共振瑞利散射法测定透明质酸

目的 建立透明质酸钠的共振瑞利散射（RRS）测定方法。方法于10ml比色管中依次准确加入一定量的钠盐（SH）标准溶液、1．0mlpH5．0的HAc-NaAc缓冲溶液和2ml0．01％的CV溶液,以二次蒸馏水定容,摇匀。将溶液于荧光光度计上以入em=入ex（即△入=0）方式进行同步扫描得RRS光谱,于入em=入ec处测定产物溶液的散射光强度Ⅰ和试剂空白的散射强度Ⅰ0,以△Ⅰ=Ⅰ—Ⅰ0计量记录。结果透明质酸钠与结晶紫在pH3．6～5．6的HAc—Ac^-酸性介质中作用,将导致其溶液的共振瑞利散射（RRS）增强,并产生新的RRS光谱,其最大散射峰位于341nm处。在0—2．0mg／L范围内透明质酸钠浓度与RRS强度成正比。透明质酸钠的检出限（3σ）为17．1ng／ml,RSD为2．1％。结论 该法灵敏度高,选择性也较好。用于测定从动物组织鸡冠中提取自制的透明质酸粗品,结果满意。     

共振瑞利散射光谱法测定血浆和尿样中的帕珠沙星

目的建立了共振瑞利散射光谱法测定血浆、尿样中帕珠沙星含量的新方法。方法于pH4.8～5.9的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,帕珠沙星与钴(Ⅱ)形成阳离子配合物,其共振瑞利散射(resonance rayleigh scattering,RRS)十分微弱,但当其进一步通过静电引力和疏水作用与刚果红(congo red,CR)阴离子反应形成三元离子缔合物时,RRS出现新的共振瑞利散射光谱,其2个散射峰分别位于380和562nm处。结果在380nm处,帕珠沙星的质量浓度在0.031～3.18μg.mL-1范围内,与RRS强度有良好的线性关系,其检出限(3σ)为24.6ng.mL-1。结论该方法简单、快速,具有良好的选择性和重复性,可用于不同体液中帕珠沙星的测定。     

共振瑞利散射光谱法测定片剂、人体尿液和血浆中培氟沙星的含量

目的 建立测定片剂、人体尿液和血浆中的培氟沙星含量的共振瑞利散射光谱方法.方法 在pH4.8～5.9 Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,培氟沙星(PEFX)可与钴(Ⅱ)反应形成配阳离子,其共振瑞利散射(RRS)十分微弱,但当该配阳离子进一步与酸性染料刚果红(CR)阴离子反应形成三元离子缔合物时,RRS显著增强,3个散射峰别位于278、380和560nm,以380nm为测定波长.结果 线性范围为0.133～3.33μg/mL(r=0.9993),检出限(3σ)为26.4ng/mL.结论 方法简单、快速、并有良好的选择性,可用于片剂、人体尿液和血清中培氟沙星的测定.     

高灵敏共振瑞利散射技术快速检测药物中的美司那

目的 建立快速、准确测定药物中美司那的高灵敏共振瑞利散射新方法。方法 在BR 弱碱性溶液中,亮绿与美司那以静电作用生成的缔合物使共振瑞利散射(RRS)信号显著增强,RRS 强度在最大共振瑞利散射峰处与美司那的浓度有线性关系。检测波长：344 nm。结果 在pH 7.75 BR缓冲溶液中,亮绿与美司那结合生成绿色二元离子缔合物,产生以294 nm、344 nm 和468 nm 为特征峰的新共振瑞利散射光谱。最大共振瑞利散射峰位于344 nm,线性范围为0.006～0.41 mg/L,检出限为0.0052 mg/L。该法用于市售美司那药物中美司那的测定,加标回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为98.3%～103% 和1.6%～2.3%。结论 该法简便、快速,有高灵敏度和高选择性,用于实际药物中美司那的测定,结果满意。     

青鹏膏联合透明质酸钠治疗膝关节炎的疗效观察

目的 观察青鹏膏联合透明质酸钠对膝关节炎的临床治疗效果.方法 我院门诊膝关节炎患者 64 例,单膝治疗.随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组关节腔内予透明质酸钠2 ml,连用五次为一疗程,同时配合用青鹏膏外搽炎症区;对照组单用透明质酸钠2 ml关节腔内注射,疗程与治疗组一致.然后依据髌骨研磨试验及X线检查评定治疗效果对比.结果 治疗组的总有效率为 93.8%,显著高于对照组的86 %,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 对于膝关节炎患者,透明质酸钠关节腔内注射联合青鹏膏外用疗效明显高于单纯关节腔内予透明质酸钠注射.     

透明质酸钠联合复方倍他米松关节腔注射治疗类风湿关节炎

目的探讨联合使用透明质酸钠和复方倍他米松关节腔注射治疗类风湿关节炎的疗效。方法 64例类风湿关节炎患者随机分为两组,联合组32例,在第1周采用透明质酸钠2ml和复方倍他米松1ml进行膝关节腔内注射,以后4周则单独注射透明质酸钠2ml,每周1次。对照组32例,膝关节腔内注入透明质酸钠2ml,每周1次,连续5周。两组均随访3个月。结果用药5周后至停药后3个月,联合组总有效率为90.63%,对照组总有效率为78.13%,两组疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论透明质酸钠和复方倍他米松联用与单用透明质酸钠治疗类风湿关节炎均有疗效,但前者治疗效果更优。     

二甲酚橙共振光散射法测定DNA

用共振光散射技术,建立了以二甲酚橙为探针分子测定DNA的方法.在pH 3.5～4.3范围内,二甲酚橙在374nm处的共振光散射强度增强,且与DNA浓度呈线性关系,线性范围为2.5～15 μg/ml,检测限10ng/ml.     

关节镜清理术结合透明质酸钠关节内注射治疗膝骨性关节炎(附108例报告)

目的 探讨关节镜清理术和透明质酸钠关节内注射治疗膝骨关节炎的临床效果.方法 对膝骨关节炎108例(130膝),行关节镜检查,依镜检情况行有限化镜下清理术,术后关节内注射透明质酸钠2.5ml,1次/周,共4周,辅以康复理疗治疗.结果 随访1～3年,优良率达79.28%.结论 关节镜清理术结合透明质酸钠关节内注射治疗骨关节炎具有创伤小、并发症少、恢复快等优点,是治疗早中期骨性关节炎的有效方法,疗效取决于手术适应征选择,镜下清理技术、辅助用药及术后康复锻炼方法.     

交联透明质酸钠和雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮片预防人工流产术后宫腔粘连的临床效果

目的 探讨交联透明质酸钠联合雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮片在预防人工流产术后发生宫腔粘连（IUA）的临床疗效,旨在为人工流产术后女性提供更安全、有效、经济的IUA预防措施。方法 选取2020年10月至2022年3月在赣州市妇幼保健院就诊并施行人流终止妊娠的400例患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组、交联透明质酸钠组、雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组及交联透明质酸钠+雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组,每组100例。对照组人工流产术后不给予任何以上预防宫腔粘连的措施,交联透明质酸钠组采用交联透明质酸钠,雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组采用雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮片,交联透明质酸钠+雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组采用交联透明质酸钠+雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮片,比较四组患者的各项恢复指标、粘连评分、不良反应发生情况。结果 交联透明质酸钠+雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组腹痛持续时间、阴道岀血时间、首次月经复潮时间短于雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组、交联透明质酸钠组、对照组,阴道岀血量少于雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组、交联透明质酸钠组、对照组,子宫内膜厚度大于雌二醇/雌二醇地屈孕酮组、交联透明质酸钠组、对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0....     

肩关节腔内注射透明质酸钠治疗顽固性肩周炎疗效分析

目的 观察关节腔内注射透明质酸钠治疗顽固性肩周炎的治疗效果。方法 顽固性肩周炎患者60例,行患肩肩关节腔内注射三联液：确炎舒松混悬液0.5ml＋2%利多卡因3ml＋透明质酸钠20mg,1次/周,3次为1个疗程。结果 全部患者治疗前后ROM比较,外展、前屈、后伸诸动向均有显著性改善（P〈0.01）;按评估标准从临床症状和功能障碍两方面进行评分。治疗后1、2、3周后优良率分别为75%、87%和92%。结论 应用关节腔内注射透明质酸钠治疗顽固性肩周炎行之有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.