脊髓型颈椎病前路术后脊髓损伤的原因及防治对策

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病前路手术引起脊髓损伤的原因和防治策略.方法 分析2001年-2009年共749例实施前路减压融合手术的脊髓型颈椎病患者病历资料.共有5例患者在术后即刻或术后早期出现了脊髓功能下降.其中男3例,女2例;年龄48-62岁,平均52岁.2例合并有后纵韧带骨化.术前日本骨科学会(JOA)评分9-16分,平均12.4分.手术方式采用前路经颈椎间盘或椎体次全切除减压、自体髂骨或Cage融合、钛合金板内固定术.术中出血50～200 ml.2例患者术后即刻发现脊髓功能障碍加重,1例术后6 h出现下肢感觉运动消失,1例术后24 h出现一侧肢体瘫痪,1例术后5 d出现四肢麻木加重.4例患者早期给予大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗.5例患者均再次行颈椎前路探查术,其中1例患者同时又行后路单开门椎管扩大成形术.结果 随访时间1～2年,平均16个月.4例患者脊髓功能(JOA评分)术后3个月均恢复或优于术前水平,术后1年均优于术前水平;1例患者术后1年神经功能仍无改善.分析脊髓损伤原因:术中减压和止血伤及脊髓2例,减压不彻底1例,血肿和止血纱布压迫各1例.结论 颈前路减压手术引起脊髓损伤的主要原因是术后延迟损伤,如果发现和处理及时,脊髓功能大多数可以恢复至术前水平.应尽量避免术中操作伤及脊髓,从而导致脊髓功能永久性障碍.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the causes and prevention strategies of postoperative spinal cord injury after anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods The clinical data of 749 patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy treated with anterior approach surgery from 2001 to 2009 were retrospectively studied.There were five patients with spinal cord dysfunction instantly or early after operation,including three males and two females at average age of 52 years (range,48-62 years).Two patients were combined with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was average 12.4(9-16)preoperatively.The surgeries included anterior cervical diskectomy(or corpectomy)and interbody fusion(iliac bone graft or cage or titanium mesh)and locking plates fixation.The blood loss was 50-200 ml.The symptoms included instant spinal cord injury in two patients,loss of the motor and feeling of both legs at 6 h after surgery in one,paralysis of one side limbs at 24 h after surgery in one and numbness of limbs at 5 days after surgery in one.Four patients were treated by large dose of methylprednisolone.Five patients underwent anterior exploration surgery,of which one patient received posterior cervical one-door expansive laminoplasty. Results The patients were followed up for average 16 months(12-24 months).The JOA score of four patients was recovered at three months and WaS better than preoperation after surgery.The function of spinal cord of one patient showed no improvement at one year after surgery.The causes for spinal cord injury included inappropriate surgical manipulation in decompression and haemostasis in two patients,insufficient decompression in one,epidural hematoma in one and absorbable hemostatic gauze in one. Conclusions The major causes of postoperative spinal cord injury in anterior approach surgery for cervical spondylofic myelopathy are the delayed postoperative injury.The spinal cord can recover to normal and has satisfactory prognosis if discovered promptly.We must avoid the spinal cord injury by surgical Manipulation that may result in permanent neurological deficits.     

胸腰段骨折并脊髓损伤再手术疗效分析

目的 探讨胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤患者I期前路/后路手术后Ⅱ期再手术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月-2009年3月胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤单纯前/后路手术后残存后凸畸形伴神经功能恢复不全或未做Ⅱ期手术疗效患者12例.男9例,女3例;年龄19～57岁,平均34.6岁.根据Dems分型,爆裂型5例,压缩型5例,骨折脱位2例.I期前路手术5例,I期后路手术7例.I期手术后均存在不同程度的神经症状,对I期前路手术5例患者行Ⅱ期后路手术.I期后路手术7例者行Ⅱ期前路手术.I期手术至Ⅱ期手术最长18个月,最短12个月,平均时间13.4个月.通过影像学、神经功能及社会功能综合评估疗效,包括测量Cobb角、Frankel分级和日本骨科学会(JOA)评分.结果 术后切口均I期愈合.所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12～48个月,平均25个月.伤椎前、后缘高度压缩率术前平均42.6%、70.5%,术后平均恢复至92.5%、95,7%,至末次随访时为87.3%、92.2%;脊髓不完全损伤的患者神经功能均有Frankel 2级以上的改善.所有患者Ⅱ期术后胸腰椎生理弧度良好.Cobb角术前平均36.3°,术后矫正至5.8.,末次随访时为5.9°.JOA评分标准术后改善率,本组优9例,良2例,可1例,差0例.结论 对胸腰段骨折合并脊髓损伤患者I期前路/后路手术1年后残存神经或马尾临床症状患者行Ⅱ期手术减压后取得理想疗效,可获得满意的后凸畸形矫正和神经减压,神经功能均有不同程度恢复.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the outcome of reoperation(after I stage anterior/posterior operation)for thoracolumbar fractures combined with kyphosis and spinal cord injury. Methods A retrospective study was done on the medical records of 12 patients who underwent two-stage decompression with kyphosis and neurologic deficit due to single-stage approach(anterior or posterior) operation of thoracolumbar fractures combined with spinal cord injury between January 2005 and April 2009.There were 9 males and 3 females,at mean age of 34.6 years(range,19-57 years).According to the Denis classification,there were five patients with burst fractures,five with compression fractures and two with fracture dislocation.All the patients had couns medullaris injury.Of all the patients,five underwent one stage anterior approach surgery and the others underwent posterior approach operation.All the patients had vailous degrees of neurological symptoms.The patients treated with one stage anterior surgery were treated with two stage posterior surgery and the patients treated with one stage posterior surgery were treated with the two stage anterior operation.The mean interval from one stage operation to two stage decompression was 13.4 months(range,12-18 months).The radiologic,neurologic and functional outcomes were assessed through observation of the Cobb angle,Frankel spinal cord injury grading and Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores(JOA). Results AIl the patients were followed up for mean 25 months (12-48months),which showed primary healing of the incisions in all the patients.The average anterior and posterior heisht of the vertebrae wers corrected from preoperative 42.6%and 70.5%to postoperative 92.5%and 95.7%and to 87.3%and 92.2%at the final follow-up respectively.Neurologic status was improved at least one Frankel grade in the patients who had preoperative incomplete paraplegia.The Cobb angle was corrected from preoperative 36.3°to postoperative 5.8°and to 5.9°at the final follow-up(P<0.05).No patient had any notable loss of correction between discharge and final follow-up.According to JOA coring,the results were excellent in nine patients,good in two and fair in one,with excellence rate of 92%. Conclusions Two stage decompression for epiconus and cauda equina syndrome resulted from one stage approach(anterior or posterior)operation of thoracolumbar fractures combined with spinal cord injury call attain satisfactory correction of the kyphosis and nerve decompression as well as various degrees of nerve function recovery.     

多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的特点分析

目的 探讨多发伤患者合并脊柱脊髓损伤的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2004年3月-2009年3月收治的143例合并脊柱脊髓损伤的多发伤患者,统计致伤原因、脊柱损伤节段、合并伤、并发症、治疗方式和转归.结果 高处坠落伤和交通伤是主要致伤原因,分别为77例(53.8%)和55例(38.5%),损伤节段依次为腰椎101处(50.8%)、胸椎61处(30.7%)、颈椎29处(14.6%)及骶尾椎8处(4.0%);合并伤依次为胸部163处(38.6%)、腹部84处(19.9%)、头颈部77处(18.3%)、四肢65处(15.4%)、面部17处(4.0%)和体表16处(3.8%).早期并发症依次为电解质紊乱33例(16.8%)、呼吸系统感染30例(15.3%)和腹胀19例(9.7%);晚期并发症依次为营养不良26例(13.3%)、肌萎缩23例(11.7%)和深静脉血栓11例(5.6%).治疗方式依次为手术治疗106例(74.1%),保守治疗37例(25.9%).治疗前美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)评级E级20例(14.0%),治疗后E级53例(37.1%).死亡12例,病死率为8.4%,主要死亡原因为MOF、脑疝、营养衰竭等.随着ASIA残损分级的提高,各组并发症和病死率也显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 高能量损伤是多发伤合并脊柱脊髓损伤的主要致伤因素,患者病情重,合并伤复杂,并发症多,治疗棘手,病死率高.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the clinical features of the multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries.Methods A retrospective study was performed in 143 multiple trauma patients combined with spine and spinal cord injuries admitted to our department between March 2004 and March 2009.The parameters including injury cause,segment of injuries,associated injuries,complications,treatment methods and outcomes were analyzed.Results Falling and traffic accidents were the main causes for the injuries of spine and spinal cord,accounting for 53.8%(77 cases)and 38.5%(55 cases),respectively.The injured segments involved 101 lumbar vertebrae(50.8%),61 thoracic vertebrae(30.7%),29 cervical spines(14.6%)and 8 sacrococcygeal vertebrae(4.0%).The associated injuries were located at chest(163 regions,38.6%),abdomen(84 regions,19.9%),head and neck(77 regions,18.3%),extremity(65 regions,15.4%),face(17 regions,4.0%)and body surface(16 regions,3.8%).The early complications included electrolyte disturbances in 33 patients (16.8%),respiratory infection in 30(15.3%)and abdominal distention in 19(9.7%).The late complications were malnutrition in 26 patients(13.3%),amyotrophy in 23(11.7%)and deep vein thrombus in 11(5.6%).Treatment methods were operations and expectant treatments in 106 patients (74.1%)and 37(25.9%)respectively.According to American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)scale,there were 20 patients(14.0%)at grade E before treatment and 53(37.1%)at grade E after treatment.Of all,12 patients were died of mainly multiple organ failure(MOF),cerebral hernia and malnutrition,with mortality rate of 8.39%.There showed an increase of complication and mortality rate with increase of ASIA grade(P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The spine and spinal cord injuries in patients with multiple trauma are mainly caused by high energy injuries and characterized by high injury severity,complex associated injuries,multiple complications,difficult management and high mortality rate.     

经皮穿刺腰椎椎间固定融合术的初步临床应用

Objective To characterize the feasibility, key technology, indications and clinical outcome of percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion. Methods Clinical data from 32 cases [16 made, 16 female, age range 31-77 years, average disease duration (5.0±2.0) years ] underwent percutaneous nucleotomy and endplate curettage was retrospectively analyzed. After percutaneous nucleotomy and endplate curettage, one expandable spinal spacer B-twin was introduced into the intervertebral space and some allograft cancellous bone implanted around the B-twin. Indications for treatment included degenerative lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with intervetebral distability or Ⅰ degree spondylolythesis (21 cases), LDH with intervetebral space collapse (10 cases) and lumbar discogenic pain (1 case). The symptoms and function of all patients were evaluated before, 3 months and 12 months after the operation by clinical outcome judgment criterion of surgical treatment for low back pain formulated by JOA, and the rate of clinical improvement and treatment efficacy were calculated. The JOA scales preoperatively, postoperatively and on the final follow-up was compared using ANOVA in SPSS. The changes before and after surgery with the JOA score and the the rate of clinical improvement between 3 months and 12 months after the operation was also compared using χ2 test. Results The average operation time 1 hour and blood loss < 20 ml, Surgical site: L3-4 4 cases, L4-5 19 cases, I5-S1 6 cases, L3-4 and L4-5 3 cases, B-TWIn were implanted fusion cage 35, in three cases of intervertebral space with two implantso Average in Hospital time was (10.0±2.1) d . Complication included 1 case with displacement and 1 case with secondary instability of next intervertebral space. All the patients were evaluated after a follow-up of 3-36 months (average 13 months) 32 cases of patients with low back pain JOA score: before surgery is(4.1±1.8), 3 months after surgery is (11.9±3.9), 1 year after surgery of the 22 cases is (12.0±3.2). Score before and after surgery were statistically significant differences (F = 5.67, P < 0.01). The rate of clinical improvement After surgery there was no significant difference (F = 4.18, P > 0.05). Conclusions Percutaneous posterior lumbar interbody fusion with B-twin expandable fusion cage could lead to satisfactory outcome in the treatment of degenerative disc disease and intervertebral instability,which minimize surgical soft tissue and trauma spinal damage, does not destroy the structure of spinal stability. The technique The long-term outcome, complications and fusion rate need further observing.     

"徒手法"个体化颈椎椎弓根螺钉技术治疗上颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨应用颈椎椎弓根钉治疗上颈椎骨折及脱位的临床效果.方法 2006年9月-2009年1月,应用颈椎椎弓根钉治疗的上颈椎骨折或脱位的患者15例.其中男11例,女4例;年龄18～60岁,平均41.2岁.寰椎骨折脱位5例,枢椎骨折脱位3例,齿状突陈旧骨折不愈合1例,C2,3骨折脱位2例,无骨折寰枢椎失稳4例.临床主要症状为颈部疼痛或伴有四肢麻木无力、步态不稳.患者术前均行Halo架牵引试行复位.所有患者均采用颈椎椎弓根钉固定并植骨融合,根据术前X线片及CT个体化确定入钉点及置钉角度,徒手法钻出骨性通道,选用22～26 mm长的Vertex或Summit钛金属螺钉固定,并行后路椎板间自体或同种异体骨植骨融合.术后1～2 d佩戴颈托离床活动.结果 本组15例共置入颈椎椎弓根螺钉64枚,均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤,无脑脊液漏.术后行X线正、侧位片和CT检查证实损伤节段复位满意、螺钉位置良好.术后疼痛症状基本消失,神经症状较术前有不同程度的改善.14例患者获得随访,时间12～36个月,患者颈椎序列良好,均获得骨性融合,未发生螺钉及钛棒的松动、脱出及折断.神经损伤症状较术前明显改善.结论 颈椎椎弓根钉是颈椎后路手术中坚强的固定方法,只要掌握手术操作技巧,严格个体化置钉,颈椎椎弓根钉具有固定可靠、术后并发症少、融合率高等优势,具有良好的临床疗效.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of the free-hand cervical pedicle screw fixation in treatment of the upper cervical fracture and instability.Methods A retrospective review was performed on 15 patients with upper cervical fracture and instability treated with cervical pedicle screw fixation and fusion from September 2006 to January 2009.There were 11 males and 4 females,at average age of 41.2 years(range,18-60 years).Of all,there were five patients with atlas fracture and dislocation(including three simple anterior arch fractures and two Jefferson fractures),three with axis fracture and dislocation,one with dens fractures plus nonunion,two with C2,3 fracture and dislocation and four with atlantoaxial instability without fracture.The main clinical complaints included local neck pain and/or tetraplegia.Halo traction was recommended to restore the cervical sequence preoperatively in all patients.All 15 patients were treated by cervical pedicle screw-rods internal fixation and bone graft fusion.During the operation,the point and angle of the implanted pedicle screws were determined by preoperative X-ray and CT scan and the bony channel drilled with free-hand before implantation of the Summit or Vertex pedicle screws(22-26 mm long)and posterior interlaminar autologous or allogeneic bone fusion.Patients could get out of bed with neck collar at days 1-2 after operation.Results A total of 64 cervical pedicle screws were implanted in all 15 patients,with no vertebral artery injury,spinal cord injury or cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Postoperative X-ray and CT scan confirmed satisfactory internal fixation.The clinical symptoms were improved significantly.Fourteen patients were followed up for 12-36 months,which showed bony fusion,with no looseness or breakage of the screws.Neurologic impairment was improved in all patients,with no complications associated with the cervical pedicle screw.Conclusions Cervical pedicle screw internal fixation can reestablish the upper cervical vertebrae stability and help to recover the spinal cord and nerve function and hence is a reliable method for upper cervical fracture and/or instability.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

寰枢椎后路三种组合固定技术治疗寰枢关节不稳的临床评估

Objective To assess clinical curative effect of three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques in treatment of atlantoaxial instability. Methods The study involved 68 patients with atlantoaxial instability treated with different fixation techniques from August 2002 to March 2008. ( 1 ) Transpedicular fixation was performed in 32 patients including 20 patients with Anderson Ⅱ odontoid fractures (seven with old odontoid fracture and 13 with fresh fractures), six with type Anderson Ⅲ fresh odontoid fractures, four with disrupt of transverse ligament of the atlas and two with congenital loose odontoid process combined with atlantoaxial instability. (2) Transpedicular internal fixation with screws of atlas incorporating C2 laminar screws was performed in 20 patients with upper cervical injury including eight with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial backward dislocation,four with type Ⅱ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial forward dislocation, two with nonunion of odontoid process fractures, three with type Ⅲ odontoid process fractures combined with atlantoaxial unsteadiness and three with atlantoaxial dislocation combined with disrupt of transverse ligament of atlas. (3)A total of 16 patients with traumatic atlantoaxial instability, reducible atlantoaxial dislocation and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation were treated with four-point internal fixation technique using autologous iliac bone grafts. Results (1) A total of 120 screws were implanted in 32 patients, with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury after surgery. Atlas lateral mass fixation was adopted in three patients because of broken posterior arch of the atlas. Postoperative CT showed that two screws were inserted into the vertebral artery hole and that one screw was inserted medially into the spinal canal and caused medial correx rupture, but both with no clinical symptoms. All 32 patients were followed up for 6-42 months ( average 26 months), which showed solid fusion in all patients. The postoperative JOA scores ranged from 13.2 points to 16.8 points (average 14. 8 points). (2) Thirty-two screws were implanted in 20 patients,with no spinal cord or vertebral artery injury. The patients were followed up for mean six months ( range 6-14 months). Postoperative X-ray showed sound bone fusion, with no cervical instability, loosening or breakage of the screws. (3) The symptoms of all the patients were improved at different degrees, with no neurological deterioration or severe complications, such as nerve blood vessel injury. All 16 patients were followed up for 8-26 months ( average 16 months), which showed bony fusion in all patients at 3-6 months after surgery. The spinal cord function was improved markedly in five patients, good in eight, mild in two but unchanged in one. Conclusions Three types of combined posterior atlantoaxial internal fixation techniques have advantages of rigid, short-segmental and three-dimensional fixation and hence are effective methods for treatment of upper cervical injuries. The combination mode can be varied according to specific condition of the patients.     

脊髓型颈椎病前、后路手术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位与皮层体感诱发电位的联合监护作用

目的 探讨脊髓型颈椎病(cervical Spondylitic myelopathy,CSM)手术中经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential,TES-MEP)和皮层体感诱发电位(cortical somatosensory evoked potential,CSEP)联合监测脊髓功能的临床应用价值.方法 选自CSM手术中同时记录双侧胫前肌、足底躅短屈肌、鱼际肌的TES-MEP和双侧胫后神经和尺神经的CSEP共135例.根据TES-MEP、CSEP和联合监护结果与术后脊髓运动和感觉功能的比较,进行相关的统计学分析.结果 术中TES-MEP、CSEP、联合监护的成功检出率分别为87.4%、97.8%和100%.因手术操作引起诱发电位阳性共9例占6.7%.TES-MEP、CSEP判断脊髓运动功能的灵敏度分别为100%和83.3%,而判断脊髓感觉功能的灵敏度分别为77.8%和100%;联合监护的灵敏度和特异度均100%.结论 联合监护的成功检出率和准确性明显高于单一方法监护;手术操作引起诱发电位阳性的原因包括:前路椎管内的彻底减压、恢复椎间隙高度和生理弯曲的椎间植骨块或钛网植骨、合并后纵韧带骨化症的后路电磨惟板开槽,以及后路转前路手术时引流管不通的血肿压迫等.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate of the efficacy of transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential (TES-MEP)in combination with cortical somatosensory evoked potential (CSEP) monitoring during the anterior or posterior approach spinal surgery for cervical spondylitie myelopathy (CSM).Methods TES-MEP on the bilateral anterior tibial muscle and flexor hallucal brevis and thenar muscles and CSEP on the bilateral posterior tibial nerve and ulnar nerve were observed simultaneously in 135 patients during spinal surgery.Intravenous anesthesia was employed in all the patients.The results of TES-MEP,CSEP and combined monitoring were analyzed statistically.Pre-oporative and post-operative motor and sensory functions of the spinal cord were compared. Result Success rate of TES-MEP,CSEP and the combined monitoring was 87.4%.97.8%and 100%,respectively.Out of 135 patients,nine patients (6.7%) were detected with the positive evoked potentials due to surgical operation.The sensitivity of TES-MEP and CSEP in assessing the spinal cord motor function was 100%and 83.3%,respectively,while that in assessing the spinal cord sensory function was 77.8%and 100%,respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of the combined monitoring was both 100%. Conclusion The successful detection rate and accuracy of the combined monitoring for spinal cord function are apparently higher than that of simple TES-MEP or CSEP.The causes for operative maneuvers evoking a positive evoked potential include complete anterior decompression of the spinal canal,intervertebral bone graft,laminoplasty for OPLL and hematoma compression caused by a failed drainage in a posterior-anterior approach surgery.     

颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡的危险因素

目的 探讨创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡原因和危险因素.方法回顾性分析553例创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者的临床资料,对影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果早期死亡率4.0%(22/553).主要死亡原因为呼吸功能衰竭9例(40.9%)和电解质紊乱5例(22.7%).单因素分析发现年龄、颈脊髓损伤程度、呼吸、心血管和消化系统、电解质紊乱并发症、气管切开与颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡有一定相关性(P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析发现危险因素有年龄、颈脊髓损伤程度、呼吸和心血管系统、电解质紊乱并发症、气管切开.结论 高年龄、颈脊髓损伤程度重、合并呼吸或心血管系统以及电解质紊乱并发症、气管切开是颈脊髓损伤患者早期死亡的高危因素.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the causes and risk factors affecting early death in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Clinical data of 553 patients with traumatic cervical SCI were analyzed retrospectively to discuss the related factors affecting early death of patients with traumatic cervical SCI by using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The early mortality of the patients with traumatic cervical SCI was 4.0% ( 22/553 ). The main causes of the early death were respiratory failure in nine patients (40.9%) and electrolyte disorders in five (22.7%). Univariate analysis showed that age, cervical spinal cord injury severity, complications in respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive systems and electrolyte disturbance as well as tracheotomy were considered statistically significant for early death in patients with traumatic cervical SCI ( P < 0, 05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, cervical SCI severity, complications in respiratory,cardiovascular system and electrolyte disturbance as well as tracheotomy. Conclusion Severe cervical SCI, combined respiratory, cardiovascular system and electrolyte disorder complications as well as tracheotomy are high risk factors for the early death in patients with traumatic cervical SCI.     

颈前路钢板联合钛网或椎间融合器在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用

目的探讨颈前路钢板联合钛网或椎间融合器(cage)内固定在治疗颈椎创伤、脊髓型颈椎病等疾病中的作用和疗效。方法回顾分析2008年6月~2015年6月采用颈前路钢板内固定联合钛网植骨或椎间融合器(cage)植骨治疗的47例患者的临床资料,其中颈椎骨折28例,脊髓型颈椎病17例,颈椎滑脱9例,后纵韧带骨化2例。男性28例,女性19例;年龄22~69岁,平均50.2岁。结果本组47例均获随访,随访时间10~24个月,平均18个月;植骨均已融合,无内固定物松动,颈椎生理曲度存在,无椎间高度的丢失。患者神经功能均有不同程度恢复,JOA评分术前为7.6(3.3~10.9)分,术后6个月为10.8(7.5~14.9)分,改善率为(57.8±9.7)%;术后12个月为11.2(7.9~15.4)分,改善率为(59.8±9.5)%;术后6、12个月与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),术后6个月与12个月比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。影像学检查38例(80.1%)植骨患者植骨融合情况,结果显示无内固定物松动,颈椎生理曲度存在,无椎间高度的丢失。术后6个月47例全部植骨融合。结论颈前路钢板内固定联合钛网植骨或椎间融合器(cage)植骨,术后可即刻获得稳定,无需行石膏外固定,明显提高了植骨融合率。手术操作简单,并发症少,具有显著的优越性。     

过伸性颈椎与脊髓损伤(附25例报告)

报告25例过伸性颈椎和脊髓损伤。其中,急性中央脊髓综合征16例,脊髓部分损伤4例,前脊髓综合征2例,严重脊髓损伤3例。颈椎过伸性损伤可引起不同类型的脊髓伤,但以中央脊髓综合征多见。本组多采用保守治疗,效果较好。并对过伸性损伤的诊断和颈椎与脊髓伤之间关系作了讨论。     

颈椎侧块钢板固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的探讨颈椎侧块钢板固定术在下颈椎骨折脱位的临床应用。方法2001年2月-2003年6月,应用颈椎侧块钢板治疗下颈椎骨折脱位21例,根据骨折脱位情况进行术中减压、复位,选择颈椎侧块钢板螺钉技术,采用侧块中点内下1～2mm为进钉点,矢状面与关节面平行(45°),冠状面向外25°～30°。选取合适螺钉进行固定。结果21例均获随访6个月～2年9个月,平均13个月。术后在颈围保护下4～7d坐起,无脊髓损伤或C级以下脊髓损伤病例,离床活动时间4～14d,平均7d。术后4～6个月均获得良好骨性融合。16例脊髓损伤患者按美国脊柱脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)分级平均提高1级。3例神经根损伤术后神经功能完全恢复。术中无血管、神经系统损伤,1例复位不完全,2例(共2枚)螺钉松动。结论颈椎侧块钢板内固定术具有适应范围广、操作简单安全、固定牢固等优点,是颈后路固定的一种有效、可靠的方法。     

颈椎过伸性损伤X线片与MRI比较分析

目的：评价对比X钱片与MRI对颈椎过伸性损伤的诊断价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析收治入院的53例颈椎过伸性损伤患者的临床特点、X线片、MRI特点。结果：X线片提示损伤34例，占总数的64．15％；MRI表现有推前血肿和水肿、积液、脊髓受压变形、脊髓内水肿、前纵韧带断裂、椎间盘水平性撕裂、椎间盘突出、脊髓部分及完全性横断等以及椎管狭窄、OPLL、颈椎病等，所有患者的MRI均发现不同的损伤征象，还发现7例椎动脉损伤。结论：MRI优良的软组织成像能力使之对于颈椎过伸性损伤的检出、损伤机制和损伤程度描述均优于其他方法，是目前的最佳方法，对治疗方法的选择亦具有很好的指导意义。     

Correlation of MR imaging findings with intraoperative findings after cervical spine trauma

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: There are limited data correlating MR imaging and anatomic findings of ligamentous injury in cervical spine trauma. This study compares acute MR imaging with surgical observations of disk/ligamentous injury after blunt cervical trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with acute cervical spine trauma who underwent preoperative MR imaging and surgery from 1998 to 2001 were identified. MR imaging was obtained within 48 hours of injury for most patients. All scans included sagittal T1, T2 fat-saturated, and short tau inversion recovery sequences. At surgery, extent of injury at the operated level was recorded on a standardized form for either anterior or posterior structures or both depending upon the operative approach. MR examinations were separately evaluated by 2 readers blinded to the intraoperative findings. Radiologic and surgical findings were then correlated. RESULTS: Of 31 patients, an anterior surgical approach was chosen in 17 patients and a posterior approach in 13 patients. In one patient anterior and posterior approaches were utilized. Seventy-one percent of patients had spinal cord injury on MR imaging. MR imaging was highly sensitive for injury to disk (93%), posterior longitudinal ligament (93%), and interspinous soft tissues (100%), but it was less sensitive for injury to the anterior longitudinal ligament (71%) and ligamentum flavum (67%). For most ligamentous structures, there was limited agreement between specific MR imaging findings and injury at surgery. CONCLUSION: In acute cervical spine trauma, MR imaging has moderate to high sensitivity for injury to specific ligamentous structures but limited agreement between specific MR imaging findings and injury at surgery. MR imaging may overestimate the extent of disruptive injury when compared with intraoperative findings, with potential clinical consequences.     

成人无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨成人无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤（CSCIWOFD）的手术策略及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院28例手术治疗的成人CSCIWOFD患者的临床资料。颈椎X线或CT检查示发育性颈椎管狭窄2例,退变性颈椎管狭窄8例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化2例,第2、3颈椎阻滞椎1例,颈椎退行性改变15例。颈椎MRI示脊髓水肿15例,脊髓出血或血肿7例,脊髓软化或空洞6例;颈椎间盘损伤突出26例,其中单节段9例,两节段12例,多节段5例;前纵韧带损伤4例。前路减压椎间融合固定术18例,后路颈椎管扩大成形术9例,前路减压椎间融合固定术联合后路颈椎管扩大成形术1例。按美国脊髓损伤协会（ASIA）分级标准评价患者入院时和末次随访时脊髓神经功能。结果 28例随访时间6～87个月,平均34.4个月。患者脊髓功能ASIA分级：入院时A级2例,B级4例,C级6例,D级16例,E级0例;末次随访时A级2例,B级0例,C级2例,D级20例,E级4例,其神经系统症状较入院时有不同程度改善（P〈0.05）。结论对于成人CSCIWOFAD,根据其病情特点选择适宜的手术方式,可以获得较好的临床疗效。     

Cervical spine injuries in suicidal hanging without a long-drop—patterns and possible underlying mechanisms of injury: an autopsy study

Objectives

The incidence of cervical spine injuries in suicidal hangings with a short-drop has been reported to be extremely low or non-existent. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of cervical spine injuries in suicidal hanging.

Methods

A retrospective autopsy study was performed and short-drop suicidal hanging cases with documented cervical spine injuries were identified. This group was further analyzed with regard to the gender and age of the deceased, the position of the ligature knot, the presence of hyoid–laryngeal fractures, and the level of cervical spine injury.

Results

Cervical spine injuries were present in 25 of the 766 cases, with an average age of 71.9 ± 10.7 years (range 39–88 years). In 16 of these 25 cases, the ligature knot was in the anterior position. The most common pattern of cervical spine injury included partial or complete disruption of the anterior longitudinal ligament and widening of the lower cervical spine disk spaces, associated with absence of hyoid–laryngeal fractures.

Conclusions

Cervical spine injuries are not commonly found in short-drop suicidal hanging, occurring in only 3.3 % of all observed cases. Cervical spine injury may be occurring in 80 % of subjects aged 66.5 years and above. The most common pattern of cervical spine injury included anterior longitudinal ligament disruption of the lower cervical spine, disk space widening, and no vertebral body displacement. These injuries were mainly associated with an anterior knot position, and may be a consequence of loop pressure to the posterior neck and cervical spine hyperextension.     

颈胸段脊柱损伤的临床特点及其前路手术疗效探讨

目的：探讨颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤的临床特点及颈胸段前路减压,植骨,Orion钢板内固定术的治疗作用。方法：24例颈胸段脊柱损伤患者,损伤部位为C6-T1;损伤类型为椎体爆裂性骨折16例,椎体压缩性骨折6例,单纯骨折脱位2例。分析上述患者的临床表现,并分别行颈胸段前路C7,C6,7,T1或C7－T1椎体次全切除,植骨及Orion锁定型颈椎前路钢板固定术。结果：颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤患者通常表现为C8,T1或T2相应节段脊髓神经根症状,其中8例伴有窦性心动过缓,7例出现低血压,6例出现Horner征等交感神经节刺激症状,所有患者随访3－18个月,植骨均在3－4个月内完全融合,其中17例术后脊髓神经功能有不同程度改善,21例伴有交感神经节刺激症状者有所缓解,1例术后出现暂时性声音嘶哑。结论：颈胸段前路减压,植骨,Orion钢板内固定术对颈胸段脊柱脊髓损伤具有较好的疗效。Orion钢板有助于植骨节段融合,重建和稳定颈胸段脊柱。     

颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤的手术入路选择

目的 探讨颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤的外科治疗手术入路选择. 方法 回顾性分析25例颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤患者手术治疗的临床资料.按照Frankel神经功能分类法分级:A级2例,B级3例,C级14例,D级6例.前路手术12例,后路手术8例,后前路联合手术5例. 结果 术中无大血管、气管、食管、脊髓损伤等严重并发症.所有患者均获随访,时间15～86个月,平均38.3个月,前路手术患者均获骨性融合,内固定无松动、断裂及脱出.后路手术患者术后X线及CT摄片显示无再次关门现象.21例患者脊髓功能获得不同程度改善,4例尤改善者上肢疼痛、麻木有不同程度的缓解. 结论 采用前路、后路或后前路联合入路治疗颈后纵韧带骨化后脊髓损伤均取得良好临床疗效,根据影像学表现结合患者全身情况合理选择手术入路是手术成功的关键.