胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的介绍胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效及优越性。方法采用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折12例。结果随访5~22个月,术后踝关节功能参照Mazur评价标准:优7例,良3例,可1例,差1例。结论胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板较普通钉板固定更牢固,术后出现关节并发症少,故可广泛应用于各种类型的胫骨远端骨折,尤其是Pilon骨折。     

胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合微创接骨板固定技术(MIPPO)内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法对30例胫骨远端骨折采用胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合MIPPO技术内固定治疗。结果 30例均获随访6~24个月,骨折均愈合,末次随访时疗效按Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定:优23例,良5例,可2例,优良率93.3%。结论胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合MIPPO技术内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折可最大限度恢复骨折端血运及踝关节功能。     

MIPPO技术结合LCP内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合微创接骨板固定技术内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法对37例胫骨远端骨折采用胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合MIPPO技术内固定治疗。结果 37例均获随访6~18个月,骨折均愈合。末次随访时疗效按Johner-Wruhs评分标准评定,优29例,良3例,可5例,优良率86.49%。结论胫骨远端内侧锁定加压钢板结合MIPPO技术内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折可保护骨断端生物学环境及踝关节功能。     

胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗C型Pilon骨折

目的探讨应用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗C型Pilon骨折的疗效。方法对18例C型Pilon骨折患者行切开复位胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板内固定,部分辅助外固定。采用Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统进行评定。结果患者术后伤口均愈合良好。14例获得随访,时间5～17(7±2)个月,骨折均愈合。Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统评定结果:优1例,良11例,可2例。结论应用胫骨远端前外侧锁定钢板治疗Pilon骨折效果较好。     

微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的效果。方法自2003年6月～2005年5月微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折56例。按AO分类标准:A型20例,B型19例,C型17例。结果48例获得随访,平均11个月(8～21个月)。X线片显示骨折全部一期愈合,平均愈合时间为13周,均无感染、骨不连、钢板松动等并发症。按照Mazur踝关节功能评分:优38例,良6例,可4例,优良率为91.7%。结论微创经皮锁定加压钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折符合生物力学固定(BO)原则,内固定牢靠,有利于骨折的愈合及软组织的修复。     

胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗后Pilon骨折的疗效分析

[目的]分析胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板治疗后Pilon骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2015年3月~2016年3月收治15例后Pilon骨折患者,采用后外侧入路应用胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗。根据AOFAS评分标准评价踝关节功能。[结果]15例均获得随访,随访时间12~24个月,平均18.5个月。术后骨折均临床愈合,踝关节功能基本恢复正常。优10例,良3例,可2例,差0例,优良率86.7%。[结论]对于后Pilon骨折,尤其伴有腓骨骨折采用后外侧入路应用胫骨远端后侧解剖型锁定钢板固定是一个较好的选择,疗效满意。     

胫骨远端锁定加压钢板治疗Pilon骨折的疗效分析

目的 分析应用胫骨远端锁定加压钢板治疗粉碎性Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 胫骨远端锁定加压钢板治疗14例Pilon骨折患者,腓骨作外侧偏后纵切口,复位后用1／3管型或重建钢板固定。胫骨作有限切开复位后,用胫骨远端锁定加压钢板经皮下插入,锁定螺钉固定。结果 14例均获随访,时间7—24个月。采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效,优5例,良6例,可3例,无切口裂开和深部感染发生。结论 对粉碎性Pilon骨折选用胫骨远端锁定加压钢板内固定能获得优良疗效。     

胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压接骨板治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的 总结胫骨远端前外侧锁定加压接骨板3.5治疗胫骨远端骨折的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 采用胫骨远端前外侧解剖型钢板治疗胫骨远端骨折21例.结果 21例患者获得随访,时间6.0～28.0个月,平均18.0个月,所有患者均达到骨性愈合.踝关节功能根据Mazur等的踝关节症状和功能评价标准优良率85.71％.结论 胫骨远端...     

锁定加压钢板微创经皮内固定治疗胫骨骨折

目的 探讨锁定加压钢板(LCP)微创经皮内固定治疗胫骨骨折的疗效.方法 采用锁定加压钢板微创经皮内固定治疗胫骨骨折18例,包括胫骨近端骨折7例,胫骨干骨折6例,胫骨远端骨折5例.结果 18例均得到随访,时间6～24个月.根据JoherWruhs评分标准:优15例,良3例.结论 采用锁定加压钢板微创经皮内固定治疗胫骨骨...     

胫骨远端LCP结合外固定支架术中辅助复位治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端锁定加压钢板（locking compression plate,LCP）结合外固定支架术中辅助复位治疗Pilon骨折方法和疗效。方法自2007年8月至2011年12月,采用胫骨远端LCP结合外固定支架术中辅助复位治疗Pilon骨折15例,以外固定支架恢复并维持胫距关节的高度、力线,使用微创经皮钢板内固定技术置入胫骨远端LCP,并在胫骨远端以较多的锁定螺钉（5～7枚）固定和支撑胫距关节面及植骨。结果本组15例患者全部获得随访,随访时间11～20个月,平均13个月。全部获得骨性愈合,术后踝关节功能评估优良率达86.7%。结论胫骨远端LCP结合外固定支架术中辅助复位是治疗Pilon骨折的有效方法。本治疗方法解决了手术治疗Pilon骨折时复位困难、复位难以维持的问题。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.