后外侧入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折

目的探讨后外侧入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2009-07—2015-07采用后外侧入路双钢板内固定治疗的21例肱骨中下段骨折。肘关节功能采用Mayo评分标准评定。结果本组手术时间80~150(115.0±32.0)min。21例均获得10~24(16.8±4.5)个月随访,骨折均获得骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间12~24(16.5±3.6)周。1例术前存在桡神经损伤症状,术中探查为桡神经挫伤,术后2个月桡神经功能完全恢复。2例肱骨外侧髁处钢板远端翘起,感觉不适。末次随访时肘关节功能Mayo评分:优15例,良4例,可2例,优良率90.5%。结论采用侧卧位后外侧入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折显露充分、内固定牢靠、可以早期进行功能锻炼,临床疗效满意。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效。方法采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定治疗19例肱骨远端C型骨折患者。分析术后并发症、骨折愈合时间及肘关节功能等指标。结果19例均获得随访,时间13~24个月。骨折均愈合,时间12~23周。未发生手术并发症。末次随访时,按照Mayo肘关节功能评分标准评定疗效:优11例,良6例,可1例,差1例,优良率17/19;肘关节屈伸活动度为80°~140°(109.8°±12.2°),前臂旋转活动度为110°~180°(140.6°±22.6°)。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折显露充分,复位及内固定操作方便,双钢板固定牢固,术后并发症少,肘关节功能恢复好。     

尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折临床分析

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析27例接受尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗的肱骨远端C型骨折患者的临床资料。结果 27例均获随访,肘关节功能评分:优13例,良8例,可4例,差2例,优良率77.8%。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折,可早期功能锻炼,效果可靠。     

后外侧解剖钢板内固定治疗肱骨干远端骨折

目的总结后外侧解剖钢板治疗肱骨干远端骨折的临床疗效。方法对肱骨干远端骨折26例采用后侧入路、肱骨远端后外侧解剖钢板固定,观察骨折愈合情况,评定术后肘关节功能。结果所有骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间10.2周。随访末肘关节评分,优良率88.46%。结论肱骨远端后外侧解剖钢板具有符合肱骨远端解剖形态、固定牢靠、可早期功能锻炼等优点,是一种较好的内置物。     

经后侧入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3粉碎性骨折

目的探讨经后侧入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3粉碎性骨折的疗效。方法对31例肱骨干下1/3粉碎性骨折患者采用经后侧入路双钢板内固定术治疗;观察骨折愈合及肘关节功能恢复情况。结果 31例均获随访,时间7~23(11.5±5.2)个月。骨折均愈合,时间12~32(16.5±4.5)周。发生骨化性肌炎1例。末次随访时肘关节功能按Mayo评分标准评定:优20例,良9例,可2例。结论后侧入路安全简便、显露清晰,更适合对肱骨干下1/3段粉碎性骨折的治疗;双钢板可提供早期的坚强固定,利于肘关节功能恢复和骨折愈合。     

双窗口显露肱骨远端亚髁钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折疗效分析

目的探讨双窗口显露肱骨远端亚髁钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折的临床疗效。方法自2000-12—2014-12采用双窗口显露肱骨远端亚髁钢板内固定治疗31例肱骨中下段骨折。肱骨近侧同肱骨前外侧入路显露方法,远端同肱骨远端外侧入路显露方法,以桡神经及伴行部分肱肌为界,形成远近2个窗口。结果 31例均获得随访6~36个月,平均14个月。骨折均满意复位,术后6~12个月获得骨性愈合。肘关节活动度为120°~145°,平均135.2°。末次随访时疗效根据Mayo肘关节评分标准评定均为优。结论采用双窗口显露肱骨远端亚髁钢板内固定治疗肱骨中下段骨折可充分显露骨折端及肱骨外髁外侧柱,有利于骨折复位及钢板远端螺钉的置入,降低桡神经损伤概率,固定可靠。     

基于双柱理论的平行钢板固定技术在肱骨远端C型骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨采用肘关节经三头肌舌形瓣入路或尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路钢板平行放置,固定肱骨远端内、外侧柱方法治疗肱骨远端C型骨折的临床疗效。方法对32例肱骨远端C型骨折采用肘关节经三头肌舌形瓣入路或尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,AO解剖钢板平行放置,固定肱骨远端内、外侧柱,重建肱骨远端三角形框架结构的稳定性。结果 29例获得9~36个月的随访,骨折均愈合。按照Jupiter等肘关节功能评分标准:优12例,良14例,可2例,差1例,优良率89.7%。结论基于双柱理论的平行双钢板固定技术治疗肱骨远端C型骨折固定可靠,允许早期功能锻炼,疗效确切。     

微创三切口技术治疗累及远端的肱骨中下段骨折

目的 探讨微创三切口双钢板固定技术治疗累及肱骨远端特别是肱骨远端、关节面的肱骨干中下段骨折的疗效.方法 2004年9月至2007年11月共收治6例累及肱骨远端的肱骨干中下段骨折患者,经肘关节内侧切口复位关节内骨折,空心螺钉固定.肱骨远端与骨干复位后,内侧柱用1/3管型钢板固定.肱骨干骨折采用闭合复位,于上臂前侧三角肌和肱二头肌之间另做小切口,制备此小切口与肘关节外侧切口之间的肌下隧道.将塑形的4.5 mm动力加压钢板经上臂小切口肌下插入,至肘关节外侧切口.钢板近端置于肱骨于前缘,远端置于外侧柱前外侧面,各至少3枚螺钉固定.术后采用Mayo肘关节功能评分系统评价结果.结果 6例患者术后获13～36个月(平均22.2个月)随访.骨折均获愈合,愈合时间为12～24周(平均19周).无医源性桡神经麻痹及内固定失败病例发生.肘关节活动度为110°～140°,平均130.8°.根据Mayo肘关节评分标准评定疗效:全部为优.结论 采用微创三切口双钢板技术治疗累及肱骨远端关节面的肱骨中下段骨折操作简单,可获得满意效果.     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的观察经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2015-01经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板埋头空心钉内固定治疗的31例肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折。埋头空心钉固定髁间骨折块,分别于肱骨外侧柱后外侧、内侧柱内侧放置合适长度的接骨板。结果 31例均获得随访6~36个月,平均16.13个月。骨折愈合时间8~14周,平均11.47周。末次随访时HHS评分平均89.28分,优16例,良11例,可3例,差1例,优良率87.09%。1例术后发生异位骨化,肘关节屈伸活动明显受限,术后半年取出内固定进行肘关节松解后肘关节功能恢复良好。2例术后出现尺神经卡压症状,取出内固定后缓解。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双钢板埋头空心钉内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折显露充分、固定牢靠,且有利于术后进行肘关节功能锻炼。     

肱骨远端后外侧钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1／3骨折

[目的] 分析肱骨远端后外侧钢板治疗肱骨下1/3骨折的疗效.[方法] 采用切开复位肱骨远端后外侧钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折25例.[结果] 25例内固定手术患者,平均随诊10.2个月,优15例,良8例,可2例.[结论] 肱骨远端后外侧钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折操作简单,固定牢固,是治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折的有效方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.