DSA对老年性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的应用价值

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of aortocranial DSA in collateral circulation in elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Methods Twenty-three elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery, admitted to our hospital from August 2008 to July 2010, were chosen; their DSA findings and prognoses were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of these 23 patients, the collateral circulation was seen in 18(78.3%), including compensations from anterior communicating artery (n=16), posterior communicating artery (n=6), anterior together with posterior communicating artery (n=3), anterior choroidal artery (n=5),meningina artery between anterior cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery (n=5), meningina artery between posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery (n=4), ophthalmic artery (n=15), blood vessel between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery (n=3), and blood vessel among superior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (n=2); after conservative treatment and long time follow-up (1 to 22 months with a mean of 11.2 moths),disappearance of clinical symptoms and no recurrence were found in these 18 patients. Five patients were noted without compensatory collateral circulation: the 2 paralysis patients could not take care of themselves even with the improvement of myodynamia from grade 0 to grade Ⅲ; the 2 patients with disturbance of consciousness showed no recovery and died from lung infection; the left 1 patient was having aphasia. Conclusion DSA can accurately define ways and compensative ability of collateral circulation in elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotidartery, which can put forward reliable evidences for their treatments and prognoses.     

DSA对老年性颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的应用价值

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of aortocranial DSA in collateral circulation in elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Methods Twenty-three elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery, admitted to our hospital from August 2008 to July 2010, were chosen; their DSA findings and prognoses were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of these 23 patients, the collateral circulation was seen in 18(78.3%), including compensations from anterior communicating artery (n=16), posterior communicating artery (n=6), anterior together with posterior communicating artery (n=3), anterior choroidal artery (n=5),meningina artery between anterior cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery (n=5), meningina artery between posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery (n=4), ophthalmic artery (n=15), blood vessel between posterior cerebral artery and superior cerebellar artery (n=3), and blood vessel among superior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (n=2); after conservative treatment and long time follow-up (1 to 22 months with a mean of 11.2 moths),disappearance of clinical symptoms and no recurrence were found in these 18 patients. Five patients were noted without compensatory collateral circulation: the 2 paralysis patients could not take care of themselves even with the improvement of myodynamia from grade 0 to grade Ⅲ; the 2 patients with disturbance of consciousness showed no recovery and died from lung infection; the left 1 patient was having aphasia. Conclusion DSA can accurately define ways and compensative ability of collateral circulation in elderly patients with serious stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotidartery, which can put forward reliable evidences for their treatments and prognoses.     

Direct anastomosis of contralateral CT nerve root transfer with affected-side inferior trunk for repair of brachial plexus avulsion injury

AIM： To observe the effect of direct anastomosis of contralateral C7 nerve root transferred through prespina route with affected-side infedor trunk for repair of brachial plexus avulsion injury, and investigate its feasibility. METHODS ： Two male patients, with the age of 24 and 41 years respectively, were retrieved. When admitted to the hospital, they were diagnosed as brachial plexus avulsion injury. They subjected the operation in the 252 Hospital of Chinese PLA in March 2006 and May 2006 respectively. The proximal end of contralateral C7 nerve root was dissociated to nerve root pore and the distal end was dissociated to anterior and posterior divisions of middle trunk. The injured C7 nerve root was widely dissociated to inferior trunk, medial cord, ulnar nerve and medial head of median nerve. When elbow and shoulder joints were in flexion, the injured C7 nerve root was directly anastomosed with contralateral C7 nerve root in the gap between affected-side cervical vagina vasorum and esophagus with no tensions. RESULTS： During 3 to 5 hours of operation, little hemorrhage was found, nerves were not used for connection. Dyspnea, hoarse voice and other complications did not appear, either. In the postoperative 7^th to 8^th months, electromyogram examination showed that the growth velocity of anastomosed nerve was normal. CONCLUSION ： Direct anastomosis of contralateral C7 nerve root transferred through prespinal route with affected-side inferior trunk can be used for repair of brachial plexus avulsion injury with satisfying therapeutic effects.     

Applied anatomical study of the vascularized ulnar nerve and its blood supply for cubital tunnel syndrome at the elbow region

Cubital tunnel syndrome is often accompanied by paresthesia in ulnar nerve sites and hand muscle atrophy. When muscle weakness occurs, or after failure of more conservative treatments, anterior transposition is used. In the present study, the ulnar nerve and its blood vessels were examined in the elbows of 18 adult cadavers, and the external diameter of the nutrient vessels of the ulnar nerve at the point of origin, the distances between the origin of the vessels and the medial epicondyle of the humerus, and the length of the vessels accompanying the ulnar nerve in the superior ulnar collateral artery, the inferior ulnar collateral artery, and the posterior ulnar recurrent artery were measured. Anterior transposition of the vascularized ulnar nerve was performed to treat cubital tunnel syndrome. The most appropriate distance that the vascularized ulnar nerve can be moved to the subcutaneous tissue under tension-free conditions was 1.8 ± 0.6 cm(1.1–2.5 cm), which can be used as a reference value during the treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome with anterior transposition of the vascularized ulnar nerve.     

三叉神经痛合并根区蛛网膜粘连的病毒病因学研究

Objective To assess the relationship that trigeminal neuralgia combining arachnoids' adhesions and herpes simplex virus type 1. Methods There are fifty nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia their trigeminal nerve root area combined arachnoids' adhesion, cutting their arachnoids as the experimental group. There are twenty four patients with trigeminal neuralgia their trigeminal nerve root area is not combined significant arachnoids' adhesion, cutting their arachnoids as the case - control group. Using polymerase chain reaction and Western blot technique to detecting the HSV - 1 specific DNA fragments and specific antigen,and cutting twenty arachnoids of the patients with Brain Trauma as the normal control group. Results The positive ratio of DNA fragments in the three group is 69% 、58% and 25% respectively. The positive ratio of DNA fragments in the experiment group and case -control group were higher than the normal control group,with statistical difference ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), but the experimental group and case -control group compared with no significant difference ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). The positive ratio of virus - specific antigen is 51%、 25 % and 15 %respectively. The positive ratio of virus - specific antigen was higher than the case - control group, also higher than the normal control group, were significantly different ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), while the case - control group and the normal control group compared with no significant differences ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion HSV - 1 proliferating infected patients with trigeminal neuralgia may result in the arachnoids adhesion of trigeminal nerve root zone; arachnoids tissue may be another latent base of HSV - 1; HSV - 1 infection may be another pathogenic factor of trigeminal neuralgia.     

三叉神经痛合并根区蛛网膜粘连的病毒病因学研究

Objective To assess the relationship that trigeminal neuralgia combining arachnoids' adhesions and herpes simplex virus type 1. Methods There are fifty nine patients with trigeminal neuralgia their trigeminal nerve root area combined arachnoids' adhesion, cutting their arachnoids as the experimental group. There are twenty four patients with trigeminal neuralgia their trigeminal nerve root area is not combined significant arachnoids' adhesion, cutting their arachnoids as the case - control group. Using polymerase chain reaction and Western blot technique to detecting the HSV - 1 specific DNA fragments and specific antigen,and cutting twenty arachnoids of the patients with Brain Trauma as the normal control group. Results The positive ratio of DNA fragments in the three group is 69% 、58% and 25% respectively. The positive ratio of DNA fragments in the experiment group and case -control group were higher than the normal control group,with statistical difference ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), but the experimental group and case -control group compared with no significant difference ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). The positive ratio of virus - specific antigen is 51%、 25 % and 15 %respectively. The positive ratio of virus - specific antigen was higher than the case - control group, also higher than the normal control group, were significantly different ( P ＜ 0. 05 ), while the case - control group and the normal control group compared with no significant differences ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion HSV - 1 proliferating infected patients with trigeminal neuralgia may result in the arachnoids adhesion of trigeminal nerve root zone; arachnoids tissue may be another latent base of HSV - 1; HSV - 1 infection may be another pathogenic factor of trigeminal neuralgia.     

Axonal degeneration of the ulnar nerve secondary to carpal tunnel syndrome: fact or fiction?

The distribution of sensory symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome is strongly dependent on the degree of electrophysiological dysfunction of the median nerve. The association between carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve entrapment is still unclear. In this study, we measured ulnar nerve function in 82 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. The patients were divided into group I with minimal carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 35) and group II with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (n = 47) according to electrophysiological data. Sixty-one age- and sex-matched subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome were used as a control group. There were no significant differences in ulnar sensory nerve peak latencies or conduction velocities from the 4th and 5th fingers between patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and the control group. The ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers were lower in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome than in the control group. The ratios of the ulnar sensory nerve action potential amplitudes from the 4th and 5th fingers were almost the same in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome as in the control group. These findings indicate that in patients with minimal to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome, there is some electrophysiological evidence of traction on the adjacent ulnar nerve fibers. The findings do not indicate axonal degeneration of the ulnar nerve.     

Efficacy of nerve growth factor on the treatment of optic nerve contusion Evaluation with visual evoked potential

BACKGROUND: Pattern- visual evoked potential (PVEP) can reflect the functional status of retinal ganglial cells (RGC) and visual cortex, and is an objective examination for visual pathway function. It is a unique method for objectively examining the optic nerve function of optic ganglion cells. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF) on PVEF in the treatment of optic nerve contusion, evaluate the clinical efficacy of NGF, and make an efficacy comparison with vitamin B12. DESIGN: A randomly grouping, controlled observation. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University. PARTICIPANTS: Forty patients with optic nerve contusion caused by eye trauma, who received the treatment in the Tangshan Worker Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical University between January 2006 and June 2007, were recruited in this study. The involved 40 patients, including 34 males and 6 females, were aged 14–59 years. They were confirmed to have optic nerve contusion by ophthalmologic consultation combined with history of disease and orbital CT examination. Informed consents of treatments and detected items were obtained from all the patients. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 in each: NGF group and vitamin B12 group. METHODS: Conservative treatment was used in the two groups. In addition, patients in the NGF group were intramuscularly injected with NGF solution 18 μg /time, once a day. Those in the vitamin B12 group were injected by the same method with common vitamin B12 of 500 μg combined with vitamin B1 of 100 mg, once a day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PVEP examination was conducted in all the patients before, one and two weeks after treatment, and latency and amplitude at P100 were detected. RESULTS: Forty patients with optic nerve contusion participated in the final analysis. Before treatment, significant differences in the latency and amplitude at P100 were not found in patients between two groups (P > 0.05). For each patient in the NGF group, the latency of PVEP at P100 was significantly shortened, and the amplitude was significantly increased one and two weeks after treatment as compared with vitamin B12 group（t =2.06–2.34, P < 0.05）. CONCLUSION: NGF treatment can obviously improve the visual function of patients with optic nerve contusion. The curative effect of NGF is superior to vitamin B12.     

Comparison between direct repair and humana cellular nerve allografting during contralateral C7 transfer to the upper trunk for restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion

Direct coaptation of contralateral C7 to the upper trunk could avoid the interposition of nerve grafts. We have successfully shortened the gap and graft lengths, and even achieved direct coaptation. However, direct repair can only be performed in some selected cases, and partial procedures still require autografts, which are the gold standard for repairing neurologic defects. As symptoms often occur after autografting, human acellular nerve allografts have been used to avoid concomitant symptoms. This study investigated the quality of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion following direct repair and acellular allografting to evaluate issues requiring attention for brachial plexus injury repair. Fifty-one brachial plexus injury patients in the surgical database were eligible for this retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods. Direct repair was performed in 27 patients, while acellular nerve allografts were used to bridge the gap between the contralateral C7 nerve root and upper trunk in 24 patients. The length of the harvested contralateral C7 nerve root was measured intraoperatively. Deltoid and biceps muscle strength, and degrees of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion were examined according to the British Medical Research Council scoring system; meaningful recovery was defined as M3–M5. Lengths of anterior and posterior divisions of the contralateral C7 in the direct repair group were 7.64 ± 0.69 mm and 7.55 ± 0.69 mm, respectively, and in the acellular nerve allografts group were 6.46 ± 0.58 mm and 6.43 ± 0.59 mm, respectively. After a minimum of 4-year follow-up, meaningful recoveries of deltoid and biceps muscles in the direct repair group were 88.89% and 85.19%, respectively, while they were 70.83%and 66.67% in the acellular nerve allografts group. Time to C5/C6 reinnervation was shorter in the direct repair group compared with the acellular nerve allografts group. Direct repair facilitated the restoration of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion. Thus, if direct coaptation is not possible, use of acellular nerve allografts is a suitable option. This study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, China(Application ID: [2017] 290) on November 14, 2017.     

局部缺血坐骨神经相关神经元胞体乙酰胆碱酯酶变化的定量分析

BACKGROUND： Peripheral nerve ischemia has been shown to result in ischemic fiber degenera-tion and axoplasmic transport disturbance. However, the effect on acetylcholinesterase （AChE） ex- pression in relevant cells following sciatic nerve ischemia remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE： To observe AChE concentration changes following peripheral nerve ischemia.
DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The present comparative observation, neuroanatomical experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory Animal of Chengde Medical College between 2006 and 2007.
MATERIALS： A total of 20 healthy, adult, Wistar rats were randomized into two groups （n = 10）： 8-day ischemia and 14-day ischemia.
METHODS： Ischemia injury was induced in the unilateral sciatic nerve （experimental side） through ligation of the common iliac artery. The contralateral side received no intervention, and served as the control side. Rats in the 8-day ischemia and 14-day ischemia groups were allowed to survive for 8 and 14 days, respectively.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The L5 lumbar spinal cord and the L5 dorsal root ganglion were removed from both sides and sectioned utilizing a Leica vibrating slicer. AChE cellular expression was detected using Karnovsky-Root, and the number of AChE-positive cells and average gray value were analyzed using a MiVnt image analysis system.
RESULTS： In the 8-day ischemia group, AChE-positive cell numbers were significantly less in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord anterior horn of the experimental side, but the average gray value was significantly greater, compared with the control side （P 〈 0.05）. These changes were more significant in the 14-day ischemia group than in the 8-day ischemia group （P 〈 0.01）.
CONCLUSION： Peripheral nerve ischemia leads to decreased AChE expression in the associated cells in a time-dependent manner.     

Microanatomical study of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root

BACKGROUND:Because the artery leading to the glossopharyngeal nerve is small and complex,insufficient blood supply can occur due to atherosclerosis,occlusion,or injury.This sometimes results in corresponding newe degeneration,demyelination,and/or arachnoid adhesion.OBJECTIVE:To observe the nutrient artery origin of the glossopharyngeal nerve root in the medulla oblongata region,as well as the relationship between the artery and glossopharyngeal nerve root,to verify dependence of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia,which is related to contact and compression of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:Repetitive measurement.The experiment was performed at Harbin Medical University and Daqing Oilfields General Hospital between November 2006 and April 2007.MATERIALS:Ten cadaver heads(seven male and three female)were supplied bv the Department of Anatomy,Harbin Medical University.A total of 15 patients(nine male and six female),aged 38-56,that suffered from glossopharyngeal neuralgia were treated at Daqing Oilfields General Hospital and were between 38-56 years old.All cadaver heads were strictly handled according to the Guideline for Medical Ethics Committee.The patients agreed to the criteria set for the study objects.METHODS:(1)The bilateral veins of the nutrient artery were dissected under a surgery microscope.A sliding caliper was used to measure the length of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the oblongata to the iugular foramen.The origin of the nutrient artery was noted.as well as the courser and diameter to explore the relationship between the glossopharyngeal nerve root and the vertebral artery.posterior inferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,as well as the branching veins.(2)A total of 15 patients received glossopharyngeal neuralgia surgery.Contact or oppression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery,the anterior inferior cerebellar artery,vertebral artery,and its branches,were evaluated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The relationship and compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with the posterior inferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,vertebral armry,and its branches in cadaver sections and the living human body.RESULTS:(1)Cadaver dissection:the nutrient arteries of the glossopharyngeal nerve root originated from three or two branches of the posterior iriferior cerebellar artery,anterior inferior cerebellar artery,and dorsolateral medullary artery.During the procedure.four sides of the glossopharyngeal nerve root received contact or compression from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery trunk or thick loop branch.The four sides represented 20% of the area,and the two sides that received glossopharyngeal nerve root contact or compression from the anterior inferior cerebellar artery represented up to 10%.(2)Human living body:during surgery,obvious contact or compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve with three or more branches of the nutrient arteries accounted for 53.3% of the area.CONCLUSION:The cause of a number of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia is related to contact and pressure of the nutrient artery of the glossopharyngeal nerve root.     

磁共振血管成像对舌咽神经痛的的诊断价值(13例临床分析)

目的 分析舌咽神经痛的三维时间飞跃法磁共振血管成像(3D-TOF MRA)的影像学表现,探讨其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析13例临床诊断舌咽神经痛患者的3D-TOF MRA表现,两名神经影像医生共同阅片达成共识,判断神经血管关系,并与手术结果对比.结果 3D-TOF MRA发现13例舌咽神经痛患者中共14侧舌咽神经出/入延髓区存在血管压迫或接触,其中症状侧舌咽神经有血管压迫或接触12例,无症状侧舌咽神经有血管压迫或接触2 例,本组病例统计学分析表明,舌咽神经痛患者症状的出现与舌咽神经出/入延髓区是否存在血管压迫或接触存在显著相关关系(P＜0.01) ,3D-TOF MRA对舌咽神经痛诊断的敏感性为84.62%,特异性为92.31%.13例有血管压迫或接触引起的舌咽神经痛患者手术证实责任血管9例为小脑后下动脉,1例为小脑前下动脉,1例为椎动脉,1例为未知的静脉,1例为未知的小动脉,而3D-TOF MRA 1例未发现责任血管,2例对责任血管判断不符.结论 3D-TOF MRA对诊断舌咽神经痛具有较高的敏感度及特异度,但对小血管的检出和责任血管的判断上仍存在不足.     

远外侧入路手术中椎动脉颅内段的显微解剖应用研究

目的 对椎动脉颅内段进行观察和测量,探讨远外侧人路手术中如何保护椎动脉颅内段和小脑后下动脉. 方法 手术显微镜下对20例带颈成人头颅标本模拟远外侧人路开颅,到达颈静脉孔区,显露椎动脉颅内段及其主要分支,观察其走形特点和形态,并测量相关数据. 结果椎动脉颅内段穿寰枕筋膜后在基底动脉沟与对侧椎动脉合成基底动脉.椎动脉与舌下神经关系密切,本组30侧椎动脉穿经舌下神经根的腹侧达桥脑延髓沟,8侧椎动脉穿舌下神经根丝之间,2侧椎动脉经舌下神经根丝的背侧.70%的椎动脉与舌下神经有接触,其中30%的椎动脉对舌下神经造成压迫.椎动脉颅内段主要分支有小脑后下动脉、脊髓前动脉、脑膜后动脉和一些穿动脉.小脑后下动脉是椎动脉最大的分支,本组全部发自椎动脉颅内段,行程多为袢状并同后组颅神经关系密切.小脑后下动脉的起始点因人而异,同一标本左右也不一致,大多起自椎动脉颅内段的中上1/3.本组未见小脑前下动脉起源于椎动脉.脊髓前动脉均起于双侧椎动脉的末段,在中线吻合成一单干,沿脊髓前正中裂迂曲下降供应脊髓. 结论 熟悉椎动脉颅内段及其分支的走形特点和解剖变异有助于远外侧入路到颈静脉孔区手术中识别和保护椎动脉颅内段的主要分支.     

Microsurgical anatomy of the intracranial part of the vertebral artery

Abstract

We studied the intracranial portion of the vertebral artery and its branches in 11 cadaveric specimens. We evaluated the course of vessels and their dimensions (external diameter and length), as well as relationships between each of them. The vertebral artery was larger on the ? left side in two cases, on the right in five cases, and equal on both sides in four cases. The right and left vertebral arteries joined each other forming the basilar artery at the level of the pontomedullary junction in four cases, 2 mm below it in one case, and 1 to 7 mm above it in six cases. We divided all branches of the intracranial vertebral artery into two groups: the medial branches and the lateral branches. Two major types of medial branches were observed: the anterior spinal artery and the branches of the foramen caecum. The origin of the anterior spinal artery was located 6.5 mm (5-11 mm) proximal to vertebrobasilar junction on the right and 8.5 mm (6-17 mm) on the left. The anterior spinal artery was absent on the right in two cases and on the left in one. Branches arising from the vertebral artery to the foremen caecum were found in four brains. Lateral branches originated from the posterolateral or lateral aspect of vertebral artery. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, the largest branch of the vertebral artery, was included in this group. Other branches were mostly located between the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and the vertebrobasilar junction. Forty-six lateral branches originating from the vertebral artery were found in 11 brains (26 on the right and 20 on the left). Lateral branches widely anastomosed with perforators from the basilar arteryposterior inferior cerebral artery; and the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. [Neurol Res 1994; 16:171–180]     

Hemifacial spasm due to a compression of the facial nerve by a fusiform aneurysm of the vertebral artery: case report]

We report a rare case of symptomatic hemifacial spasm caused by a fusiform vertebral artery aneurysm and by a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery compressing the facial nerve at the root exit zone (REZ). A 71-year-old female had an 11-year history of right hemifacial spasm. MRIs demonstrated an aneurysm compressing the facial nerve at the REZ. Angiography disclosed a fusiform aneurysm of the right vertebral artery at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. After the vertebral aneurysm was clipped distal to the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, a branch of the right anterior inferior cerebellar artery was also observed compressing the facial nerve at the REZ. Both the clipped aneurysm and the branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery were mobilized away from the REZ of the facial nerve, and a prosthesis was inserted between the branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery and the brain stem to keep the aneurysm away from its original position. The patient's hemifacial spasm immediately disappeared without any neurological deficits just after the surgery. Hemifacial spasm, especially caused by an aneurysm, is quite rare. In a review of the literature, we found only 4 cases of symptomatic hemifacial spasm caused by an aneurysm of the vertebral artery. This case is the first reported case of hemifacial spasm caused by both a fusiform vertebral artery aneurysm and a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery compressing the facial nerve at the REZ.     

小脑动脉的临床解剖探讨

目的：为神经外科临床提供解剖学资料。方法：手术显微镜下观察５０例成人脑标本小脑动脉的起始、行径、主要分支、穿动脉及大致分布，检查各小脑动脉与出入脑干的颅神经的接触关系。结果：５０例人脑有小脑下后动脉（ＰＩＣＡ）９４支，小脑下前动脉（ＡＩＣＡ）９７支和小脑上动脉（ＳＣＡ）１１２支。２侧ＰＩＣＡ和１２侧ＳＣＡ接触三叉神经根，２侧ＡＩＣＡ接触面神经根，动脉与神经根接触多形成压迹。结论：小脑动脉的局部解剖有助于神经外科医生在颅后窝手术时，对这些动脉尤其是行程可能有变异的动脉及穿支要特别谨慎，避免损伤，并保护与小脑动脉关系密切的脑神经根；对某些脑干血管综合征患者及某些三叉神经痛、面肌痉挛患者采取相应的治疗。     

后组颅神经及相关结构MRI研究

目的 通过正常人体后组颅伸经及相关结构的研究，为颅底病变的诊断和治疗提供可靠的影像解剖学依据。方法 健康志愿者120例行后组颅神经及周围结构MRI检查并进行相关影像学测量。结果 后组颅神经均不同程度存在血管压迫现象（右侧：16％、左侧：10％）；双侧舌咽-迷走-副神经复合体之间的距离男性大于女性（P=0.013＜0．05），并与个体的发育有关系；舌咽-迷走-副神经复合体与脑干正中矢状化之间的夹角与年龄关系非常密切，性别间无显著性差异。结论采 用MRI扫描序列获得的正常人体后组颅神经及相关参考值为临床提供了重要的断面影像学依据。     

左侧延髓血管减压术治疗原发性高血压病的疗效研究

目的 探索左侧延髓微血管减压术(MVD)对颅神经疾病、脑出血病人的原发性高血压病的手术疗效.方法 26例左侧幕上脑内血肿、2例小脑血肿病人在血肿清除后,再行同侧枕下乙状窦后开颅,并对延髓进行MVD,其中15例病人是急诊手术;4例三叉神经痛、2例听神经瘤、1例三叉神经鞘瘤、1例舌咽神经痛的高血压病人,在完成肿瘤切除、颅神经MVD手术后再行MVD.观察病人的血压以及降血压药物用量和种类的变化.结果 术中发现压迫延髓和迷走神经根入脑区(REZ)的责任血管为小脑后下动脉20例,椎动脉主干11例,小脑前下动脉5例;其中接触型14例、压迫型10例、粘连型9例、贯穿型3例.24例高血压病得到治愈、好转10例、2例无效.结论 左侧延髓MVD可以有效治疗原发性高血压病.术中仔细探查远离REZ区的血管袢,并解除它们对迷走神经及延髓腹外侧的"琴弦式"牵拉刺激可以提高延髓MVD治疗原发性高血压病的疗效.     

原发性舌咽神经痛的显微手术治疗（附33例分析）

目的 探讨显微手术治疗原发性舌咽神经痛的手术方式、手术疗效及长期随访结果。方法 2003年5月至2014年7月显微手术治疗原发性舌咽神经痛33例,手术均采用单侧枕下乙状窦后入路,微血管减压术23例,舌咽神经根及迷走神经根上部第1、2根丝切断术3例,微血管减压术+神经根切断术7例。所有患者术后随访10个月至11年,平均5.1年。结果 责任血管为椎动脉5例,为小脑后下动脉18例,为小脑后下动脉合并椎动脉8例,为小脑后下动脉合并小脑前下动脉1例;1例未发现责任血管。33例患者术后即刻疼痛全部消失。5例术后出现暂时性吞咽困难、饮水呛咳、声嘶,3例有阵发性干咳,l例有耳鸣,1例有复视;随访期间,除复视1例外,余9例患者并发症逐渐减轻至消失。结论 显微手术治疗舌咽神经痛是有效、安全的,正确合理选择适宜的术式,在保证疗效的前提下,术后并发症是可控、可接受的。     

3D-TOF磁共振血管成像诊断偏侧面肌痉挛的病因

目的　研究 3D TOF磁共振血管成像对偏侧面肌痉挛 (HFS)病因诊断的临床价值。方法　 3D TOF磁共振血管成像脑干薄层扫描 3 4例HFS患者和 3 5例对照 ,盲法诊断面神经根部解剖改变 ,两组对照分析。结果　 ( 1)HFS患者症状侧面神经根部受压迫 3 2侧 ( 94 % ) ,其中血管压迫 3 1侧( 91% ) ,肿瘤压迫 1侧 ( 3 % ) ;无症状侧受血管压迫 6侧 ( 18% ) ;对照组双侧受压迫 3侧 ( 4 % ) ,其中血管 2侧 ,肿瘤 1侧。 ( 2 )常见压迫血管分别为小脑前下动脉 11侧 ( 3 8% ) ,椎动脉单独或与小脑后下动脉联合 9侧 ( 2 9% ) ,小脑后下动脉 8侧 ( 2 5 % )。 ( 3 )面神经根部血管压迫发生HFS相对危险度的估计值为 3 7.2 8。 ( 4 )面肌痉挛侧面神经根部受血管压迫或包绕有 14侧 ( 4 5 % )。结论　研究提示 ,3D TOF磁共振血管成像为目前面肌痉挛病因诊断的最佳影像检查方法 ,HFS的主要病因为患侧面神经根部受血管压迫、包绕或与其紧密接触。