肾病综合征合并血栓栓塞症11例临床分析

肾病综合征 (ＮＳ)是肾毛细血管对蛋白质通透性增加的疾病 ,每天可从尿中丧失 3 5ｇ以上蛋白质。因凝血因子和溶纤维蛋白抑制物质由尿中丧失 ,患者出现低蛋白血症和高胆固醇血症 ,血液处于高凝状态 ,因此 ,约 8 5 %～ 38 0 %的ＮＳ病人发生静脉血栓栓塞症 (ＶＴＥ) ,其中 2 5 %为肺血栓栓塞 (ＰＴＥ) [1] ,另外还有深静脉血栓形成 (ＤＶＴ)和肾静脉血栓。ＮＳ合并ＤＶＴ者 ,临床表现不典型 ,漏诊、误诊率高 ,而ＰＴＥ是ＮＳ的严重合并症和死亡原因[2 ] 。本研究通过对我院 11例ＮＳ并发ＶＴＥ进行回顾性分析 ,意在提高临床医师的诊断意识。…     

肾病综合征血栓栓塞症的病理生理学基础

肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome,NS)是一组表现为蛋白尿大于3.5 g/d,伴有水肿、低蛋白血症、高脂血症的临床综合征,可合并感染和血栓[1].血栓栓塞症是NS一个重要并发症,包括动脉和静脉血栓,其中最常见是肾静脉血栓(renal vein thrombosis,RVT),且多为无症状性[2],部分患者预后严重.关于NS和血栓之间存在很多尚未解决或有争议的问题,其中包括NS高凝状态的病理生理学特点[1]、血栓形成机制、最佳的诊断和抗凝治疗策略等.本文将重点讨论NS血栓并发症的病理生理学特点,阐明其高凝状态的机制.     

肾病综合征合并肺血栓栓塞三例

目的提高对肾病综合征（ＮＳ）合并肺动脉血栓栓塞（ＰＴＥ）的认识。方法对３例ＮＳ合并ＰＴＥ患者进行回顾性分析。结果ＮＳ合并ＰＴＥ时,血纤维蛋白原、α２球蛋白、血脂均增高。肾脏病理检查１例患者为膜性肾病。肺灌注通气显像及尸检显示：双肺多发栓塞１例。应用肝素钠和（或）尿激酶治疗有效。结论ＮＳ时存在血液高凝状态,易并发ＰＴＥ。故对ＮＳ高度怀疑ＰＴＥ时,应做肺动脉造影检查。在应用糖皮质激素的基础上抗凝溶栓联合治疗效果最佳。     

肾病综合征血栓栓塞的诊断处理

肾病综合征(NS)患者的血栓栓塞发生率极高,为40%～60%,最常见为肾静脉血栓(renal vein thrombosis,RVT),占20%～45%,其次为深静脉血栓(deep vein thrombosis,DWT)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),分别占25%和15%～20%.     

急性肺血栓栓塞症的发病特点及临床分析

目的 分析急性肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)的发病特点及临床特征,提高临床医师对急性PTE的认识,规范PTE的诊断和治疗.方法 2009年1月1日至2009年12月31日所有入住北京朝阳医院确诊的急性PTE患者,分析其流行病学、危险因素、临床症状、辅助检查、治疗以及临床转归情况.结果 1年内共确诊PTE 137例.住院患者PTE的发病率为0.37％,高于亚洲住院患者PTE的发病率.PTE在冬季多发,住院患者的发病率达0.52％.平均发病年龄(62.14±15.16)岁,60岁以上患者为62.77％.女性(60.58％)多于男性(39.41％).初诊科室分布广泛,以呼吸与危重症医学科为主要科室,为75.18％.危险因素以恶性肿瘤最高,其次为既往有静脉血栓病史.临床表现以呼吸困难为主,其次为胸闷和胸痛.血气分析表现为低氧和(或)低二氧化碳血症.心脏超声提示右心功能障碍者44例,血栓直接征象者5例.下肢静脉超声提示有67.20％的PTE患者合并下肢静脉血栓,以远端静脉多见(67.63％).溶栓抗凝治疗14例,单纯抗凝治疗122例.好转出院134例(97.08％),死亡2例(1.46％).结论 提高各临床科室医师对于急性PTE的诊断意识及治疗规范化程度,可以提高确诊率,降低病死率.急性PTE以恶性肿瘤以及静脉血栓栓塞症病史为主要危险因素.临床症状多样,以新发的呼吸困难最为常见.超声心动图及下肢静脉超声检查联合应用可作为疑诊PTE而无确诊手段时的替代诊断方法.     

中老年急性肺血栓栓塞症的诊治分析

目的探讨1996～2010年江苏省人民医院确诊为急性肺血栓栓塞症（APTE）中老年病例的危险因素、易患因素以及诊断和治疗方法的变迁。方法对我院1996～2010年间280例确诊为APTE的中老年病例的发病特点、诊治及其转归进行临床回顾性评估分析。结果 APTE好发年龄为50～80岁,占发病的77.5%,以冬春季节为多。APTE临床表现仍以胸闷气急、呼吸困难为主要临床表现,占60.7%。D二聚体〉0.5μg/L占88.5%,仍是高敏感性检查指标。结论 APTE发病与易发因素有关,对其认识加深,重视高敏感性检查指标的筛选,结合快速有效的影像学检查,可提高APTE的诊断率。     

肾病综合征静脉血栓栓塞症的临床表现与诊断

静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism,VTE)主要包括下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)、肾静脉血栓(renal vein thrombosis,RVT),以及由此引起的肺动脉栓塞(pulmonary embolism,PE),是肾病综合征(NS)常见的并发症之一.RVT的形成可进一步加重肾脏损害,使病情恶化.     

肾病综合征合并静脉血栓栓塞症的治疗及预防

静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)包括深静脉血栓形成(DVT)及肺栓塞(PE),是同一疾病在不同部位、不同发病阶段的不同的临床表现,肾病综合征(NS)患者VTE发生率相当高[1,2],需要早期诊断和正确治疗.本文着重介绍NS患者合并VTE治疗及预防.     

肺血栓栓塞症合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者28例临床特点分析

目的 调查肺血栓栓塞症(PTE)患者合并OSAHS患者的临床特点,研究合并OSAHS对于PTE患者起病及病情严重程度的影响并比较临床干预的差异.方法 分析2002年1月至2010年12月期间北京安贞医院呼吸科收治的28例合并OSAHS的住院PTE患者的一般情况、吸烟指数、栓塞面积、是否合并高血压、肺动脉高压和下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)等,观察动脉血气分析结果、呼吸暂停低通气指数( AHI)、夜间最低脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)和所接受的临床干预措施,并与30例不合并OSAHS的PTE患者进行比较.结果 合并OSAHA的住院FT'E患者年龄[(55±11)岁]较不合并OSAHS的PTE患者年轻[(66±11)岁,t=3.230,P＜0.01],体重指数[(30.1±2.8)kg/m2 vs (26.1±3.1) kg/m2,t=-4.161,P＜0.001]和吸烟指数[(19±6)包年vs(8±4)包年,t=- 1.713,P＜0.05]均大于后者;Pa02明显低于未合并OSAHS的PTE患者[(70±8) mm Hg vs (79±6) mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,t =4.233,P＜0.05];栓塞累及的肺段数量多于不合并OSAHS组[(8±4)个vs(5±3)个,t=-2.496,P＜0.05].2组均采用抗凝和(或)溶栓治疗,部分合并OSAHS的PTE患者在此基础上应用无创正压通气(CPAP)治疗.结论 合并PTE的住院OSAHS患者一般发病年龄较轻,肺栓塞病情较重,临床上需要采取以抗凝和CPAP为主的综合治疗.     

肾病综合征相关静脉血栓栓塞症的发病机制及防治研究进展

静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）是肾病综合征（NS）常见、多发的严重并发症,包括深静脉血栓形成（DVT）和肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）。NS患者长期处于“血栓形成倾向”状态,其VTE发病率逐年增高。对于疑诊PTE患者,可先应用临床可能性评分进行临床评估,并联合D-二聚体检测进一步筛查,PTE的确诊检查包括CT肺动脉造影、核素肺通气/灌注显像、磁共振肺动脉造影、肺动脉造影等;DVT确诊影像学检查包括加压静脉超声、CT静脉造影、核素静脉显像、静脉造影等。NS患者常存在肾功能不全,需临床医师谨慎选择适合的检查方式。NS相关VTE的治疗通常包括肝素、华法林,需根据不同患者制定个体化治疗方案,未确诊VTE的NS患者是否常规预防性抗凝存在争议。     

儿童原发性肾病综合征并发高凝状态与血栓栓塞的机制

高凝状态和血栓栓塞在原发性肾病综合征(PNS)中发生率很高,且其形成机制颇有争议,包括内皮损伤,血小板活化,凝血功能和抗凝血功能失衡,以及肾病综合征(NS)导致的蛋白尿、低蛋白血症、高胆固醇血症等。近年来,大规模临床病例对照研究进一步阐释了NS患者高凝状态与血栓栓塞的机制。     

肾病综合征患者凝血功能检测的结果分析

目的：通过对肾病综合征患者凝血指标的结果分析,探讨其在肾病综合征中的临床意义。方法：采用法国STA-COMPACT全自动凝血分析仪,对43例正常人和59例肾病综合征患者的凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶时间（TT）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、PLT、血小板压积（PCT）、平均血小板体积（MPV）、血小板分布宽度（PDW）指标的检测与分析,并对结果进行两两比较。结果：肾病综合征组与正常对照组比较,FIB、PLT、MPV、PCT明显升高,APTT明显缩短,均差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）,而TT、PT、PDW变化不明显,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：肾病综合征患者存在高凝状态,故凝血功能的检测对肾病综合征病情分析、血栓形成的临床诊断、药物治疗、预后均有重要的参考价值。     

The occurrence of malignant disease in adult nephrotic syndrome

The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence of malignant disease (MD) in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS). Eighty-eight consecutive patients (38 females; 50 males; mean age 47 years; range 15-86) seen in a renal clinic in a 13-year period with NS were studied. Eight of the patients had or developed MD. One patient had MD (medullary thyroid carcinoma) and NS diagnosed concomitantly and two patients had MD (both malignant lymphoma) diagnosed 19 and 21 months after the diagnosis of NS, respectively. In conclusion, only few patients in a renal clinic at debut of NS do have a simultaneous MD. Furthermore, their risk of developing such a disease is at worst only slightly raised.     

原发性小肠淋巴管扩张症并IgA肾病1例

小肠淋巴管扩张症(IL)是一种罕见的蛋白丢失性肠病,1961年Waldmann等首次报道,以小肠淋巴液回流受阻、乳糜管扩张以及绒毛结构扭曲为特征,淋巴管的阻塞及小肠淋巴管压力的升高导致淋巴液漏出至小肠管腔,最终导致吸收不良和蛋白丢     

肾病综合征患儿肾小球中nephrin、podocin、α-actinin及WT1的表达

目的 :检测肾病综合征 (NS)患儿肾小球足细胞中nephrin、podocin、α actinin及WT1的表达和分布特征 ,以探讨这些分子在蛋白尿发生中的可能作用。　 方法 :用免疫荧光染色 ,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜采集图像及图像分析的方法 ,检测 2 5例NS患儿 [其中肾脏病理为微小病变 (MCD) 2例 ,系膜增生性肾小球肾炎 (MsPGN) 17例 ,局灶节段性肾小球硬化 (FSGS) 5例 ,新月体性肾小球肾炎 (CREGN) 1例 ]、9例单纯性血尿患儿及 9例对照肾组织中nephrin、podocin、α actinin及WT1的表达。　 结果 :(1)NS患儿肾小球中podocin的表达量 (82 9± 2 1 5 )与单纯性血尿组 (10 3 6± 2 0 2 )及对照组 (110 8± 15 4 )比较差异显著 (P =0 0 12 ,P =0 0 0 1) ;WT1的表达量 (6 1 3± 9 2 3)与对照组 (6 9 7± 9 2 7)比较差异也显著 (P =0 0 37) ;nephrin和α actinin表达量 (12 9 3± 2 2 6 ,10 4 3± 19 0 )与单纯性血尿组(132 1± 7 4 0 ,94 9± 13 0 )及对照组 (133 9± 8 5 ,10 3 6± 15 0 )比较差异均不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。 (2 )对照组肾组织中nephrin和podocin的染色均见于肾小球毛细血管壁 ,呈均匀、线状分布 ;α actinin主要沿肾小球毛细血管壁呈点状分布 ;WT1的染色主要集中于肾小球细胞核。 (3)病理表现为MsPG     

Colchicine-sensitive nephrotic syndrome due to AA amyloidosis

A 28-year-old women is presented who was evaluated for a new-onset postpartum nephrotic syndrome with normal renal function. Histological diagnosis was AA amyloidosis but no underlying disease has been diagnosed despite extensive workup. Complete remission was achieved with colchicine. Upon discontinuation of colchicines, the patient’s nephrotic syndrome flared up but completely responded to reinstitution of colchicine therapy. Remission of this patient’s nephrotic syndrome is thus not attributable to resolution of any “idiopathic” primary disease.     

Effect assessment of evidence-based nursing in combination with clinical nursing pathway on nephrotic syndrome care in children: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Childhood nephrotic syndrome is widespread in pediatric nephrology. In most cases, it needs hospitalization for patient management. An increasing number of studies report that proper nursing care could promote the rate of treatment and improve post-treatment prognosis. Clinical nursing pathways refer to innovative nursing modes with high-quality, excellent efficacy, and low costing treatment. There are reports on how nursing methods that utilize data combine with clinical nursing pathway to enhance nephrotic syndrome care in kids. However, the results remain controversial. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct this study to systematically explore how evidence-based nursing combined with clinical nursing pathway plays a role in nephrotic syndrome care among children.Methods:This study protocol will conduct a comprehensive search on MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, Scopus, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and Web of Science electronic databases to identify relevant research articles from inception to April 25, 2021. Studies in both English and Chinese languages are used for this study. This study protocol will analyze randomized controlled trials that investigated the role of evidence-based nursing combined with clinical nursing pathway to care for nephrotic syndrome in children. Two authors will independently screen the search results, select suitable studies for inclusion, extract the characteristics and outcome data of the selected studies, and evaluate the risk of bias based on standard Cochrane methodology. Any discrepancies will be resolved by consensus.Results:The present study will summarize high-quality evidence to systematically explore how a nursing model based on evidence combined with clinical nursing pathway influences the caring of children with nephrotic syndrome.Conclusion:The present study will summarize the direct and indirect evidence to judge whether evidence-based nursing combined with clinical nursing pathway can improve the treatment and post-treatment prognosis in children with nephrotic syndrome.Ethics and dissemination:This study does not require an ethical approval.Registration number:April 25, 2021.osf.io/bcrdk/ (https://osf.io/bcrdk/).     

Venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome

Purpose

Whether pulmonary embolism in patients with the nephrotic syndrome is caused by deep venous thrombosis or renal vein thrombosis is controversial. To determine which is the likely cause of pulmonary embolism in patients with the nephrotic syndrome, we investigated data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey.

Methods

The number of patients discharged from nonfederal short-stay hospitals in the United States with a diagnostic code of nephrotic syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, renal vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism was obtained using ICD-9-M (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes.

Results

From 1979 to 2005, 925,000 patients were discharged from hospitals with the nephrotic syndrome and 898,253,000 patients did not have the nephrotic syndrome. With the nephrotic syndrome, 5000 (0.5%) had pulmonary embolism, 14,000 (1.5%) had deep venous thrombosis, and fewer than 5000 had renal vein thrombosis. The relative risk of pulmonary embolism comparing patients with the nephrotic syndrome to those who did not have it was 1.39, and the relative risk of deep venous thrombosis was 1.72. Among patients aged 18-39 years, the relative risk of deep venous thrombosis was 6.81. From 1991-2005, after venous ultrasound was generally available, the relative risk of deep venous thrombosis (all ages) was 1.77.

Conclusion

The nephrotic syndrome is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. This is strikingly apparent in young adults. Renal vein thrombosis was uncommon. Therefore, pulmonary embolism, if it occurs, is likely to be due to deep venous thrombosis and not renal vein thrombosis.