脑胚胎癌影像学诊断及鉴别诊断

目的:探讨脑胚胎癌的MRI、CT表现特征及其诊断价值.方法:通过回顾性分析经手术病理证实4例脑胚胎癌MRI及CT表现并复习文献,总结MRI及CT影像特征.结果:CT表现为不均匀等密度或稍高密度影,MRI表现为T1WI不均匀低信号、T2WI混杂高信号影,增强扫描呈不均匀显著强化.早期无明显占位效应,晚期肿瘤内可有不同程度坏死、囊变及出血.结论:脑胚胎癌MRI及CT表现具有特征性,其影像学诊断需结合临床,必要时需行诊断性放、化疗.     

睾丸原发性淋巴瘤的CT及MRI表现(附5例报告)

目的 分析睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤CT及MRI表现以提高对该病的认识.方法 回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤的CT及MRI表现.4例行CT平扫及增强扫描.1例行MRI横断面、冠状面及矢状面平扫及增强扫描.结果 CT表现,肿块边缘基本清楚,平扫密度相对均匀,增强后轻度强化,密度欠均匀或明显不均.MRI表现T1WI呈较均匀等信号,T2WI呈均匀低信号,增强扫描后有轻度均匀强化.其他表现,易侵犯附睾和精索,同时伴有腹膜后淋巴结受累,包绕推移血管,呈漂浮征.结论 睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤CT/MRI表现有一定的特征性.     

MRI在原发性输卵管癌临床分期中的应用价值

目的探讨MRI在原发性输卵管癌临床分期中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的输卵管癌患者的MRI资料,将肿瘤的定位、局部浸润、淋巴结转移、腹膜转移及远处转移等影像学表现,与手术所见、病理结果及临床分期相结合进行分析。结果本组9例均为单侧(左6例/右3例),腹盆腔积液5例,仅盆腔积液1例,子宫/卵巢受累7例,盆腔其它脏器受累6例,盆腔外腹膜种植转移5例,淋巴结阳性3例,远处转移1例。影像学分期IA期2例,IIA期1例,IIB期1例,IIIC期5例。淋巴结阳性诊断正确率75%,其余上述影像学表现及分期的诊断符合率均为100%。结论 MRI增强检查对原发性输卵管癌周围结构的侵犯及远处转移情况,均能清楚、准确显示,从而指导临床制定适合患者的手术方案。     

肾集合管癌的CT和MRI诊断

目的:分析肾集合管癌的CT和MRI表现,提高对肾集合管癌诊断的准确性.方法:回顾性分析7例经病理证实的肾集合管癌的临床表现、影像学及病理学特征.其中5例行CT平扫及增强扫描,2例行MRI平扫及增强扫描.结果:7例中男4例,女3例.年龄44～76岁,中位年龄58岁.肿瘤位于左肾5例,右肾2例.肿瘤直径3.6～6.7cm,平均5.2cm.7例均是实性肿块,形态不规则、边界不清.5例肾脏轮廓改变.CT平扫为等密度,T1WI为等或稍高信号,T2 WI为低信号,密度或信号多不均匀,内可见片状坏死区,增强后呈轻度不均匀延迟强化.5例有腹膜后淋巴结肿大,其中1例有同侧肾上腺转移,1例有颈部淋巴结转移.3例有肾静脉癌栓形成.结论:肾集合管癌的CT和MRI表现有一定的特征性,在肾内出现以髓质为中心、边界不清、增强后轻度延迟强化肿块,早期即有淋巴结转移时应考虑此病的可能.     

肾盂癌MRI表现

目的:分析肾盂癌的MRI信号特点。方法:搜集有完整临床资料及经病理证实的肾盂癌32例,均作T1WI、T2WI、STIR序列检查,其中15例作MRI动态增强检查,层厚/间距:8/0mm。必要时为4/0mm。结果:移形上皮细胞癌28例,鳞状上皮细胞癌3例,腺癌1例。T1WI均匀低信号21例,混杂信号7例,均匀等信号4例。T2WI均匀高信号20例,混杂高信号7例,等信号5例。腹膜后淋巴结转移5例,肾门淋巴结转移2例。注入对比剂后,皮质期均匀强化10例,不均匀强化5例;实质期及肾盂期13例病灶强化程度几乎没有改变,2例增强程度明显提高。MRU,肾盏饱满积水6例,肾盂积水扩张4例,肾盂内充盈缺损影3例。结论:仔细分析病灶信号特点,MRI能够准确诊断肾盂癌且能了解向肾实质及远处转移情况。     

睾丸副睾肿块的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨睾丸副睾肿块的CT和MRI影像学表现。方法回顾性分析20例经手术病理证实的睾丸副睾肿块,其中3例行CT平扫及增强扫描,3例行CT直接增强,8例行MRI平扫及PWI动态增强,6例行MRI平扫,然后观察肿块的分布、形态大小、境界、内部结构、强化特点及周围侵犯转移情况及影像学显示方法,并与病理结果对比。结果病理结果示21个睾丸副睾肿块,睾丸肿块18例,副睾肿块2例,恶性肿块12例(精原细胞瘤5例,胚胎性癌3例,畸胎瘤1例,淋巴瘤1例,附睾横纹肌肉瘤1例,阴茎根部原始神经胚叶肿瘤1例),良性肿块8例(畸胎瘤1例,睾丸间质细胞瘤2例,非异性炎性肿块1例,结核1例,表皮样囊肿2例,单纯囊肿1例);恶性肿块4个局限睾丸,8个累及被膜及附睾,良性肿块1例累及附睾。影像学结果示恶性肿块直径平均大于50mm,肿块大多实性结节状,结节间纤维分隔,肿块强化不均匀,其中3例向周围侵犯及伴淋巴结转移;良性肿块直径平均小于20mm,肿块部分强化不均匀,较少伴淋巴结转移。MRI多序列及灌注检查,分辨肿块内、外组织成分,周围组织累及情况,鉴别肿块良、恶性方面优于CT检查。结论睾丸副睾肿块CT、MRI表现有一定特征,CT、MRI检查有助于诊断及鉴别诊断,对提示其良、恶性有意义。     

阴茎癌的CT诊断价值

目的 探讨阴茎癌的CT表现及其诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实的阴茎癌患者的CT表现.结果 CT表现为阴茎头不规则分叶状或菜花状软组织肿块,密度均匀,肿瘤直径1-9 cm不等,平均3.5 cm.增强扫描动脉期病变呈中度强化,此期显示肿瘤侵犯深度更加清楚,7例显示阴茎海绵体受累,1例阴茎根部皮肤受累.8例淋巴结转移,其中双侧转移5例,单侧转移3例(右侧2例,左侧1例).12例患者中均未发现盆腔淋巴结及其他脏器转移.结论 CT可显示阴茎癌原发肿瘤的大小、形态及对阴茎侵犯深度,同时可显示淋巴结及远处转移情况,为临床制定治疗方案提供参考.     

节细胞神经瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的 探讨CT和MRI在诊断节细胞神经瘤中的价值.方法 回顾性分析19例经病理证实的节细胞神经瘤患者的CT和MRI影像学表现及临床资料,其中15例行CT增强扫描,4例行MRI扫描(3例增强).结果 所有病灶均为单发.1例位于颈部,7例位于后纵隔,3例位于腹膜后间隙,8例位于肾上腺.边界均清楚,形态多呈椭圆形或不规则形.CT平扫呈均匀或不均匀低密度,动脉期无明显强化,静脉期呈渐进性不均匀强化.4例病灶内见斑点状、结节状钙化.MRI表现为T1WI低信号,T2WI不均匀高信号为主,增强后不强化或轻度强化.2例病灶内呈现"漩涡征".结论 节细胞神经瘤的生长方式及影像学表现具有一定的特征性,CT延迟增强及MRI扫描对其诊断和鉴别诊断有很大的价值.     

儿童睾丸肿瘤的CT诊断

探讨CT在儿童睾丸肿瘤诊断中的应用价值。材料和方法：回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的28例儿童睾丸肿瘤的组织病理、临床特点和CT表现。结果：良性畸胎瘤16例，内胚窦瘤7例，胚胎细胞癌5例。总体发病年龄平均14个月；良性畸胎瘤和内胚窦瘤分别为12个月和14个月，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；胚胎细胞癌49个月，和前两者差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。内胚窦瘤和胚胎细胞癌患者的血清甲胎蛋白值明显升高，和良性畸胎瘤患者的差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。CT平扫5例良性畸胎瘤含钙化、脂肪成分，具有特征性，其余平扫CT征象在3种肿瘤中的差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。增强后内胚窦瘤和胚胎细胞癌均显著不均匀强化，而良性畸胎瘤多轻度均匀强化或无强化，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。7例内胚窦瘤中肺部转移1例。5例胚胎细胞癌中同侧精索增粗伴明显强化2例，其中1例伴后腹膜淋巴结肿大。1例内胚窦瘤和3例胚胎细胞癌患者术后进行了为期1年的随访，血清甲胎蛋白、盆腹腔CT和胸部x线平片均正常。结论：CT扫描并与临床资料相结合，在鉴别儿童睾丸肿瘤良恶性、肿瘤术前分期和术后随访方面具有重要价值。     

Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌影像表现及病理对照

目的 探讨Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床、影像学特点及与病理相关性.方法 回顾分析11例Xp1 1.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床及影像学特点并复习相关文献.结果 11例患者中,2例病灶CT增强扫描呈明显强化,2例病灶MRI增强扫描呈轻度强化,余7例病灶CT增强扫描呈轻度或中度强化;1 1例均有不同程度囊实性改变,7例可见钙化灶,1例病灶可见肝脏转移,1例病灶可见胸椎转移,2例可见腹膜后淋巴结转移,2例病灶可见下腔静脉癌栓形成,2例病灶内可见脂肪.结论 Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌临床罕见,年轻女性发病率较高,如果CT及MRI平扫肿瘤可见出血、坏死,增强扫描呈轻度强化,伴多发淋巴结或远处器官转移时,有助于本病的诊断.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.