等离子电凝止血在扁桃体切除术中的应用观察

扁桃体切除术是耳鼻喉科最简单、最普通的手术之一,但易并发手术出血,因此术中有效止血是手术成功的关键,2005年3月～2006年3月,我们在扁桃体切除术中应用等离子止血治疗仪止血,与传统止血方法比较,效果满意.     

胰十二指肠切除术的出血和止血

出血和止血是影响胰十二指肠切除术成败的关键问题之一. 明确出血原因, 做好预防出血准备, 有效止血, 一直是医家孜孜追求的目标.本文着眼于胰十二指肠切除术的出血和止血问题, 就出血的危险因素; 出血诊断和治疗的关键问题; 止血的手术技巧等作一探讨, 以期对临床有所借鉴.     

急诊手术治疗肝癌破裂患者生存期研究

目的 研究肝癌破裂患者手术治疗后生存状况。方法 2007年2月~2014年7月本院收治的原发性肝癌破裂患者136例,其中接受急诊肝叶切除术治疗患者75例,经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）止血治疗患者61例。结果 在75例接受急诊手术治疗的患者中,73例（97.4%）止血成功,另2例在行肝动脉结扎止血后再次出血而死亡,在61例接受TACE治疗的患者中,54例（88.5%）止血成功,4例患者死于失血性休克,3例患者死于肝功能衰竭;急诊肝叶切除术治疗患者中位生存时间为12.9±3.2个月,而TACE组为5.8±2.1个月（P<0.01）;在术后1年随访, TACE组病死率为86.9%,显著高于急诊肝叶切除术组的69.3%（P<0.05）。结论 对于肝癌破裂出血患者,应根据肿瘤情况和肝功能状况综合判断应该给予何种治疗,对于不能急诊手术切除肿瘤的患者,TACE仍是一种比较好的选择。     

自制止血导管在前列腺切除术中的应用观察

目的观察自制复合高压水囊前列腺止血导管在前列腺增生症（BPH）患者前列腺切除术中的应用效果。方法将372例行前列腺切除术患者随机分为两组,A组（268例）术中采用自制复合高压水囊前列腺止血导管止血,B组（104例）术中采用三腔Foley尿管止血。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量及术后尿道压和最大尿流率。结果A组手术时间及术中出血量明显少于B组（P均〈0．05）;术后两组患者尿道压、最大尿流率差别均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论BPH患者前列腺切除术中采用自制前列腺止血导管能有效缩短手术时间,减少前列腺窝出血,不影响手术效果。     

双吻合器技术下直肠前切除术后吻合口出血临床分析

目的探讨双吻合器技术下直肠前切除术后吻合口出血的危险因素和处理策略。 方法收集2010年01月至2014年12月,455例使用双吻合器行直肠癌前切除术患者的临床资料,对发生吻合口出血病例进行回顾性分析。 结果开腹手术303例,腹腔镜142例,共发生吻合口出血10例（2.2%）,均为超低位吻合,其中开放手术7例（2.3%）,腹腔镜3例（2.1%）,静滴止血药物后治疗3例,内镜下钛夹止血4例,肛窥下缝合止血、介入治疗止血、二次手术止血各1例。 结论直肠前切除术后吻合口出血可能与吻合平面低有关,该并发症以预防为主,明确吻合口出血后以非手术治疗为主,介入及内镜治疗是有效的止血方法。     

肝血流阻断方法的评价

肝脏手术的主要问题是术中出血。如何控制术中出血成为肝切除术成败的前提条件。随着人们对肝脏解剖了解的加深，手术技术的提高，围手术期处理的得当以及麻醉水平的提高，肝切除术变得安全、简单。而一些特殊部位的手术如：肿瘤靠近大血管或浸润大血管、扩大肝切除术，术中可能出现致命性大出血，且出血伴随的输血可以增加术后并发症的发病率和死亡率，特别是合并肝硬化的患者。Poon等认为肝癌患者术后即便少量输血，也可增加术后复发的机率。且肝癌患者用血库血或自体血回输都可能增加直肠转移，可能与非特异性免疫抑制有关。     

常温下肝血流完全阻断肝广泛切除术(附四例报告)

目前治疗肝肿瘤最有效的手段仍然是外科手术切除。但常因肝脏切除术中出血较多(特别是巨大肝肿瘤,或虽然肿瘤不大,但其位于第一或第二肝门区者)而无法手术。1970年美国Fortner等首创血管隔离低温灌注技术作肝广泛切除术,虽解决了出血问     

射频止血切割器在肝切除术中的临床应用

目的探讨射频止血切割器在肝切除术中的临床应用。方法选取于2014年5月至2015年5月于本院行肝切除术治疗的患者102例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组51例。观察组患者术中应用Habib4X射频止血切割器切肝,对照组患者术中应用传统钳夹法切肝。比较两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、肝功能变化、腹腔引流量、无瘤生存率和总生存率。结果观察组患者术中出血量少、手术时间短,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-14.88、-19.34,P均0.001)。观察组患者术中行肝门阻断及输血的比例显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为29.99、28.03,P均0.001);观察组患者术后3天的ALT和TBil、术后24小时腹腔引流量及住院时间均显著低于对照组(t值分别为-26.98、-16.38、-15.46和-9.33,P均0.001)。两组患者术后住院费用差异无统计学意义(t值为1.38,P值为0.17)。结论射频止血切割器应用于肝切除术可降低患者术中输血的比例,减少术中出血量及肝功能损伤,提高无瘤生存率,具有临床推广价值。     

止血粉与止血夹用于结直肠病变内镜下黏膜切除术中止血及预防再出血的随机对照研究

【摘要】目的探讨止血粉用于结直肠病变内镜下黏膜切除术中创面止血及预防术后再出血的临床效果。方法164例结直肠黏膜及黏膜下病变行EMR治疗患者采用随机数字表法随机分成2组,止血粉组和止血夹组各82例,创面分别给予止血粉和止血夹止血处理和预防性治疗,比较2组术中止血治疗时间、止血成功率、术后再出血和出血发生率、不良反应及创面愈合情况。结果止血粉组和止血夹组术中止血治疗时间分别为64（37—114）S和123（82—234）S,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。止血粉组和止血夹组分别有20例和19例出现术中出血,单独使用止血粉或止血夹止血率分别为90．0％（18／20）和89．5％（17／19）,差异无统计学意义（P=0．677）,两组未能成功止血者分别联合热活检钳或APC均成功止血。术后72h内止血粉组术中出血者术后再出血发生率为25．0％（5／20）,止血夹组为15．8％（3／19）,两组差异无统计学意义（P=0．695）;术后72h内止血粉组术中预防性止血者出血发生率为4．8％（3／62）,止血夹组为9．5％（6／63）,两组差异亦无统计学意义（P=0．491）。两组均未发生严重不良反应,术后随访1个月,结肠镜复查见手术创面愈合好,无再出血发生。结论结直肠病变内镜下黏膜切除术应用止血粉可有效进行创面止血并预防术后再出血,并且较止血夹止血具有操作时间短的优点,可选择作为内镜下的止血方法。     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜手术252例

目的:探讨急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的手术操作要点．方法:回顾性分析本院1995-10／2005-10收治的252例胆囊结石并急性胆囊炎LC病例．结果:应用熟练的镜下操作技术,仔细解剖 Calot三角、近胆囊断离胆囊动脉、恰当处理术中出血、灵活应用电凝止血与钛夹止血相结合,顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术244例,中转开腹胆囊切除术8例,系因合并胆囊癌、十二指肠球部巨大溃疡、Mirizzi综合征、胆囊壶腹部与胆总管粘连严重、胆囊十二指肠致密粘连及内瘘形成等原因而中转开腹,无术中大出血、肝外胆管损伤而中转开腹的病例．无术后胆漏、腹腔内出血等严重并发症发生．近期随访无胆管狭窄并发症发生．结论:急性胆囊炎行LC安全可行,关键是术者必须充分了解LC操作要点和熟练掌握操作技术．     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.