髋关节置换术治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定失败

 目的 回顾性分析采用髋关节置换术治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定失败的临床效果。方法2004年7月至2006年6月,采用髋关节置换术治疗32例股骨转子间骨折内固定失败患者,男24例,女8例;行关节置换时的年龄为57～81,平均71岁;从骨折到行关节置换的时间为5～70个月,平均40个月。骨折内固定方式包括：滑动髋螺钉15例,髓内钉10例,钢板5例,多枚螺钉2例。失败原因：拉力螺钉切出股骨头8例,骨折不愈合9例,股骨头缺血性坏死7例,创伤性关节炎8例。采用全髋关节置换术28例（全部为生物型髋臼）,双极人工股骨头置换术4例。骨水泥型股骨柄12例,非骨水泥型股骨柄20例。标准股骨假体25例,长柄股骨假体7例。结果术后28例患者获得随访,随访时间4～6年,平均5年。28例患者术前H arris评分平均37分（32～45分）,末次随访时平均88分（84～95分）;优6例,良14例,可7例,差1例。末次随访时X线片显示假体位置正常,髋臼平均外展角为44°（42°～48°）,髋臼假体无松动。根据Harris标准评价骨水泥型股骨假体固定,1例为A级,9例为C级。根据Engh等标准评价非骨水泥型股骨假体的固定,18例均评价为骨长入。3例髋关节术后6个月复查时发现异位骨化,BrookerⅡ级2例,Ⅲ级1例。结论髋关节置换术是老年患者股骨转子间骨折内固定治疗失败后的一种有效挽救选择。     

人工关节置换治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折

目的评价髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法49例高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者,女性30例,男性19例,年龄75-94岁,平均83.5岁。骨折按Tronzo-Evans分型,Ⅲ型28例,Ⅳ型21例。8例合并髋关节骨关节炎采用全髋关节置换术治疗,5例采用特制粗隆柄人工股骨头置换,其余均采用双极人工股骨头置换。结果所有病例术后X线片显示转子间骨折均复位固定良好,假体位置良好。术后48例获得6-48个月随访,平均22个月。Harris评分,优良率85.4％。结论人工关节置换术具有术后功能恢复快、负重活动早,可避免长期卧床并发症等优点,是治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折较为合理的手术方法。     

生物型加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对51例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生急性深静脉血栓2例,经积极治疗恢复正常。死亡2例,1例术后6个月死于心肌梗死,1例术后10个月死于肺部感染。49例获得随访,时间12~36个月。骨折愈合时间4~10个月,无人工关节脱位、假体周围感染、假体松动等并发症。术后12个月按Harris评分评定患髋关节功能:优18例,良25例,可5例,差1例,优良率87.8%。结论生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换是治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的一种安全有效方法。     

一期全髋关节置换术治疗Pipkin Ⅳ型骨折合并股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨一期全髋关节置换术治疗Pipkin Ⅳ型骨折合并股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年6月收治的7例合并股骨转子间骨折的PipkinⅣ型骨折患者资料,男5例,女2例;年龄59 ～ 68岁,平均61.6岁.受伤至手术时间为2～7d,平均3.5d.7例患者均一期行生物型全髋关节假体置换术,其中选用三锥度生物型股骨直柄2例,二锥度生物型股骨直柄5例.随访时摄X线片观察假体压配和生物学固定的效果,采用Harris髋关节评分评估髋关节功能.结果 本组患者手术时间平均为62 min(51 ～70 min),出血量平均为289 mL(220 ～380 mL).7例患者术后获平均28.5个月(6～49个月)随访.所有患者术后均立即实现了髋臼及股骨柄的生物压配,术后3个月X线片示均获广泛性骨长入,根据Engh固定/稳定标准评定均达骨性固定.术后6个月Harris髋关节评分由术前平均(23.2±2.2)分改善至(90.2±5.1)分,末次随访时仍维持在(92.1±3.2)分,患者主观满意度好.本组患者随访期间均无感染、假体柄移位及断裂、骨溶解及脱位等并发症发生. 结论 一期全髋关节置换术治疗Pipkin Ⅳ型骨折合并股骨转子间骨折可获得良好的临床效果,髋臼与股骨转子间骨折的良好固定与重建是全髋关节假体置入的前提.     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的方法及临床疗效.方法 对46例老年股骨转子间骨折均采用骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术治疗.将分离的大转子骨片予以复位或用钢丝固定,如小转子粉碎严重无法固定,则内侧缺损的股骨矩用骨水泥填塞.所有病例均应用双极人工股骨头,其中有35例选择长柄假体.结果 46例均获随访,时间3～18个月,未发现假体松动、下沉及感染.髋关节功能Harris评分平均为94.6分;优25例,良18例,可3例,优良率为93.5%.结论 骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,手术并发症少,安全可靠,术后髋关节功能恢复良好, 是治疗老年转子间骨折较为理想的方法.     

生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法 采用生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗24例高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后首次负重时间、骨折愈合时间及术后并发症发生情况，采用髋关节功能Harris评分评价疗效。结果 术后死亡3例；21例获得随访，时间8～12个月。手术时间40～70 min,术中出血量200～500 ml。术后首次负重时间3～14 d。骨折愈合时间45～85 d。切口均一期愈合，无脂肪栓塞、假体周围骨折、关节脱位、假体松动下沉等并发症发生。末次随访时，髋关节功能Harris评分为74～83分，其中良15例，可6例，优良率15/21。结论 生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折可尽早恢复髋关节功能，减少并发症的发生，早期疗效较好。     

生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对30例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者使用生物型加长柄行半髋关节置换治疗。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准评价疗效。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生急性深静脉血栓1例,经积极治疗后恢复正常。30例均获得随访,时间3～24个月。无人工关节脱位、假体周围感染、假体松动等并发症发生。1例术后9个月死于肺部感染。末次随访按Harris髋关节功能评分标准评估疗效:优14例,良12例,一般3例,差1例,优良率86. 7%。结论生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折可缩短患者卧床时间,减少并发症发生,有利于康复,是一种安全有效的方法。     

半髋关节置换术治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定性骨折

目的探讨应用Leinbach假体半髋关节置换治疗老年人股骨转子间不稳定性骨折的手术适应证、手术方法及临床效果。方法2001年1月～2004年4月,应用Leinbach假体半髋关节置换术治疗老年人股骨转子间不稳定性严重粉碎性骨折,对其中获得随访的33例进行回顾性分析。结果术后随访5～30个月,平均16.5个月。住院期间死亡1例。疗效评定:优16例,良14例,可2例,优良率为90.9%。6例术后发生内科疾患并发症,其中伤口延迟愈合1例,肺部感染2例,泌尿系感染1例,应激性溃疡1例,深部静脉血栓1例。结论老年人股骨转子间不稳定性骨折伴有骨质疏松者在全身情况允许下,可选半髋关节置换术,临床效果良好。选用Leinbach假体具有操作方便、手术时间短、出血少的优点。采用后外侧入路便于假体安装和大转子部骨折块捆扎,必要时可切除粉碎的小转子骨折块。     

远端固定型假体治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折的中期随访疗效分析

目的 :探讨远端固定型假体治疗高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折的中期疗效。方法:自2008年5月至2014年3月,对收治的58例高龄股骨转子间不稳定骨折患者采用远端固定型假体治疗,其中男15例,女43例;年龄75~87岁,平均83.2岁。根据Evans分型,Ⅰc型39例,Ⅰd型19例。所有患者术前评估手术风险,行人工全髋关节置换术9例,人工股骨头置换术49例。对不同年龄段、不同Evans分型、远端固定假体类型、辅助固定方式的患者采用髋关节Harris评分评价其髋关节功能。结果:56例获得随访,时间13~36个月,平均21.6个月。根据Harris评分,优5例,良38例,中13例,总分(83.51±6.40)分。75~80岁组Harris评分88.64±2.35,80岁组Harris评分81.64±6.40,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);EvansⅠc型组Harris评分83.64±6.53,EvansⅠd型组Harris评分83.11±6.08,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);使用张力带组Harris评分83.63±6.15,不使用张力带组Harris评分82.41±6.57,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);普通远端固定型假体组Harris评分83.34±6.43,股骨矩重建型远端固定型假体组Harris评分83.92±6.51,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随访期间1例术侧髋关节脱位,手法复位后再脱位,接受手术切开复位。2例出现股骨近端骨溶解,无明显症状,采取保守治疗。结论:以人工关节置换术治疗高龄的股骨转子间不稳定骨折,年龄80岁的患者术后髋关节功能更差,骨折类型、是否使用张力带固定骨折、远端固定假体类型对术后功能无明显影响,同时股骨近端骨溶解是值得重视的并发症。     

非骨水泥型人工关节置换治疗老年不稳定股骨转子间骨折

 目的 探讨非骨水泥型人工关节置换治疗老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的手术技术和疗效。方法 回顾性分析2003 年12 月至2011 年5 月采用非骨水泥型全涂层矩形柄行人工髋关节置换术治疗23例老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的资料, 男6 例, 女17 例;年龄73~95 岁, 平均77.6 岁。骨折按Evans-Jensen 分型: IIA 型2 例, IIB 型9 例, III型12 例。骨质疏松按Singh指数分级: IV级2 例, III级8 例, II级12 例, I级1 例。结果 2 例患者术中并发股骨近端再骨折, 复位后采用钛捆绑带固定骨折。1 例患者术后3 d 发生急性左心衰, 给予扩血管、强心、利尿治疗后痊愈。3 例患者发生下肢深静脉血栓, 其中1 例因合并急性肺栓塞而死亡, 另2 例经抗凝、溶栓后痊愈。22 例患者获得随访, 随访时间12~64 个月, 平均31 个月。其中3 例患者死于内科系统疾病。末次随访时3 例患者小转子骨折仍未愈合, 其中1 例患者大转子向近端移位, 患侧外展肌无力, 跛行步态, 另16 例患者骨折均愈合;无一例患者发生假体脱位、感染及松动迹象。Harris评分从术前平均(33.11±6.58)分, 提高到末次随访时平均(87.12±5.05)分;其中优6 例, 良8 例, 可4 例, 差1 例, 优良率为74豫(14/19)。结论 非骨水泥型全涂层矩形柄人工髋关节置换治疗老年不稳定型股骨转子间骨折近期效果良好。     

Anaesthesia for laparoscopy

This is a report about five anaesthetic techniques for laparoscopy. Propofol and etomidate were used for total intravenous anaesthesia. Propofol, etomidate and thiopentone were used as induction agents prior to inhalational anaesthesia with isoflurane and nitrous oxide. Fentanyl was used for analgesia. Induction with propofol and thiopentone was rapid. Etomidate induction was characterised by myoclonus. Maintenance was smooth with inhalational anaesthesia. Of the groups that received total intravenous anaesthesia, propofol provided stable anaesthesia but required extra bolus doses. Recovery was the most rapid following total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol. Postoperative side effects were much lower after propofol. No difference was observed between the groups with regard to changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate.     

The '2-week wait' rule for referrals for suspected urological cancers--urgent need for refinement of criteria

INTRODUCTION

All NHS-suspected cancers should be seen within 2 weeks of referral and are referred under government guidelines (Health Service Circular 205; HSC 205). This policy will be subject to review in 2009. Review is vital to allow the appropriate detection of malignancy without overburdening the premium clinic slots with the healthy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 170 consecutive patients were referred from January–June 2005. Referral details, patient information, events and time to diagnosis were recorded.

RESULTS

Of these 170 patients, 143 were suitable for analysis. Forty-three patients (30%) were referred with frank haematuria, of whom 30% had bladder cancer. Nine percent of patients (n = 13) had microscopic haematuria none of whom had cancer. A quarter of the patients (n = 35) were referred with suspected testis cancer but none had cancer. Forty-one patients were referred with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) elevation; 18 cancers were detected in this group. Ten men had PSA values greater than 50 ng/ml. Only two cancers were suitable for radical prostatectomy. No cancer was found in patients less than 50 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS

A high cancer incidence was found (27.9%), the majority of which was bladder cancer or advanced prostate cancer. Out of the 143 patients, no malignancy was diagnosed in any patient less than 50 years of age, no malignancy was diagnosed in any of the microscopic haematuria group and there was no cancer diagnosed in the group of patients referred with scrotal swellings. We suggest that some guidelines are leading to referral of patients with low cancer risk. When the HSC 205 is revised in 2009, we hope studies such as ours are taken into consideration in order to improve resource utilisation.     

Network Model for Optimal Aircraft Location for Human Organ Transportation Activities

Background

The efficiency of transport phases is a key factor in successful organ transplant operations. Reliability, safety, and punctuality must be in compliance with the European Union and national frameworks and be consistent with economic, quantitative, and level-of-service parameters. In this study we investigated the optimal numbers and locations of aircraft in the Italian territory by comparing performance indexes related to different time intervals and service design scenarios.

Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section

Propofol 2.5 mg/kg was compared with thiopentone 5 mg/kg as an induction agent for elective Caesarean section. Thirty-two healthy women with cephalopelvic disproportion were included in an open randomised study. The placental transfer of propofol was also studied in 10 other mothers given a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg. The induction characteristics and haemodynamic response to propofol and thiopentone were similar. Side effects were rare with both agents, but propofol caused more discomfort on injection compared to thiopentone. Recovery times were shorter after propofol as evaluated by time to orientation, recovery scoring after anaesthesia and measurements with the Maddox wing. Rapid placental transfer and significant fetal uptake were detected for propofol. There was no significant neonatal depression as assessed by Apgar scores and blood gas analyses. Propofol appears to be a suitable alternative to thiopentone as an induction agent for anaesthesia in elective Caesarean section.     

Propofol for intravenous sedation

This study investigated the properties of propofol when given by subanaesthetic infusion to provide sedation as an adjunct to spinal anaesthesia for lower limb surgery in 40 patients. Sedation, defined as sleep with preservation of eyelash reflex and purposeful reaction to verbal or mild physical stimulation, was satisfactorily achieved and maintained with minimal complications. The mean duration of infusion was 98 minutes and a mean infusion rate of 3.0 mg/kg/hour was required in patients over 65. This was significantly less (p less than 0.005) than the 4.1 mg/kg/hour required in younger patients. Recovery was impressively rapid; patients regained full consciousness approximately 4 minutes after the end of infusion, and were free from minor postoperative sequelae. Conversion to general anaesthesia was achieved in three patients where surgery encroached outside the analgesic field of the regional block, simply by increasing the infusion rate to approximately 10 mg/kg/hour.     

Best Research Evidence for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Summary: Evidence-based medicine is a strong movement in this century, and randomized clinical trials continue to be the best level of evidence for establishing cause–effect relationships between treatment interventions and outcomes. The field of physical medicine and rehabilitation has many excellent research questions on the effects of treatment but seems to rely mostly on weak observational methods (eg, chart review, case series, and single-group designs) for answers. This paper highlights 3 basic and relatively simple principles of good experimental design: control, randomization, and replication that were developed by R. A. Fisher for large, complex, agricultural field trials. The principles diffused readily into many scientific arenas, and Fisher even applied the principles in his backyard studies into Mendelian genetics. The thoughts of R. A. Fisher, arguably the most influential statistician of the 20th century, on the promise and challenges of randomized clinical trials in medicine should motivate rehabilitation clinicians to do their own small-scale controlled trials, with Institutional Review Board approval, when faced with equally realistic and plausible treatment options for their patients.     

Ligand Gated Ion channels: crucial targets for anaesthetics?

Anaesthetic agents range from simple inert gases to complex synthetic compounds. It is difficult to envisage a unifying mechanism by which all of these agents induce anaesthesia. This review is focused on ligand-gated ion channels. We introduce the molecular classification (plus the concept of superfamilies and receptor isomerism) and nomenclature of the pore-forming proteins, then overview the large body of recent data suggesting they may be selective anaesthetic targets. A wide variety of anaesthetics (volatiles, propofol, etomidate, neurosteroids and barbiturates) have been shown to interact with GABA_A receptors. Point mutations in membrane spanning subunits comprising circa 450 amino acids can ablate the sensitivity of recombinant channels suggesting that the site of action is not in bulk membrane or interfacial lipids. Such drugs act stereoselectively to enhance the amplitude and or duration of inhibitory synaptic currents. In contrast, ketamine, nitrous oxide and xenon produce their anaesthetic effects (and untoward side effects) by depressing activity in the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. A minority of energetic researchers suggest that NMDA receptor activity is crucial for arousal (plays a more pivotal role in anaesthesia) and others suggest that voltage-gated channels are equally important in depressant drug action. Molecular biology and electrophysiology have been crucial for our understanding of channel function, but no concensus mechanism for anaesthetic action has yet emerged.     

Hyperbaric articaine for day-case spinal anaesthesia

Background. Articaine and lidocaine are clinically very similarsuggesting that articaine could be suitable for day-case spinalanaesthesia. A dose–response study with articaine in ambulatoryspinal anaesthesia was therefore performed. Methods. In this randomized double-blind study, 90 day-casesurgery patients received spinal anaesthesia with 60 mg (A60),84 mg (A84) or 108 mg (A108) of hyperbaric articaine hydrochloride.Sensory block was tested with pinprick and motor block on amodified Bromage scale. A structured interview was performedon the first and seventh postoperative days. Results. Sensory block reached the T₁₀ dermatome in a median(range) of 5 (5–10) and was maintained at this level for70 (35–145), 70 (15–115) and 85 (20–115) minin the A60, A84 and A108 groups, respectively. Six patientsin the A108 group, two in the A84 group and one in the A60 grouphad maximum spread of analgesia to T₁ or higher (NS). Patientsin the A108 group needed more medication for hypotension (P=0.018),had more often nausea and vomiting (P=0.027), took oral fluidslater (P=0.031) and both sensory block recovery [median (range)][2.5 (2–4.5) h] (P=0.017) and motor block recovery [2(1.3–4) h] (P=0.009) were delayed. No patients in theA108 group needed opioid intraoperatively while fentanyl wasneeded in 5 (17%) and 2 (7%) patients in the A60 and A84 groups,respectively. Discharge criteria were attained in approximately4.5 h after articaine injection (NS) and no drug-related sequelaewere observed. Conclusions. Hyperbaric articaine 60 and 84 mg resulted in spinalanaesthesia allowing surgery of the lower extremities for about1 h. Recovery was rapid. Use of 108 mg of articaine is not recommendedbecause of frequent extensive cephalad spread of the block,accompanied by arterial hypotension and nausea.