血管桥接吻合一期皮瓣修复小腿开放损伤

目的探讨血管桥接吻合在小腿开放性损伤一期皮瓣修复中的应用。方法2003年1月至2007年3月,我们为15例小腿开放性损伤的病人一期行股前外侧皮瓣游离移植,将皮瓣血管蒂的近、远端（旋股外侧血管）分别与受区胫前或胫后血管近、远端吻合,这样既修复了小腿的皮肤软组织缺损。又重建了小腿远端血运,收到较好的效果。结果14例全部成活,1例因清创不彻底,术后出现皮瓣边缘部分坏死,经换药后延期愈合。结论小腿中下段开放性骨折合并血管、神经、肌腱断裂并有皮肤软组织缺损的病人．一期股前外侧皮瓣游离移植并桥接血管是一种有效实用的方法。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用

目的探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢较大皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用效果。方法对创面彻底清创,骨折维持原有钢板或外固定架固定,或行简单、相对稳定有效的外固定架固定,对于严重感染创面,清创后亦可先行负压封闭引流技术（VSD）。然后行游离股前外皮瓣覆盖创面,对有严重骨缺损（小于6cm）者行一期或二期自体髂骨植骨术。结果共治疗60例．有4例股前外皮瓣坏死,2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药创面愈合,2例皮瓣术后发生血管危象,经及时探查处理后皮瓣成活良好。术后随访0．5～2年,骨折全部顺利愈合,肢体功能及外观恢复满意。结论游离股前外侧皮瓣修复下肢较大皮肤软组织缺损可获得良好的临床效果。     

游离股前外侧皮瓣交叉桥接移植修复下肢软组织缺损

目的：应用游离股前外侧皮瓣与健侧小腿交叉桥接移植修复下肢软组织缺损。方法对12例下肢大面积皮肤、软组织缺损及皮肤瘢痕,合并血管损伤及骨折病例,采用股前外侧皮瓣与健侧肢体血管交叉桥接吻合的方法修复,皮瓣面积：14 cm×35 cm～15 cm×44 cm,外固定架固定双下肢,术后4周行断蒂。结果12例皮瓣全部成活,无血管危象发生。3例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经换药、清创后植皮愈合良好。随访平均11个月,皮瓣质地与下肢皮肤接近,血运良好,外观满意。结论游离股前外侧皮瓣与健侧小腿血管交叉吻合移植修复下肢大面积皮肤缺损,为伴有血管损伤的下肢外伤提供了有效的治疗方法。     

游离股前外侧穿支分叶皮瓣修复四肢复杂皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧穿支分叶皮瓣移植修复四肢复杂性皮肤软组织缺损的方法及疗效。方法自2018年6月至2020年6月, 我科应用游离股前外侧穿支分叶皮瓣修复四肢复杂性皮肤软组织缺损患者12例, 男7例, 女5例;年龄39～58岁。手部皮肤软组织缺损4例, 前臂皮肤软组织缺损1例;足踝部皮肤软组织缺损4例, 小腿皮肤软组织缺损3例。致伤原因:机器挤压伤6例, 交通伤6例。其中4例伴有血管神经损伤, 1例伴有尺神经缺损。所有创面经一期行清创VSD术, 术后合并有骨、关节、肌腱、血管神经外露, 各创面皮肤缺损面积6 cm×9 cm～9 cm×35 cm, 游离股前外侧分叶皮瓣切取最大面积35 cm×9 cm。手部与前臂皮肤软组织缺损患者皮瓣与尺侧血管吻合2例、桡侧血管吻合3例;足、踝及小腿皮肤软组织缺损4例与胫前血管吻合, 3例与胫后血管吻合。结果 12例游离股前外侧穿支分叶皮瓣术后均存活, 未出现血管危象;其中2例皮瓣出现边缘部分皮肤软组织坏死, 清洁换药后愈合良好;术后随访12～36个月, 皮瓣感觉部分恢复, 外形、质地、效果良好;供区仅存留线性瘢痕, 外观、功能无明显影响。结论采用游离股...     

一期锁定钢板外置固定联合二期皮瓣修复治疗合并软组织缺损的胫骨近端骨折

目的 探讨一期锁定钢板外置固定联合二期皮瓣修复治疗合并皮肤软组织缺损的开放性胫骨近端骨折的安全性及有效性.方法 回顾性分析自2014-01-2018-12诊治的23例合并皮肤软组织缺损的开放性胫骨近端骨折,所有患者一期急诊彻底清创、骨折复位、锁定钢板外置固定并负压封闭引流覆盖创面,待创面清洁后二期行皮瓣修复创面(游离股...     

游离股前外侧皮瓣与健侧血管桥接修复下肢严重毁损伤

目的　探讨下肢严重毁损伤造成大面积软组织缺损、骨缺损、骨外露以及胫前、后动脉受损情况下 ,应用游离股前外侧皮瓣健侧胫后血管桥接方式覆盖创面 ,为二期功能重建创造条件 ,从而达到保肢目的。　方法　临床治疗 11例 ,切取股前外侧皮瓣与健侧胫后血管桥接修复下肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损并骨缺损、骨外露巨大创面 ,切取皮瓣最大面积 36cm× 15cm ,双套管活动外固定器固定双下肢 ,术后 4～ 6周断蒂。　结果　 11例皮瓣全部成活 ,3例皮瓣轻度感染 ,其中 2例经换药后愈合 ,另 1例断蒂后愈合。随访 6个月～ 3年 ,皮瓣外观丰满 ,质地均匀 ,保肢成功 ,并最大限度地恢复下肢功能。　结论　应用游离股前外侧皮瓣及健侧胫后血管桥接移植是修复下肢严重毁损伤的有效方法     

小腿桥式交腿游离皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨下肢大面积软组织缺损采用游离组织移植而受区又无可供吻合血管时的解决办法. 方法 采用以健侧胫前或胫后血管为蒂桥式携带游离皮瓣移植修复11例下肢大面积软组织缺损. 结果 采用健侧胫前血管形成顺行皮瓣桥式携带游离皮瓣移植修复患肢创面缺损6例,皮瓣全部成活.采用健侧胫后血管形成顺行皮瓣桥式携带游离皮瓣5例,其中2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,行清创植皮术后,创面修复良好.其余3例皮瓣全部成活,创面修复.结论 以健侧小腿胫前或胫后血管作为游离组织移植时的供血血管,是解决患侧小腿大面积软组织缺损且受区又无可供吻合血管时的一种理想修复方法.     

游离串联皮瓣在下肢软组织大面积缺损中的应用

[目的]探讨应用游离串联皮瓣修复下肢软组织大面积缺损的临床效果.[方法]将1块轴型游离皮瓣的远端血管与另一皮瓣的血管吻合,串联成一块复合皮瓣后,游离移植至已作清创的创面,修复下肢大面积软组织缺损,共计11例,其中小腿内侧皮瓣串联背阔肌皮瓣2例,股前外侧皮瓣串联腓肠肌内侧头肌皮瓣1例,股前外侧皮瓣串联背阔肌皮瓣8例.串联皮瓣最大面积54 cm×28 cm,最小面积38 cm×16 cm.[结果]手术过程顺利,术后皮瓣全部存活,随访8～18个月,皮瓣质地柔软,外形满意,下肢功能恢复良好.[结论]游离串联皮瓣设计灵活,有多处供区可供选择,是治疗受区血管条件受限的下肢大面积软组织缺损患者的良好方法.     

应用Flow-through股前外侧游离皮瓣同期修复软组织和主干血管缺损

目的 探讨应用Flow-through股前外侧游离皮瓣同期修复软组织和主干血管缺损的可行性与疗效. 方法 2003年5月至2012年2月共收治21例肢体严重创伤患者,男13例,女8例;年龄14 ～53岁,平均37.3岁.创伤部位:上肢4例,下肢17例.血管断裂并缺损14例,血管广泛挫伤并血栓形成7例.所有患肢均存在严重的软组织缺损合并主干血管损伤,且伴有不同程度的骨质、肌腱、血管或神经外露.肢体损伤严重程度评分为5～8分,平均5.8分.8例肢体远端血供差或完全消失的患者彻底清创后一期行Flow-through皮瓣移植术;13例血供部分存在但明显差于健侧的患者,根据清创后创面情况,6例直接行一期皮瓣移植术,7例行二期皮瓣移植术. 结果 21例患者术后获3～43个月(平均11.8个月)随访.所有患者均保肢成功,移植皮瓣全部存活,肢体远端血供良好,无血管危象发生.3例患者皮瓣边缘部分坏死,2例患者供区植皮后部分坏死,3例患者发生浅表感染,1例患者发生骨髓炎,均经处理后获改善. 结论 Flow-through股前外侧游离皮瓣技术可在修复创面的同时修复主干血管损伤,为严重开放性四肢创伤的治疗提供了一种可靠的方法.     

股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损

目的 探讨应用股前外侧游离皮瓣修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法 采用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复12例小腿及足踝部深部软组织缺损患者,创面缺损面积11 cm×6 cm～20 cm×13 cm.结果 12例皮瓣全部成活,未发生血管危象,无皮瓣边缘坏死.12例均获随访,时间9～12个月.皮瓣质地、色泽及感觉功能恢复满意.结论 应用股前外侧游离皮瓣移植修复小腿及足踝部软组织缺损疗效满意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.