黄染,HMGB1的表达增加;PUFA组较另外两组损伤减轻,HMGB1的表达减少.结论 大鼠肠道缺血在灌注损伤时引流淋巴液能够减少HMGB1到达远隔器官组织从而减轻损伤,ω-3PUFA具有增加机体抗打击和促进恢复的能力.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the sheltering effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3PUFA)and lymphatic drainage on distant organs in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Forty-eight healthy Sprague-Dawley(SD)male rats(SPF grade)were randomly divided into 3 groups(16 rats in each group): normal diet group(N), enteral nutrition group(EN), enteral nutrition and ω-3PUFA group(PUFA group). Each group was divided into lymphatic drainage(I/R + D)group and no-drainage(I/R)group(n = 8). Each rats received gastrostomy. After given different nutrition for five days, the rats subjected to 60 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion injury of the superior mesenteric artery.When the rats subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, drained intestinal lymph for 180 min in the I/R + D group. The serum level of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and level of myeloperoxidase(MPO), nitric oxide(NO), total of nitric oxide synthase(tNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)of lung were detected. The organ injury of lung and liver and the expression of high mobility group box 1(HMGB1, the endogenous ligand of TLR4)in these organs were investigated too. Results The serum level of ALT in PUFA I/R + D and I/R group and EN I/R + D group were significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group:(46 ±20),(53 ± 15),(46 ±21)and(100 ±60)U/L(P ＜0. 05), respectively. The level of MPO, NO, tNOS, iNOS in lung in the I/R + D group were significantly lower than those in I/R group(P ＜0.05):MPO(0.73 ±0. 15):(0.85 ±0. 10)unit/grams wet slice; NO(0.72 ±0.51):(1.79 ± 1.32)μmol/gprot; tNOS(0.46 ±0. 15):(0.78 ±0.27)U/mgprot; iNOS(0.06 ±0.04):(0. 11 ±0.07)U/mgprot, respectively. The level of tNOS in PUFA I/R group was significantly lower than that in normal diet I/R group:(0. 56 ±0. 13):(0. 78 ±0. 27)U/mgprot(P ＜0. 05). MPO, NO, INOS levels in PUFA group were reduced compared with those in EN and normal diet group. HE stained sections and HMGB1 immunohistochemistry results showed that the organ injury in L/R group was severer than that in I/R + D group. The expression of HMGB1 increased in I/R group. The organ injury and the expression of HMGB1 in PUFA group were less than that in the other two main groups. Conclusions Lymphatic drainage can alleviate injury of distant organs after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in rats. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can increase body resistance to injury and promote recovery.     

线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道阻断剂对在体大鼠肺缺血后处理的作用及其机制

目的 探讨缺血后处理(IPO)对大鼠在体肺缺血-再灌注损伤(I/R)的保护作用及线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoKATP)在缺血后处理效应中的作用.方法 将Wistar大鼠35只随机分为5组:假手术组(Sham组)、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(IPO组)、缺血再灌注损伤+5-羟基葵酸盐组(I/R+5-HD组)、缺血后处理+5-羟基葵酸盐组(IPO+5-HD组).观察各组肺组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、湿/干比值(W/D)以及病理形态学改变.结果 I/R组与Sham组比较MDA含量增加[(5.07±1.60)nmol/mg prot比(1.43±0.41)nmol/mgprot,P＜0.01],SOD活性减低[(12.38±2.24)U/mg prot比(45.51±5.42)U/mg prot,P＜0.01],W/D比值增高(5.45±0.82比3.05±0.47,P＜0.01),肺组织形态及超微结构明显受损;IPO+5-HD组与IPO组比较MDA含量增加[(3.74±0.71)nmol/mg prot比(2.60±0.43)nmol/mg prot,P＜0.01],SOD活性减低[(22.91±2.71)U/mg prot比(28.74±2.03)U/mg prot,P＜0.01],W/D比值增高(4.64±0.79比3.89±0.60,P＜0.01),肺组织形态及超微结构明显受损;IPO组与I/R组比较,肺组织MDA含量减少[(2.60±0.43)nmol/mg prot比(5.07±1.60)nmol/mg prot,P＜0.01],SOD活性增高[(28.74±2.03)U/mg prot比(12.38±2.24)U/mg prot,P＜0.01],W/D比值减低(3.89±0.60比5.45±0.82,P＜0.01),肺组织病理形态学改变轻于I/R组;I/R+5-HD组与I/R组比较,肺组织MDA含量[(5.14±1.30)mol/mg prot比(5.07±1.60)mol/mg prot,P＞0.05)、SOD活性[(11.65±1.82)U/mg prot比(12.38±2.24)U/mg prot,P＞0.05]、W/D比变化(5.54±0.61比5.45±0.82),差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),肺组织病理形态学改变无明显差异.IPO+5-HD组的各项指标介于IPO组和I/R组之间.结论 缺血后处理能减轻大鼠在体肺缺血再灌注损伤,mitoKATP参与了肺缺血后处理效应.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPO) on lung ischemic reperfusion (L/R) in rats in vivo and the mechanism of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) blocker in the ischemic postconditioning. Methods Thirty five Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group, I/R group, ischemic postconditioning (IPO) group, I/R +5-hydroxydecanoate (I/R + 5-HD) group, IPO + 5-HD group. The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the lung homogenate, wet to dry weight ratio (W/D) was measured and pathological changes were also observed. Results The levels of MDA[(5.07±1.60) vs (1.43 ±0.41) nmol/mg prot,P＜0. 01]and W/D (5.45 ±0.82 vs 3.05 ±0. 47,P ＜0. 01 ) were increased significantly in I/R group as compared with sham group, while the activity of SOD[( 12. 38 ±2. 24) vs (45.51 ±5.42) U/mg prot,P ＜0. 01]was decreased, and the injury of lung tissues was significantly aggravated in IPO + 5-HD group as compared with IPO group[MDA: (3.74 ±0. 71 ) nmol/mg prot vs (2. 60 ± 0. 43 ) nmol/mg prot , P ＜ 0. 01]; W/D: 4. 64 ± 0. 79 vs 3. 89 ± 0. 60,P＜0.01; SOD:[(22.91 ±2.71) U/mg prot vs (28.74±2.03) U/mg prot,P＜0. 01]. The levels of MDA[(2.60±0.43) vs (5.07 ±1.60) nmol/mg prot,P＜0. 01]and W/D (3.89 ±0.60 vs 5.45 ±0. 82,P ＜0. 01 ) were decreased significantly in IPO group as compared with I/R group, the activity of SOD[(28.74±2.03) vs (12.38 ±2.24) U/mg prot,P＜0. 01]increased and lung tissue histological damage attenuated. The difference in MDA[(5.14 ± 1.30) vs (5.07 ± 1.60) nmol/mg prot, P ＞ 0. 05],W/D (5.54±0.61 vs5.45 ±0.82,P＞0.05) and SOD[(11.65 ±1.82) vs (12.38 ±2.24) U/mgprot,P ＞ 0. 05]levels had no statistical significance between I/R + 5-HD group and I/R group, and the injury of lung tissues had no significant difference too. Each index in IPO + 5-HD group was between IPO and I/R groups. Conclusion Ischemic postconditioning can attenuate the lung I/R injury, and mitoKATP plays a vital role in the protective procession of ischemic postconditioning on lung ischemic reperfusion.     

无创远程肢体缺血联合处理对大鼠肾脏急性缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨无创远程肢体缺血联合处理对大鼠肾脏急性缺血再灌注损伤的保护及作用机制.方法 30只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机分为3组(每组10只):A组为假手术组(Sham组)、B组为缺血再灌注组(IR组)、c组为无创远程肢体缺血联合处理组(RIperC+ RIpostC组).再灌注24h测定血清中肌酐(cr)和尿素氮(BUN)含量,肾脏组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力并在光镜下观察肾脏组织形态学变化.结果 B组的Cr(429.52±29.08) μmol/L、BUN(39.05± 2.23) mmol/L、MPO(7.31±1.48) U/g、MDA (3.94±0.48) nmoL/mgprot均高于A组Cr(103.91±21.45)μmol/L(P＜0.001)、BUN(12.20±1.86) mmol/L(P＜0.001)、MPO(2.25±0.89) U/g(P=0.009)、MDA(1.95±0.29) nmol/mgprot(P=0.003);而SOD(4.03±0.38) U/mgprot低于A组SOD(6.819±0.68) U/mgprot(P=0.003).c组的Cr(244.85±40.30) μmol/L(P=0.002) 、BUN(23.48±1.80) mmol/L(P＜0.001)、MPO(3.65±0.73) U/g(P =0.045)、MDA(2.19±0.31) nmol/mgprot(P=0.006)均低于B组,而SOD(5.71±0.30) U/mgprot(P=0.003)高于B组.A组组织形态基本正常,c组组织形态学改变较B组明显减轻.结论 无创远程肢体缺血联合处理对肾脏急性缺血再灌注损伤有显著保护作用.其保护作用可能通过对肢体短暂的缺血再灌注激发了机体内源性的抗氧化能力,从而达到减轻肾脏的急性缺血再灌注损伤.     

一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶在急性大面积脑梗死患者中的表达

目的 观察一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在急性大面积脑梗死患者去骨瓣术后的表达.方法 急性大面积脑梗死患者16例(脑梗死组),均采用全麻开颅去骨瓣减压手术,手术中切除部分梗死额叶组织;以6例重型颅脑外伤行正常额叶组织内减压为对照组.2组均采用透视电镜观察额叶细胞超微结构,检测NO含量和NOS活性,Western blot法分析内皮型NOS(eNOS)、神经元型NOS(nNOS)和诱导型NOS(iNOS)蛋白表达特点.结果　本组病例16例脑梗死患者术后神志不同程度改善,无死亡病例;NO含量在脑梗死组和对照组分别为85.4U/ml和36.2U/ml,NOS活性在脑梗死组和对照组分别为63.2 μmol/L和37.2 μmol/L,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与对照组比较,eNOS、nNOS和iNOS在脑梗死组中表达均明显升高,尤其是iNOS表达相对值为0.76,远远超过对照组未见表达,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论　去骨瓣减压是治疗急性大面积脑梗死的有效治疗手段,能够降低患者死亡率;NO和NOS参与并影响了大面积脑梗死后复杂的病理生理过程,去骨瓣减压后局部脑血供得到有效改善,NOS活性减低,尤其iNOS活性明显减少,合成NO减少,神经毒性减低,临床症状好转.

Abstract：

Objective To study the expression of nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in patients with acute massive cerebral infarction. Methods Sixteen patients (cerebral infarction group) with acute massive cerebral infarction were subjected to craniotomy decompression craniectomy under the anesthesia, and part of the infarct frontal lobe was removed. The normal frontal lobe from 6 cases of severe brain injury receiving the intracranial decompression served as control group. The ultrastructures of frontal lobe cells were observed under the electron microscopy. Serum NO content and NOS activity were measured. The protein expression patterns of eNOS, nNOS and iNOS were analyzed by Western blotting.Results The consciousness in 16 patients with acute massive cerebral infarction was improved after operation to varying degrees, and there were no deaths. The NO contents and NOS activities in cerebral infarction group and control groups were 85.4 and 36. 2 U/mi, and 63.2 and 37.2 μmol/L ( all P ＜ 0. 05). As compared with control group, the expression of eNOS, nNOS and iNOS in cerebral infarction group was significantly increased, especially the expression of iNOS ( all P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Craniotomy decompression craniectomy was the effective treatment to cure the acute massive cerebral infarction. It could reduce mortality. NO and NOS participated in and influenced the complex pathophysiological process of massive cerebral infarction. After craniotomy decompression craniectomy the regional cerebral blood was effectively improved, and NOS activity, especially iNOS, and the synthesis of NO were reduced, resulting in the reduction to neurotoxicity and improvement in clinical symptoms.     

雌激素在大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤中的保护作用

目的 了解雌激素对大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤是否具有保护作用及其可能的作用机制.方法 将大鼠分为三组:雄性组、雌性组以及给予外源性雌激素的雄性组,分别应用两袖套法实施肝移植手术.术后6 h麻醉后处死,取血及肝组织标本.观察外周血丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和谷氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)以及一氧化氮(NO)水平,免疫组化染色分析内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在各组肝组织中的表达.结果 与雄性组和雌性组比较给予外源雌激素的雄性大鼠血清ALT水平和AST水平显著降低(分别为561.69 U/L比730.78 U/L和678.82 U/L,726.44 U/L比914.21 U/L和861.86 U/L);血清NO水平明显升高,平均为63.54 μmol/L;肝组织eNOS表达显著增加,iNOS表达显著降低.结论 雌激素对于大鼠肝移植缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,这种保护作用一部分是通过调节eNOS和iNOS表达、提高NO水平实现的.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the protective effects of 17β-estradiol on ischemia reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation. Methods The rats were divided into three groups: male to male group(MG), female to female group (FG), and male to male group which were given 17β-estradiol 4000 μg/kg 24 hours before liver transplantation intraperitoneally (M + EG). Then transplantation was performed. At 6 hours after portal vein reperfusion, blood samples were obtained to determine the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and nitric oxide(NO). The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in liver were observed by immunohistochemistry. Results ALT and AST levels in the M+EG group were lower than those in MG and FG (561. 69 U/L vs 730. 78 U/L and 678. 82 U/L; 726. 44 U/L vs 914. 21 U/L and 861. 86 U/L). The NO level (63. 54 μmol/L) was much higher than those in the MG and FG groups. The expression of eNOS in the M+EG group was higher than those in MG and FG, while the expression of iNOS in M+EG were lower than those in MG. and FG. Conclusion 17β-estradiol can attenuate ischemia reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation by improving the balance of eNOS and iNOS.     

槲皮素对缺血再灌注大鼠离体心脏的作用

目的 观察槲皮素(Quercetin)对缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)离体大鼠心脏的作用.方法 将32只SD大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组(Control);给药对照组(Control+Que);缺血再灌注组(I/R);缺血再灌注给药组(I/R+Que),行Langendorff心脏灌注,给药组预防性给予槲皮素(5 μmol/L).监测各组心功能(±dp/dtmax),比较再灌注1 h心肌尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(NOX2)、一氧化氮合酶(iNOS、eNOS)表达和超微结构的变化.结果 I/R组与Control组比较心功能显著降低(分别为18.91±3.38、-22.43±8.84和60.65±11.65、-56.62±8.49,P＜0.01),NOX2、iNOS、eNOS mRNA(分别为0.1590±0.0539、0.0897±0.0236、0.0154±0.0061和0.0247±0.0070、0.0377±0.0135、0.0091±0.0033,P＜0.05)和蛋白的表达均显著增加,心肌超微结构严重损伤;与I/R比较I/R+Que组(45.77±8.05,-42.10±8.71)显著增强心功能(P＜0.01),显著降低NOX2、iNOS、eNOS mRNA(分别为0.0864±0.0358、0.0445±0.0104、0.0085±0.0032,P＜0.05)和蛋白的表达,明显减轻心肌超微结构的损伤.结论 在离体水平预防性给予槲皮素能够显著减轻缺血再灌注对大鼠心肌造成的损伤,保护心脏.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect of quercetin (Que) on isolated rat hearts after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods Thirty-two SD rats were divided randomly into 4 groups with 8 in each group: ( 1 ) Control group, isolated hearts contiuosly peffused without ischemia; (2) Control + Que group: isolated hearts contiuosly perfused without ischemia but the adminstration of Que (5 μmol/L) 5 min after perfusion; (3) I/R group: isolated hearts perfused with 30 min global ischemia followed by reperfusion; (4) I/R + Que group: isolated hearts perfused with 30 min global ischemia followed by reperfusion and the adminstration of Que (5 μmol/L) 10 min before ischemia. Hemodynamic parameters ( ± dp/dtmax),myocardial ultrastructure, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases 2 ( NOX2),inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA and protein expression after reperfusion were compared among the four groups. Results As compared with control group, hemodynamic parameters were greatly decreased after reperfusion ( 18.91 ± 3. 38, - 22. 43 ± 8. 84vs 60. 65 ± 11.65, - 56. 62 ± 8. 49 ,P ＜ 0. 01 ), myocardial ultrastructures were significantly destroyed and the expression levels of NOX2, iNOS, eNOS mRNA and protein were significantly increased after 60-min reperfusion (0. 1590 ±0.0539, 0.0897 ±0.0236, 0.0154 ±0.0061 vs 0.0247 ±0.0070, 0.0377 ±0. 0135, 0. 0091 ± 0. 0033, P ＜ 0. 05 ) in I/R group. As compared with I/R group, hemodynamic parameters were significantly recovered (45.77 ± 8.05, - 42. 10 ± 8. 71, P ＜ 0. 01 ), myocardial ultrastructures were well protected and the expression levels of NOX2, iNOS, eNOS were significantly decreased (0. 0864± 0. 0358, 0. 0445 ± 0. 0104, 0. 0085 ± 0. 0032, P ＜ 0. 05 ) in I/R + Que group, but there was no significant difference between control group and control + Que group ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion Que can protect isolated perfused rat hearts from IRI by its antioxidative effect.     

外敷氨基胍霜剂对糖尿病大鼠皮肤组织的影响

目的 观察外敷氨基胍霜剂对糖尿病大鼠皮肤组织晚期糖基化终末产物(AGE)形成、KC细胞增殖及氧化应激的影响.方法 将硬脂酸、液状石蜡、凡士林、羊毛脂、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、甘油、50 g/L尼泊金醇、盐酸氨基胍等试剂按一定比例混合制成氨基胍霜剂,以不含有氨基胍的霜剂为基质.取健康大鼠背部皮肤,分别用5、10 g/L氨基胍霜剂和5 g/L氨基胍+10g/L氮酮霜剂处理,于用药后2、4、7、10、12、24 h测定药物透皮效果.将30只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组6只、糖尿病组8只、氨基胍治疗组8只、基质治疗组8只.后3组大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素65 mg/kg,诱导糖尿病模型;对照组大鼠注射0.05 mmol/L柠檬酸缓冲液.注射1周后,正常对照组与糖尿病组大鼠不行任何治疗,氨基胍治疗组与基质治疗组大鼠背部分别连续外用10 g/L氨基胍霜剂与基质治疗4周.取各组皮肤组织,胶原提取液荧光强度检测法测定AGE含量,流式细胞仪分析表皮KC周期,检测氧化应激相关指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛、总抗氧化能力、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量.对实验数据行t检验.结果 10 g/L氨基胍霜剂透皮效果优于5g/L氨基胍和5 g/L氨基胍+10 g/L氮酮的霜剂.1只基质治疗组大鼠未诱导成功.建模后4周,糖尿病组与氨基胍治疗组大鼠分别死亡4只和1只.糖尿病组大鼠皮肤组织AGE含量为每毫克羟脯氨酸(OHP)中(36.8±2.6)U,明显高于正常对照组的每毫克OHP中(24.6±2.7)U(t=7.2,P＜0.01);氨基胍治疗组AGE含量为每毫克OHP中(28.6±3.7)U,明显低于糖尿病组(t=-3.9,P＜0.05);基质治疗组AGE含量[每毫克OHP中(32.2±5.2)U]与糖尿病组相近(t=1.6,P＞0.05).糖尿病组大鼠S期KC比例为(5.3±0.6)%,低于正常对照组的(7.6±0.9)%(t=4.50,P＜0.01);氨基胍治疗组大鼠S期和G2/M期KC比例均明显高于糖尿病组(t值分别为6.80、3.17,P值均小于0.01);基质治疗组大鼠S期KC比例[(9.2±1.5)%]显著高于糖尿病组(t=4.90,P＜0.01).糖尿病组大鼠皮肤组织氧化应激指标含量均高于正常对照组,其中SOD和MPO差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.4、3.7,P值均小于0.05);氨基胍治疗组各氧化应激指标含量均较糖尿病组降低,其中SOD含量显著低于糖尿病组(t=-1.4,P＜0.05);基质治疗组MDA、MPO含量显著低于糖尿病组(t值分别为2.6、2.9,P值均小于0.05).结论 外用氨基胍霜剂可以在一定程度上阻碍糖尿病大鼠皮肤组织中AGE的形成,改善表皮KC细胞增殖能力,适当降低皮肤组织氧化应激状态;单用霜剂基质也可适当降低皮肤组织氧化应激状态.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of aminoguanidine cream on the proliferation of keratinocytes (KC), content of advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) and oxidative stress in skin tissue of rats with diabetes. Methods Stearic acid, liquid paraffin, vaseline, lanolin, isopropyl myristate fat,glycerol, 50 g/L alcohol paraben, aminoguanidine hydrochloride etc. were mixed in certain proportion to make aminoguanidine cream, and cream without aminoguanidine was used as matrix. The dorsal skin of normal rats were harvested and treated by aminoguanidine cream with dose of 5, 10 g/L, or 5 g/L together with 10 g/L azone. The transdermal effect was respectively measured at post treatment hour 2, 4, 7, 10, 12,24. Thirty SD rats were divided into normal control(NC, n = 6) , diabetes(D, n = 8) , aminoguanidine cream-interfered(AI, n = 8), matrix cream-interfered groups(MI, n = 8) according to the random number table. Diabetes was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg) in rats of D, AI, and MI groups, and rats in NC group were injected with 0. 05 mmol/L citrate buffer as control. One week later, dorsal skin of rats in AI and MI groups were respectively treated with 10 g/L aminoguanidine cream and matrix cream by external use for 4 weeks. AGE content was determined with fluorescence detection from skin collagen extract. KC cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Skin tissue specimens were obtained for determination of levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and total antioxidant capacity. Data were processed with t test. Results Transdermal effect of aminoguanidine cream with dose of 10 g/L was better than that with 5 g/L or 5 g/L + 10 g/L azone cream. One rat was not induced successfully in MI group. Four weeks after model reproduction, 4 rats died in D group and 1 rat died in AI group. The AGE content in D group was obviously higher than that in NC group [(36.8 ± 2.6),(24. 6 ±2.7) U per milligram hydroxyproline, respectively, t = 7.2, P ＜0. 01], and that in AI group [(28.6 ±3.7) U per milligram hydroxyproline] was also lower as compared with that in D group(t = -3.9,P ＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in AGE content between MI [( 32.2 ± 5.2) U per milligram hydroxyproline] and D groups(t = 1.6, P ＞ 0. 05). The percentage of KC in S phase was obviously lower in D group than in NC group [(5.3 ±0.6)%, (7.6±0.9)%, respectively, t =4.50, P ＜0. 01], while that in MI group [(9. 2 ± 1.5) %] was higher as compared with that in D group(t = 4.90, P ＜ 0. 01). It was more higher in AI group than in D group on KC percentage in S and G2/M phase (with t value respectively 6.80, 3.17, P values all below 0. 01). The oxidative stress indexes of skin tissue in D group were all higher than those in NC group, in which levels of MPO and SOD showed statistical difference(with t value respectively 4.4, 3.7, P values all below 0. 05). The oxidative stress indexes were all lower in AI group than in D group, especially in SOD level(t = -1.4, P ＜0. 05). Levels of MAD, MPO in MI group were significantly lower than those in D group(with t value respectively 2.6, 2.9, P values all below 0. 05).Conclusions Aminoguanidine cream can promote KC proliferation and appropriately reduce oxidative stress through inhibiting AGE formation to a certain extent in skin tissue of rats with diabetes. Signal use of matrix cream can also reduce oxidative stress in skin tissue of rats with diabetes.     

艾芬地尔预先给药对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠缺血半暗带区iNOS和细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of ifenprodil by investigating its effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity and apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Fifty-four adult male SD rats weighing 280-320 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 18 each) : I sham operation group (group S) ; II focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) and Ⅲ ifenpradil preconditioning group (group IF) received intraperitoneal ifenprodil 10 mg/kg before focal cerebral I/R. Focal cerebral I/R was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) . A 3-0 nylon thread with rounded tip was inserted into right internal jugular vein and threaded cranially until resistance was met. MCAO was maintained for 2 h. At 48 h after reperfusion, the animals were assessed for neurological function which was scored (0 = no functional deficit, 4 = unable to crawl, unconscious) and then decapitated. The brains were immediately removed for microscopic examination and determination of iNOS protein expression and activity, NO content and apoptosis in the ischemic core (IC) and penumbra (IP). Results Ifenprodil pretreatment significantly decreased the cerebral infarct size and neurological scores in group IF as compared with group I/R. In group I/R the iNOS activity was increased compared with group S.The iNOS activity and NO content were significantly lower in IP than in IC in group IR and IF. The TUNEL-positive cells were also mainly confined to IP. Compared with group I/R, in group IF the iNOS protein expression was significantly down-regulated in IC and IP and the iNOS activity and NO content in IC and IP were suppressed and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced in IP. Conclusion Ifenprodil pretreatment has protective effect against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting iNOS protein expression in IP, suppressing iNOS activity and NO content and reducing apoptosis.     

艾芬地尔预先给药对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠缺血半暗带区iNOS和细胞凋亡的影响

Objective To explore the possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effect of ifenprodil by investigating its effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and activity and apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Fifty-four adult male SD rats weighing 280-320 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n = 18 each) : I sham operation group (group S) ; II focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R) and Ⅲ ifenpradil preconditioning group (group IF) received intraperitoneal ifenprodil 10 mg/kg before focal cerebral I/R. Focal cerebral I/R was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) . A 3-0 nylon thread with rounded tip was inserted into right internal jugular vein and threaded cranially until resistance was met. MCAO was maintained for 2 h. At 48 h after reperfusion, the animals were assessed for neurological function which was scored (0 = no functional deficit, 4 = unable to crawl, unconscious) and then decapitated. The brains were immediately removed for microscopic examination and determination of iNOS protein expression and activity, NO content and apoptosis in the ischemic core (IC) and penumbra (IP). Results Ifenprodil pretreatment significantly decreased the cerebral infarct size and neurological scores in group IF as compared with group I/R. In group I/R the iNOS activity was increased compared with group S.The iNOS activity and NO content were significantly lower in IP than in IC in group IR and IF. The TUNEL-positive cells were also mainly confined to IP. Compared with group I/R, in group IF the iNOS protein expression was significantly down-regulated in IC and IP and the iNOS activity and NO content in IC and IP were suppressed and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly reduced in IP. Conclusion Ifenprodil pretreatment has protective effect against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting iNOS protein expression in IP, suppressing iNOS activity and NO content and reducing apoptosis.     

肢体缺血预处理对兔肺组织缺血再灌注后氧自由基及细胞因子分泌的影响

Objective To study the effects of limb ischemia preconditioning on pulmonary free radicals and cytokine levels during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. Methods Eighteen healthy rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group ( group C, n = 6), ischemia/reperfusion group (group I/R, n = 6) , limb ischemia preconditioning group ( group L, n = 6) . At the end of experiments, the wet to dry-weight ratio (W/D), activities of superoxide dismutase ( SOD) and myleoperoxidase (MPO) , levels of malondialdehyde ( MDA) and the contents of cytokines (TNF-α,IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10) were determined in lung tissues. Protein levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were measured to calculate the lung permeability index. Pathologic changes of lung tissues were also observed. Results Compared to the group I/R, the lung tissue W/D ratio, MPO activity, lung permeability index, MDA and the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) levels were significantly decreased in group L (P < 0. 05), while the SOD activity ( P < 0.05) and IL-10 contents were significantly increased (P < 0. 01). There was no statistical difference in the changes of the above parameters between group L and group C ( P > 0. 05). The morphologic damages were significantly reduced in group L than that in group I/R. Conclusion Limb ischemia preconditioning has protective effect against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury, which may at least in part through inhibiting the release of oxygen-derived free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α,IL-6,IL-8) and increasing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.     

星状神经节阻滞对兔机械通气所致肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)对兔呼吸机相关性肺损伤(ventilator associated lunginjury,VALI)的影响. 方法 40只成年日本大耳兔按随机数字表法分为两组(每组20只):空白对照组(Ⅰ组)和SGB组(Ⅱ组).Ⅰ组全身麻醉气管插管后椎旁注入生理盐水(0.5 ml),Ⅱ组全身麻醉气管插管后给予SGB.分别于机械通气后1 h(T1)、2 h(T2)、4 h(T3)、6 h(T4)4个时间点经耳缘静脉抽取静脉血3ml后处死白兔,检测血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、TNF-α浓度及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性;取左肺组织测量湿/干重比(wet/dry,W/D);取一部分右肺组织H-E染色后光镜和电镜观察其病理变化,另一部分匀浆后检测MDA含量、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)及SOD活性. 结果 与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组肺组织的W/D[(6.07±0.12)比(8.58±0.48)]和SOD活性[(64±10) U/mg比(77±11) U/mg]明显降低(P＜0.01);Ⅱ组肺组织的MDA含量[(0.89±0.12) μmol/g比(0.63±0.11) μmoFg]和MPO活性[(0.46±0.09) U/g比(0.28±0.07)U/g]明显升高(P＜0.01).H-E染色后光镜和电镜观察Ⅱ组肺组织病变轻于Ⅰ组.与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组血清MDA、TNF-α在T2～T4时间点降低(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组血清SOD在T2-T4时间点升高(P＜0.05). 结论 SGB可以减轻机械通气兔肺组织的损伤,产生肺保护作用.     

血管内皮生长因子对关节软骨细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的 观察血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)对体外培养的关节软骨细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的影响。方法 体外培养SD乳鼠关节软骨细胞,用白细胞介素(IL)-1β诱导的方法建立骨关节炎(OA)体外模型,实验分为4组,每组加入不同处理因素进行干预,A组:(正常对照组)不加任何处理因素;B组:10 μg/L VEGF;C组:10 μg/L IL-1β;D组:10 μg/L VEGF+ 10 μg/LIL-1β。采用实时荧光定量PCR( Real Time PCR)检测iNOS mRNA的表达,采用蛋白免疫印迹法( Western blot)检测iNOS蛋白的表达。结果 iNOS mRNA的表达:A组iNOS mRNA无表达,B组(9.64±1.64)、C组(17.27±2.01)及D组(28.93±6.63),3组的iNOS mRNA表达量显著升高,进一步组间比较,D组软骨细胞iNOS的mRNA表达水平明显高于B组(P＜0.01)及C组(P＜0.05),C组软骨细胞iNOS的mRNA表达水平高于B组(P＜0.05)。iNOS蛋白的表达:A组iNOS蛋白无表达,B组(0.44±0.12)、C组(0.74±0.07)及D组(1.38±0.38),3组的iNOS蛋白表达量显著升高,进一步组间比较,D组软骨细胞iNOS的蛋白表达水平明显高于B组(P＜0.01)及C组(P＜0.05),C组软骨细胞iNOS的mRNA表达水平高于B组(P＜0.01)。结论 在OA的发病过程中,VEGF可能通过上调软骨细胞iNOS的表达发挥重要作用。     

内源性NO对人乳腺癌细胞化疗敏感性的影响

目的 研究内源性一氧化氮(NO)对人乳腺癌细胞化疗敏感性的影响. 方法应用IL-1β处理培养的MCF-7细胞,检测NO的产生情况并用蛋白质印迹法检测诱导型一氧化氮合酶(in-duceble nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)蛋白的表达.M1rr法检测MCF-7细胞在NOS抑制剂NG-甲基-L-精氨酸(NG-monomethyl-L-arginine,L-NMMA)和NO合成原料L-精氨酸(L-arginine,L-Arg)作用下对多柔比星(adriamycin,ADM)和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-Fu)药物的敏感性. 结果内源性NO的产量与IL-1β剂量呈正相关.在IL-1β诱导作用下MCF-7细胞大量表达iNOS蛋白,并与L-Arg、L-NMMA存在与否无关.当ADM浓度为0.5 μmol/L和1 μmol/L时,实验组细胞的生存率明显下降(P<0.05).加入L-NMMA能显著提高实验组细胞的生存率(P<0.05);加入L-Arg能显著提高MCF-7细胞对化疗药物的敏感性(P<0.05).结论在细胞因子IL-1β诱导下MCF-7细胞产生的内源性NO增加,并使MCF-7细胞化学敏感性提高.     

促红细胞生成素预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响

目的 探讨促红细胞生成素(EPO)预先给药对大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠32只,体重180～220 g,随机分为4组(n=8),C组腹腔注射生理盐水4 ml/kg(EPO溶剂对照),30 min后静脉注射生理盐水2 ml/kg[脂多糖(LP3)溶剂对照];EPO组腹腔注射EPO3 000 U/kg,30 min后静脉注射生理盐水2 ml/kg;LPS组腹腔注射生理盐水4 ml/kg,30 min后静脉注射LPS 6 mg/kg;EPO+LPS组腹腔注射EPO 3 000 U/kg,30 min后静脉注射LPS 6 mg/kg.于静脉注射LPS后4 h时处死大鼠,观察肺组织病理学结果 ,计算肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比;测定肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性和丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)含量;采用Western blot法测定肺组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和硝基酪氨酸(NT)的表达.结果 与C组相比,LPS组和EPO+LPs组肺组织W/D比、MPO活性、MDA和NO含量升高,iNOS和NT表达上调(P<0.01);与LPS组相比,EPO+LPS组肺组织W/D比、MPO活性、MDA和NO含量降低,iNOS和NT表达下调(P<0.01).结论 EPO预先给药可减轻大鼠内毒素性急性肺损伤,与其下调iNOS表达,减少NO生成有关.     

前列地尔对兔肾缺血再灌注时细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的 观察前列地尔对兔肾缺血再灌注损伤时肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法 建立兔肾缺血再灌注损伤动物模型,将实验兔随机分为3组:即对照组、缺血再灌注组和前列地尔组,每组10只.检测兔血清肌苷(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)浓度及肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)含量及肾组织中凋亡细胞.结果 与对照组比较,缺血再灌注组和前列地尔组在再灌注后Cr、BUN水平均大幅度上升(P＜0.05);但前列地尔组动物在再灌注60min后Cr水平(231.32±17.57)μmol/L明显低于缺血再灌注组(390.61±20.42)μmol/L(P＜0.05);肾小管上皮细胞bcl-2、bax、Caspase-3表达与对照组比较,缺血再灌注组明显增强(P＜0.05);前列地尔组与缺血再灌注组比较表达减弱,但仍强于对照组(P＜0.05).前列地尔组、缺血再灌注组与对照组比较凋亡细胞数增多,前列地尔组与缺血再灌注组比较凋亡细胞数减少.MDA、SOD与MPO的活性与对照组比较,缺血再灌注组与前列地尔组明显增强(P＜0.05);前列地尔组与缺血再灌注组比较,该两者活性明显减弱(P＜0.05).结论 前列地尔在肾脏缺血再灌注损伤时能有效的保护肾功能其作用机制可能是通过减少细胞脂质过氧化,从而降低bcl-2、bax、Caspase-3等凋亡基因的表达.

Abstract：

Objective To study the alprostadil effects of alprostadil on apoptosis by renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IR[) in rabbits. Methods The rabbit IRI models were made, and randourly divided into three groups: control group, IR[group and prostavasin intervention group. The creatinine (Ct) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined. Malondialdehyde ( MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD),myeloperoxidase ( MPO), bcl-2, bax, Caspase-3 and apoptosis were assayed at 60 min after reperfusion.Results The Cr and BUN levels in plasma in IRI group and Prostavasin intervention group were increased obviously after reperfusion. The Cr levels at 60 min after repeffusion in alprostadil intervention group (231.32 + 17. 57 ) μmol/L were significantly lower than in IRI group ( 390. 61 ± 20. 42 ) μ mol/L, ( P ＜0. 05 ). The levels of bcl-2, bax, Caspase-3 in the renal tissue in IRI group were significantly higher than in control group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), and those in alprostadil intervention group were lower than in IRI group, but markedly higher than in control group (P ＜ 0. 05 ). The number of apoptotic cells in alprostadil intervention group and IRI group was increased as compared with control group, and that in alprostadil intervention group was reduced as compared with IRI group. The contents of MDA, SOD and MPO in renal tissue of IRI group and Prostavasin intervention group were significantly higher than in control group ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), and those in IRI group were significantly lower than in alprostadil intervention group (P ＜0. 05 ). Conclusion Alprostadil could be used to protect renal ischemia-reperfusion injury probably by decreasing oxygen free radicals generation, inhibiting neutrophils aggregating and activating in the renal tissues, thereby inhibiting the expression of bcl-2, bax, Caspase-3.