重组人红细胞生成素对尿毒症患者生活质量的影响

应用肾脏病调查表和Ｋａｒｎｏｆｓｋｙ指数等方法，前瞻性研究了重组人红细胞生成素（ｒＨｕＥＰＯ）对１０４例尿毒症患者生活质量的影响，结果显示，治疗３～５个月所有患者贫血均有明显纠正，Ｈｃｔ维持在３０％～３５％，生活质量有显著改善（Ｐ＜０．００１）；家庭透析显著优于住院透析（Ｐ＜０．０１），青壮年组显著高于老年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；腹透患者体力改善情况显著优于血透患者（Ｐ＜０．０５）．高血压、血栓形成等副作用明显影响生活质量的提高，尤其在血透和老年患者中，研究表明，ｒＨｕＥＰＯ在纠正尿毒症患者贫血的同时能明显提高患者生活质量，治疗过程中应及时防治高血压等副作用。     

心钠素和精氨酸加压素对血液透析患者高血压的影响

采用放射免疫学方法测定血液透析患者和正常人血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ）及精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）的浓度。结果：慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者血浆ＡＮＰ和ＡＶＰ水平明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血透后血压正常组随着透析、超滤，血浆ＡＮＰ和ＡＶＰ浓度下降，但高血压组ＡＶＰ水平明显增高，并与血压上升、血钠改变呈显著正相关（分别为ｒ＝０．７８，Ｐ＜０．０１；ｒ＝０．６３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示血透患者高血压发病除与Ｃ     

腹膜透析净超滤量对慢性肾衰竭患者残余肾功能的影响

将100例行腹膜透析（腹透）治疗〉1a的尿毒症患者按透析净超滤量〈500、500～1000、〉1000ml／d分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组。对三组腹透前和透析1a时每日尿量进行比较分析。结果Ⅰ组尿量较腹透前减少14％，Ⅱ组减少34％，Ⅲ组减少67％。证实随每日腹透净超滤量的增加。残余尿量降低速率增加。认为有严重水潴留的尿毒症患者可短时使用高渗透析液，将每日净超滤量控制在1000ml左右；无明显水潴留时每日腹透净超滤量应控制在500ml左右。     

高通量透析的临床研究

目的：观察高通透性聚砜膜Ｆ６０滤过器进行血液透析对尿毒症血透患者小分子溶质和β２微球蛋白（β２Ｍ）的清除作用及对血浆蛋白、血脂的影响，并与常规血液透析（ＣＨＤ）进行对比。方法：将规律透析患者分为两组，实验组（ＨＰＤ组）采用Ｆ６０滤过器，每周透析３×４ｈ，ＣＨＤ组每周透析３×５ｈ，对两组患者进行临床观察。结果：两组患者ＫＴ／Ｖ、ＴＡＣ及透析前、后血ＢＵＮ、Ｃｒ的下降率差异不显著；ＨＰＤ、ＣＨＤ两组血磷下降率分别为５５．３３０±１４．０８０％、４２．５２５±１７．８９７％，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＣＨＤ组透析后血β２Ｍ较透析前增高２５．４０８±１４．３５４％，而ＨＰＤ组透析后血β２Ｍ较透析前下降４４．５７０±１４．３３３％，Ｐ＜０．００１；ＨＰＤ组透析一年后血清β２Ｍ较实验开始时下降１１．８９８±３．１４１％；ＨＰＤ一年后甘油三酯较前下降２４．８１±１０．９３％，Ｐ＜０．０５；ＣＨＤ组一年后甘油三酯及胆固醇较前升高，分别升高１９．５７±８．２５％、２０．４２±９．６２％，Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：ＨＰＤ对磷的清除优于ＣＨＤ，并能有效清除β２Ｍ，改善脂蛋白代谢     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者如何合理选择透析剂量

目的前瞻性观察了不同透析效能与透析剂量的关系，从而寻找出适合国人特点的透析剂量。方法对４４例病人共１３４例次测定按ＮＣＤＳ标准分为充分（４４．０％）、临界（２３．１％）及不充分（３２．８％）三组，观察各组病人之间尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ、肌酐清除率、蛋白质表现率和血浆白蛋白、残余肾功能（ＲＲＦ）、透析总量（ＰＶ）及单位体表面积透析剂量（ＰＶ／ＢＳＡ）改变及相互关系。结果三组病人在上述指标上有明显的差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。分析ＰＶ与ＰＶ／ＢＳＡ反映透析效能诸因素之间的相关性显示，后者较前者更为显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。分析透析充分组病人ＰＶ／ＢＳＡ与ＲＲＦ之间的Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关系数发现，合理的透析剂量应为：ＰＶ（Ｌ／ｄ）＝（５．６－０．２４×ＲＲＦ）×ＢＳＡ。结论所有腹透病人应采取个体化的透析剂量，以上述公式计算透析剂量，绝大多数病人能保持理想的透析效能     

长期血液透析和腹膜透析患者血脂水平及其相关因素分析

目的：观察血液透析和腹膜透析对终末期肾衰竭患者血脂的影响及相关因素。方法：血透患者36例，腹透(CAPD)患者25例，对照组35例，分别检测开始透析时及透析后12个月时的血脂、血浆白蛋白、血清肌酐(Scr)水平。结果：腹透组患者12个月后血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(VLDL-C)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)及脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]较透析前明显增高，HDL-C、ApoA1较透析前明显降低；血透组患者12个月后HDL-C明显降低；二组患者透析前ApoA1明显低于对照组，ApoB、Lp(a)明显高于对照组，二组患者透析前均有明显的低蛋白血症，透析后血浆白蛋白明显降低，腹透患者尤其显著。血浆白蛋白水平与血脂呈显著相关。结论：尿毒症患者透析前即存在血脂异常，透析治疗并不能消除高脂血症，甚至加重高脂血症，以腹透患者明显。营养不良、低蛋白血症是透析患者高脂血症的主要致病因素。     

腹膜透析效能的判断及影响因素分析

目的：探讨各种判断腹透效能的指标在临床运用中的意义。方法：前瞻性观察４４例ＣＡＰＤ患者在透析过程中尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ（ＫＴ／Ｖ）、肌酐清除率（ＣＣｒ）、血浆白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）及氮表现的蛋白质水平（ｎＰＮＡ）的变化及彼此间的相关性。结果：４４例患者９４例次的观察显示，ＫＴ／Ｖ与ＣＣｒ在判断透析效能上有明显差异，ＫＴ／Ｖ更大程度上与透析剂量呈正相关，ＫＴ／Ｖ＝１．１６＋０．０００１１×透析剂量（ｒ＝０．２７Ｐ＜０．０５）、与患者的体表面积呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．５９，Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＣｒ则与患者的残余肾功能（ＲＲＦ）呈正相关，ＣＣｒ＝４９．３＋１０．２３×ＲＲＦ（ｒ＝０．８４，Ｐ＜０．００１），而与透析时间呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．３６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。此外，ｎＰＮＡ水平的变化与ＫＴ／Ｖ及ＣＣｒ呈正相关（ｒ＝０．２６～０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０５），Ａｌｂ与ＫＴ／Ｖ呈明显相关（ｒ＝０．４０，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：尿素ＫＴ／Ｖ和ＣＣｒ完全可以作为反映透析效能的可靠指标，若结合Ａｌｂ及ｎＰＮＡ观察，则更能反映患者的情况。此外，本文还观察到若根据体表面积计算透析液量，不仅可以精确地计算透析需求量，而且还能预测透析效能，减少合并症的产     

老年慢性肺心病患者血浆蛋白含量变化及其临床意义

应用单向免疫琼脂扩散法测定４５例老年肺心病患者１１项血浆蛋白含量，并与５０例健康老年人的１１项血浆蛋白测定结果进行比较。结果表明，老年肺心病患者的白蛋白、前白蛋白、铜蓝蛋白、转铁蛋白、连株蛋白、载脂蛋白Ｂ、血浆结合蛋白、纤维蛋白溶解酶原均显著低于健康老年人（Ｐ＜０．０１及０．００１）。α１－抗胰蛋白酶、α１－酸性糖蛋白含量显著高于健康老年人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。老年肺心病患者血浆蛋白的异常变化，可能与营养状态低下和肺内感染有关。     

血透患者血浆D—二聚体水平和纤溶参数的变化

目的：观察血透患者纤溶状态的变化，探讨与临床止凝血的关系。 方法：测定２０例血透（ＨＤ）患者透析过程中Ｄ－二聚体和ｔ－二聚体和ｔ－ＰＡ、ＰＬＧ、ＰＡＩ的动态变化，并与２８例健康者对照。结果：ＨＤ组透析前Ｄ－二聚体、ｔ－ＰＡ显著高于对照组，ＰＬＧ和ＰＡＩ明显低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。在透析过程中Ｄ－二聚体、ｔ－ＰＡ显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），ＰＡＩ逐渐降低（Ｐ〈０．０５），而ＰＬＧ无明     

肾功能衰竭患者脑干听觉诱发电位的监测

对３１例老年肾功能患者肾功能和脑干听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）监测，并动态检测１１例血液透析（血透）患者治疗前后ＢＡＥＰ变化。结果表明：老年肾功衰竭患者ＢＡＥＰ中Ｉ、Ⅲ、Ｖ主波潜伏期（ＰＬ）、Ｉ～Ⅲ、Ｉ～Ｖ峰间潜伏期较对照组均明显延长（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），且其诱发电位异常与血尿素氮、肌酐呈正相关。１１例血透患者平均透析６．２个月，透析前后同体比较，血透后Ⅲ、Ｖ主波潜伏期和Ｉ～Ⅲ、Ｉ～Ｖ峰间潜伏期均较透析前明显缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１）。提示脑干听觉诱发电位监测可作为病情及疗效判断指标，有助于该病神经系统异常的早期诊断。     

腹膜透析患者营养状况的随访研究

目的观察腹膜透析（以下简称腹透）患者营养状况的动态变化,探讨影响腹透患者营养状况的临床影响因素。方法选2002年6月至2003年6月进入持续非卧床腹透（CAPD）的43例患者,每隔6个月进行营养状况[主观综合性营养评估法（SGA）,血白蛋白（Alb）水平]及其临床影响因素（包括肾脏和透析溶质清除率,蛋白质能量摄入水平,炎症和容量状况,代谢性酸中毒和急慢性合并症）的调查,共4次,随访2年。结果（1）43例CAPD患者随访2年中肾脏尿素清除指数（Kt／V）、肌酐清除率（Ccr）和总Kt／V明显下降（P=0．02）,但营养不良发生率从65．12％下降至25．58％,血Alb从（34．53±5．10）g／L上升至（37．01±4．39）s／L（P=0．01）。（2）43例患者中14例（32．56％）始终营养良好（A）,18例（41．86％）由透析前的轻中度营养不良转为营养良好（B）（其中4例于透析后1年营养改善）,3例处于营养波动状态（C）,8例始终为轻中度或重度营养不良（D）。将A和B合并为Ⅰ组,C和D合并为Ⅱ组,Ⅱ组患者血C反应蛋白、容量负荷状态及感染、心脑血管事件、创伤等急性并发症发生次数均高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）,平均血Alb、蛋白质明显低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。（3）C反应蛋白（P=0．011）、标化的细胞外液（P=0．019）是导致营养不良或波动的重要危险因素。结论大部分CAPD患者（74．4％,32／43）在透析2年内营养状况明显好转,而持续营养不良或营养状况波动者伴随明显的蛋白质摄入不足、炎症状态、容量负荷及发生急性合并症。     

透析与非透析老年慢性肾脏病患者自由生活状态下的能量消耗

目的探讨透析与非透析老年慢性肾脏病（CKD〉患者自由生活状态下的能量消耗。方法随机抽取老年透析患者20例（腹膜透析、血液透析患者各10例）作为透析组,同时抽取20例与透析组患者在年龄、身高、体重方面榴近的菲透析患者作为菲透析组。采用MiniSun公司的IDEEA（intelligent device for energy expenditure and activity）系统,测定患者24h总的能量消耗及不同活动方式的能量消耗情况。结果透析组每日量消耗高丁与非透析组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但两组患者坐、站、走、躺的能量比例无统计学差异（P〉0．05）;透析组能量消耗多分市在2000—2500kcal／d区间,非透析组能量消耗多分布在1500-2000kcal／d区间内,两组有统计学差异。血透与腹透组的能量消耗相近（P〉0．05）,但血透患者卧、站状态下消耗等量所占的比例、所消耗能量的数值均高于腹透患者, 而走状态下所消耗能量所占的比例、所消耗能量的数值低于腹透患者（P〈0．05）。结论老年透析患者的能量消耗高于非透析患者。老年血透和腹透患者自由生活状态下的能量消耗相近,但在不同活动状态下所消耗的能量有所不同。     

尿毒症患者肠黏膜免疫屏障功能与容量负荷和营养状况的关系

目的探讨尿毒症患者肠黏膜免疫屏障功能与容量负荷、营养状况的关系。方法选择尿毒症非透析患者（非透析组）和透析患者（透析组）各60例,另选择30例健康志愿者作为对照组,采用ELISA法检测粪便分泌型免疫球蛋白A（s Ig A）水平,超声测量下腔静脉内径（IVCD）和塌陷指数（CI）,采用改良的主观整体综合评价法评分量表（MQSGA）评价患者的营养状况,将s Ig A表达量与IVCD、CI、MQSGA分别行直线回归和相关分析。结果与对照组比较,透析组和非透析组粪便s Ig A表达量均明显降低（P均〈0.01）,IVCD均明显升高（P均〈0.01）,透析组与非透析组相比,IVCD无统计学差异;回归分析显示,s Ig A表达量与IVCD呈直线回归关系（b=-0.264,P〈0.01）。直线相关分析显示,s Ig A与MQSGA有明显负相关关系（r=-0.591,P〈0.01）。结论无论透析还是非透析尿毒症患者均存在肠黏膜免疫屏障功能障碍和容量超负荷,肠黏膜免疫屏障功能障碍程度与容量负荷和营养状况有关。     

Enhanced plasma and intracellular levels of main granulocyte components in diabetics on dialysis

Intracellular and plasma levels of main granulocyte components (elastase, lactoferrin) were investigated in 25 diabetic and 27 nondiabetic patients undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment (RDT) as well as in 14 diabetic and 11 nondiabetic patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Diabetic patients on dialysis released more intragranular enzymes from neutrophils than their nondiabetic counterparts. Intracellular concentrations of granulocyte elastase and lactoferrin were only slightly higher in uremic diabetics than in uremic nondiabetics. However, both diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis patients displayed significantly lower cellular elastase and lactoferrin levels than healthy subjects. In addition, the diabetic dialysis patients had more protein catabolic fragments in the plasma as determined by trichloroacetic acid solubility. These observations were cited to support the hypothesis that not only is the hemodialysis procedure itself (with exposure to membranes) catabolic, but the diabetics are in double jeopardy. Thus, neutrophil abnormalities in diabetics on dialysis might affect the plasmatic proteinase inhibitor system and contribute to enhanced plasma protein degradation as well as to enhanced susceptibility to infections.     

血液透析治疗过程中胃肠营养补充对患者营养状态的影响

目的 观察血液透析治疗过程中胃肠营养补充对尿毒症患者营养状态的影响.方法 选择病情稳定的维持性血液透析患者54例,均有不同程度的营养不良.将54例患者随机分为研究组和对照组2组,每组各27例.研究组患者每次透析中经胃肠补充高蛋白、高热量营养液250 ml,观察2个月.采用自身对照及组间对照方式,评估两组患者营养状态的变化.结果 治疗后两组患者蛋白质、热量摄入均较治疗前增加（P＜0.01）,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后研究组患者血清白蛋白及握力增加,分别从（35.72±1.47） g/L到（37.34±0.99）g/L（P ＜0.01）、（24.52±3.07）kg到（26.63±3.04） kg（P ＜0.05）,且分别与对照组治疗后（35.92±1.57）g/L、（24.80±2.01）kg比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01、P＜0.05）.结论 血液透析治疗过程中胃肠营养补充能在短期内显著增加患者血清白蛋白及手握力,改善患者营养不良状况,且该方式经济、方便,患者依从性及耐受性好.     

Diminished blood selenium levels in renal failure patients on dialysis: correlations with nutritional status

Selenium deficiency has been implicated as contributing to the development of cardiovascular disease, skeletal muscle myopathy, anemia, increased cancer risk, and deranged immune function. Since these problems may also be associated with renal failure, and the kidney plays an important role in selenium homeostasis, we measured selenium and compared it with nutritional status in 24 stable hemodialysis patients, 12 chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis patients, and 29 healthy controls. Whole blood and plasma selenium was determined by a spectrofluorometric method. For whole blood the mean (+/- SD) selenium levels were 0.11 +/- 0.02 micrograms/ml in controls vs. 0.071 +/- 0.01 micrograms/ml in hemodialysis cases and 0.052 +/- 0.006 micrograms/ml in peritoneal dialysis (p less than 0.005). Significant decreases were seen also for plasma and red blood cell selenium in all groups respectively. Pre- and postdialysis plasma and whole blood selenium levels showed no significant changes in both dialysis groups. However, predialysis residual peritoneal fluid did contain selenium (0.029 +/- 0.005 micrograms/ml). Some evidence of protein-energy undernutrition was noted in both dialysis groups compared with controls. However, no significant differences in nutritional parameters were noted between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. When all groups were combined, significant correlations were found between whole blood selenium and serum albumin (r = 0.61; p less than 0.001), triceps skin fold in females (r = 0.62; p less than 0.001), and midarm muscle circumference in males (r = 0.71; p less than 0.001). We conclude that low blood selenium is present in renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. This abnormality is even greater in peritoneal dialysis cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of depression and effect of antidepression treatment on nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Depression, which is the most common psychological complication in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), has an impact on the clinical outcome and is associated with malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis patients. This study evaluated the effect of antidepression treatment on nutritional status in depressed chronic hemodialysis patients. METHODS: Sixty-two ESRD patients who underwent dialysis for more than 6 months were interviewed and completed a Beck Depression Inventory assessment. Thirty-four patients who had scores greater than 18 on the Beck Depression Inventory score and met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition criteria for major depressive disorder were selected to receive paroxetine 10 mg/day and psychotherapy for 8 weeks. The remaining 28 patients were assigned to the control group. Change in the severity of depressive symptoms was ascertained by administering the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Nutritional status was evaluated by normalized protein catabolic rate, serum albumin and blood urea nitrogen level. RESULTS: All patients successfully completed 8 weeks of antidepression treatment. Antidepression treatment decreased the severity of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score: 16.6 +/- 7.0 versus 15.1 +/- 6.6, P < 0.01) and increased normalized protein catabolic rate (1.04 +/- 0.24 versus 1.17 +/- 0.29 g/kg/day, P < 0.05), serum albumin (37.3 +/- 2.0 versus 38.7 +/- 3.2 g/l, P < 0.005), and prehemodialysis blood urea nitrogen level (24.3 +/- 5.6 versus 30.2 +/- 7.9 mmol/L, P < 0.001). In the control group, no change was noted during the study period. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that antidepressant medication with supportive psychotherapy can successfully treat depression and improve nutritional status in chronic hemodialysis patients with depression.     

Protein loss in on-line hemofiltration

BACKGROUND: The albumin serum level is one of the most important nutritional indices and is directly correlated to the uremic patient's hemodialysis outcome. One of the factors that can interfere with protein metabolism is the possible loss of albumin through the dialysis membrane that can contribute to keeping levels chronically low, especially for high-flux convective treatments requiring high permeability membranes and the removal of high volumes of plasma water. METHODS: Twenty stable patients undergoing chronic renal replacement therapy for at least 3 months were included. Each patient performed four hemofiltration treatments, 2 in post-dilution and 2 in pre-dilution (post-D, pre-D) with a polyamide membrane (Poliflux, 2.1 m2). RESULTS: The amount of albumin found in the ultrafiltrate was 2.9 +/- 1.5 g in post-D and 1.7 +/- 0.8 g in pre-D (p < 0.01). Albumin loss during online HF was lower than 3 g per treatment, and significantly lower in pre-D than in post-D. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between the transmembrane pressure and the albumin loss in both techniques, but with different slopes (y = 0.351x - 10.014 in post-dilution and y = 0.0639x + 8.2403 in pre-dilution; p = 0.01): the same transmembrane pressure determines larger albumin losses in post-dilution than in pre-dilution. CONCLUSIONS: Convective treatments that utilize high exchange volume can be performed with no risk of a significant albumin loss, particularly in pre-D where the proteic component's contact with the dialysis membrane is lower. In post-dilution the transmembrane pressure is a relevant factor in determining the protein loss.     

Periodontal Treatment Reduces Chronic Systemic Inflammation in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Chronic systemic inflammation, a non traditional risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, is associated with increasing mortality in chronic kidney disease, especially peritoneal dialysis patients. Periodontitis is a potential treatable source of systemic inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Clinical periodontal status was evaluated in 32 stable chronic peritoneal dialysis patients by plaque index and periodontal disease index. Hematologic, blood chemical, nutritional, and dialysis‐related data as well as highly sensitive C‐reactive protein were analyzed before and after periodontal treatment. At baseline, high sensitive C‐reactive protein positively correlated with the clinical periodontal status (plaque index; r = 0.57, P < 0.01, periodontal disease index; r = 0.56, P < 0.01). After completion of periodontal therapy, clinical periodontal indexes were significantly lower and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein significantly decreased from 2.93 to 2.21 mg/L. Moreover, blood urea nitrogen increased from 47.33 to 51.8 mg/dL, reflecting nutritional status improvement. Erythropoietin dosage requirement decreased from 8000 to 6000 units/week while hemoglobin level was stable. Periodontitis is an important source of chronic systemic inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Treatment of periodontal diseases can improve systemic inflammation, nutritional status and erythropoietin responsiveness in peritoneal dialysis patients.     

分析糖尿病肾病和非糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者容量负荷及营养状态

目的 观察对比糖尿病肾病和非糖尿病肾病腹膜透析患者容量负荷及营养状态.方法 该院2019年2月—2020年2月收治的108例行腹膜透析治疗患者为该次研究对象,按照患者疾病类型是否为糖尿病肾病分为A组(54例糖尿病肾病)与B组(54例非糖尿病肾病),比较两组患者容量负荷及营养状态.结果 A组患者治疗6个月后血压、尿量以及...