武汉市与江苏、海南两地城市小学生数学能力发展水平比较研究

目的 开展湖北武汉市与江苏、海南城市小学生数学能力跨地域比较,探讨武汉市小学生数学能力发展水平现状及不足,为改善教育质量提供决策依据. 方法 采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,在湖北省武汉市、江苏城市、海南城市普通小学一至六年级抽取样本分别为643名、852名、743名. 结果 在数学运算领域及总量表得分,武汉市小学生均高于江苏、海南两地城市小学生,但在逻辑思维与空间-视觉功能领域,武汉市小学生得分却低于江苏、海南两地城市小学生,差异均具有统计学意义. 结论 武汉市与江苏及海南两地城市小学生数学能力发展水平存在差异,武汉市的数学基础教育应加强逻辑思维、空间概念等思维的培养.     

小学低年级儿童数学应用题解决能力与工作记忆的关系研究

目的探讨小学生数学应用题解决能力与工作记忆之间的关系,为有针对性地制定教育干预策略提供理论指导。方法根据应用题能力测试和教师评定,选取某小学二年级28名应用题解决能力不良儿童作为实验组,以28名应用题解决能力正常学生作为对照,比较2组学生工作记忆水平。结果应用题解决能力正常学生在数字记忆广度与数字工作记忆广度上优于实验组。2组学生的点记忆广度和视空间工作记忆广度无明显差异;应用题解决能力正常学生的抑制功能显著优于应用题解决能力不良学生。结论工作记忆广度、抑制功能影响小学低年级学生数学应用题解决。应根据儿童的认知特点进行针对性教学。     

聋哑儿童学习能力分析

目的：了解聋哑儿童的学习能力，为聋哑儿童的康复，教育提供依据。方法：采用H－NTLA－RC方法对河南省郑州市52名聋哑儿童进行智力测试。结果：聋哑儿童依据视觉的鉴别比较进行的具体形象思维优于依据记忆、想象、分析综合、概念联想等进行的抽象思想。聋哑儿童的实足年龄与学习年龄之间有一定的差距，年龄越小越接近。     

贵州省小学生数学基本能力现状研究

目的用“德国海德堡大学小学生数学基本能力测试量表”研究贵州省小学生数学基本能力现状,为制订适合贵州省儿童的参照常模提供基础资料。方法随机选取贵州省一~六年级的小学生2 862名为研究对象,按照心理测量学要求进行团体测试。结果贵州省小学生数学基本能力在填空、大小比较得分上明显低于全国平均值;空间-视觉功能领域分也较全国平均值稍低,农村儿童比城市儿童更为明显;各分量表的得分存在明显的年级、城乡差异。结论贵州省小学生数学基本能力低于全国平均值,存在明显的城乡和年级差异。     

聋哑中学生和普通中学生社会比较水平的差异研究

目的对聋哑中学生和普通中学生的社会比较水平进行对比。方法以社会比较倾向问卷为研究工具,对73名聋哑中学生和221名普通中学生进行施测。结果聋哑中学生的能力比较倾向得分[(19.45±3.19)分]显著高于普通中学生[(18.28±3.45)分,t=2.582,P0.05]。聋哑中学生和普通中学生社会比较的性别差异以及独生子女与非独生子女的社会比较差异均无显著性。聋哑中学生高、中社会比较倾向水平的比例(46.6%)明显高于普通中学生(2.7%)(χ~2=77.010,P0.01)。结论聋哑中学生具有较高的社会比较倾向,应对聋哑中学生进行进一步的心理健康教育,以使他们能更健康地成长。     

小学生数学能力系统干预效果评价

了解小学生数学能力的系统干预效果,为探讨提高小学生数学能力的有效方法提供参考依据.方法 采用“德国海德堡大学小学生数学基本能力测试量表”翻译版,对整群分层抽取的贵阳城区823名二~六年级小学生进行团体测试,对量表得分等级为中下及较差的59名学生进行干预.结果 干预前,干预组和对照组学生数学能力量表得分差异无统计学意义(t=0.206,P>0.05);干预后,与对照组比较,干预组学生数学运算能力、逻辑思维与空间-视觉能力和总数学能力均有提高,差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为21.979,38.636,62.819,P值均<0.01);对照组干预前后数学能力得分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 系统干预方法能有效促进小学生数学能力的发展.     

小学生数学能力测试的应用研究

目的 引进和修订《德国海德堡大学小学生数学基本能力测试量表》，为制订适合中国儿童的测试量表及其参照常模提供基础资料。方法 采用《德国海德堡大学小学生数学基本能力测试量表》翻译版，团体测试武汉市3所普通小学一-六年级共12个班级551名学生。结果 四-六年级学生在RA(加法)、RS(减法)、RM(乘法)、RD(除法)、EG(填空)、GK(大小比较)的满分获得率分别为34．89％、29．10％、15．34％、46．56％、2．65％、37．57％；中国孩子在数学运算分测试项目的得分显高于德国儿童，但在空间-视觉功能领域分测试的得分则没有明显优势。该量表的信度、效度符合测量学的标准。结论 根据我国的教育水平对原量表进行必要的修订，可在我国推广应用，并建立参照常模。     

聋哑儿童视觉反应时对比研究

目的　探讨聋哑儿童与正常儿童视觉反应时的差别及影响因素。方法　采用计算机反应时测试软件系统 ,对 93名 7～ 13岁聋哑学生进行了视觉反应时的测定及分析。结果　聋哑儿童视觉简单和视觉复杂反应时的各项测试指标均慢于正常儿童 ,2组间有非常显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ;视觉对比反应时的最快反应时、反应错漏率 ,2组间有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。结论　聋哑儿童视觉反应时慢于正常儿童。提高聋哑儿童视觉信息处理能力对其智力开发具有重要意义。     

3·3·3认知策略训练对小学生数学能力影响的研究

目的 探讨3·3·3认知策略训练对小学生数学能力的影响,为3·3·3科研体系研究提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取武汉市某普通小学同年级2个班的58名学生作为实验组和对照组,其中实验组参加3·3·3认知策略训练,对照组儿童不进行相关训练;采用<中国小学生数学能力测试量表>对训练前后实验组与对照组学生数学能力进行比较.结果 干预前后小学生数学能力蔗异有统计学意义(P<0.01),干预后实验组与对照组学生数学能力差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 3·3·3认知策略训练可有效提高小学生数学能力,是一项有效的干预措施.     

数学学习障碍儿童视空间工作记忆与数学能力各因素之间关系的研究

【目的】 探讨数学学习障碍儿童视空间工作记忆特征以及视空间工作记忆与数学能力各因素的关系。 【方法】 采用《中国小学生数学能力测试量表》对某小学3~6年级703名学生进行数学能力的测试,结合上一学期期末数学成绩及《联合型瑞文智力测试》结果筛选出48名数学学习障碍儿童及与其同班学生48名正常对照,随后对数学学习障碍组和对照组进行视空间工作记忆测试。 【结果】 数学能力各因子及视空间工作记忆两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。数学运算和空间-视觉能力均与视空间工作记忆成呈相关(r=0.333,P=0.001;r=0.228,P=0.026)。数学学习障碍儿童的视空间工作记忆与图形计数(P=0.036)、方块计数(P=0.016)相关。正常儿童的视空间工作记忆与乘法(P=0.043)相关。 【结论】 数学学习障碍儿童各方面数学能力均低下,视空间工作记忆存在缺陷;视空间工作记忆与数学能力之间的关系在两组儿童中表现不同,可能与两组儿童在数学解决任务中所用策略不同有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.