广东省15岁及以上居民饮酒行为现状分析

目的了解广东省≥15岁居民饮酒行为现状,为制定广东省饮酒相关健康教育策略和干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,共抽取7个区县为调查点（深圳市罗湖区、广州市天河区、珠海市金湾区、肇庆市端州区、佛山市禅城区、惠州市博罗县、阳江市阳西县）,每个调查点抽取6个居委会（村）,每个居委会（村）抽取75户家庭,每个被抽中家庭的≥15岁家庭成员参与问卷调查。调查内容包括个人一般情况、过去12个月里是否喝过酒、饮酒类型、频率、平均每次饮用量等内容,对调查结果进行描述性流行病学分析。结果共调查≥15岁居民7 703人,饮酒人数为960人,粗饮酒率为12.5%（960/7 703）,标化率为13.4%;其中男性粗饮酒率为24.2%（799/3 305）,女性为3.7%（161/4 398）,标化率分别为29.1%、3.1%,男性标化饮酒率高于女性（P〈0.01）;大城市、中小城市、农村居民粗饮酒率依次为16.3%（358/2 204）、12.4%（422/3 413）、8.6%（180/2 086）,标化饮酒率依次为13.4%、12.1%、10.5%,不同地区间居民标化饮酒率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;15～、18～、45～、≥60岁组居民粗饮酒率依次为1.4%（5/368）、14.4%（497/3 440）、13.3%（300/2 259）、9.7%（158/1 636）,标化饮酒率依次为3.4%、18.7%、8.5%、5.3%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。51.6%（412/799）的男性饮酒者和39.8%（64/161）的女性饮酒者每周饮酒≥5次。饮酒类型前3位是啤酒、白酒和葡萄酒,饮用比例依次为62.1%（596/960）、51.8%（497/960）、34.8%（334/960）。在饮用高度白酒者中平均每次饮用白酒≥150 g占44.4%（127/286）。结论广东省≥15岁城乡居民普遍存在饮酒行为,需进一步开展调查找出重点人群并采取有针对性的干预措施,减少饮酒行为和饮酒量。     

饮酒行为对我国9省成年居民高血压患病的影响研究

目的探讨饮酒行为对我国9省成年居民高血压患病的影响。方法利用2006年“中国居民健康与营养调查”数据,对我国9省9111名成年居民的饮酒频率、饮酒类型以及饮酒量和高血压患病的关系进行横断面分析。结果男性、女性成年居民的饮酒率分别为58．3％和8．1％。男、女饮酒者每Et平均酒精摄入量分别为（33．3±34．1）和（15．0±16．2）g,男、女饮酒率和饮酒量的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。男性和女性高血压患病率分别为26．3％和22．1％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。男性居民饮酒者和不饮酒者高血压患病率分别为27．1％和25．0％,差异无统计学意义;女性居民饮酒者和不饮酒者高血压患病率分别为17．7％和22．5％,饮酒者高血压患病率低于不饮酒者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。无论男性和女性,高饮酒频率者高血压患病要高于低饮酒频率者（P〈0．05）。随着酒精摄人量的增加,男性居民高血压患病率未出现明显的规律性变化,但饮酒各组的高血压患病率均高于不饮酒组;女性居民每日酒精摄入量低于15g时,高血压患病率最低,而随后出现升高的趋势。结论我国男性和女性的饮酒率以及饮酒量不同,饮酒可升高我国9省男性居民的高血压患病率,而对女性居民的影响呈现出J型曲线的特点。     

河北省成年居民饮酒状况的调查

[目的]了解河北省成年居民的饮酒状况和相关危险因素。[方法]采用多阶段随机抽样的方法，对4200成年居民进行现况流行病学调查。[结果]总体饮酒率为41．1％，其中男性71．8％，女性19．7％，城市46．5％，农村38．9％。单因素分析显示，饮酒率与性别、城乡、年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况密切相关。近1年内．有26．2％饮酒者饮酒≥5d／周。近1个月内有52．7％饮酒者饮啤酒，女性（60．5％）高于男性（50．6％）；3．8％饮酒者饮果酒，城市（9．1％）高于农村（1．2％），女性（6．4％）高于男性（3．o％）；51．1％饮酒者饮〉40度的白酒。[结论]该省饮酒人群趋于年轻化，男性是饮酒的主体，主要分布在文化程度较高、单位负责人、行政干部、专业技术人员和离婚或分居人群，酒类消费向啤酒等低度酒发展，应针对饮酒人群进一步加大饮酒卫生的宣传。     

2018年广东省18岁及以上居民饮酒行为调查研究

目的 了解广东省≥18岁居民饮酒行为的流行状况,为制定相关干预措施提供科学依据。方法 依托于2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测项目,采用多阶段整群随机抽样的方法抽取广东省14个监测点≥18岁的常住居民进行饮酒行为问卷调查。采用复杂抽样加权法估计不同特征人群的饮酒行为特征。结果 本研究共纳入8 600名≥18岁的常住居民,经复杂加权计算后,男性占51.42%,女性占48.58%;城市居民占68.99%,农村居民占31.01%。2018年广东省≥18岁居民过去12个月饮酒率为50.13%,男性（66.71%）高于女性（32.59%）,城市（53.96%）高于农村（41.61%）。过去30 d饮酒率为31.50%,男性（45.29%）高于女性（16.90%）（均P<0.01）。62.77%的男性和88.02%的女性每周饮酒<1 d,随着年龄增加,每周≥5 d的饮酒频率逐渐上升。饮酒者日均酒精摄入量11.98 g,男性（15.74 g）远高于女性（3.13 g）,农村（15.78 g）高于城市（10.57 g）（均P<0.01）。广东省≥18岁居民危险饮酒率和有害饮酒率分别为...     

徐州市≥15岁居民过量饮酒现状调查

目的 了解江苏省徐州市≥15岁居民过量饮酒现状,为今后健康教育和采取行为干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法对在徐州市抽取的44 791名≥15岁居民进行问卷调查.结果 徐州市≥15岁居民过量饮酒率为11.65％,标化率为12.35％;其中城市居民过量饮酒率为11.19％,标化率为11.86％,农村居民过量饮酒率为11.79％,标化率为12.49％,城市与农村居民过量饮酒率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);5 219名过量饮酒者中,过量饮酒1～2次/周者占37.77％,过量饮酒3～4次/周者占23.41％,每天或几乎每天过量饮酒者占38.82％;其中城市和农村居民过量饮酒频次为1～2次/周、3～4次/周、每天或几乎每天者分别占44.93％、28.18％、26.89％和35.71％、22.05％、42.24％,城市与农村居民过量饮酒频次比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-8.463,P=0.000);不同特征居民过量饮酒率比较,不同性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况和人均年收入居民的过量饮酒率间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 徐州市≥15岁居民过量饮酒率较高,农村居民每天或几乎每天过量饮酒者多于城市居民.     

广东省普通人群饮酒状况及相关疾病的关系

[目的]了解广东省普通人群饮酒基本情况及相关疾病。[方法]用多阶段分层随机整群抽样抽取广东省18岁以上常住居民3167人进行问卷调查和体检。[结果]饮酒率18．9％（600／3167），男42．0％，女6．6％，标化饮酒率25．6％；城市饮酒率（21．5％）高于农村（16．7％），城、乡标化饮酒率分别为26．3％和24．5％；过量饮酒率2．3％，标化率1．9％，城、乡标化过量饮酒率0．9％和3．4％；随着经济收入及文化水平提高，饮酒率上升。饮酒率较高者为科技人员、司机、企事领导、公务员和推销员，夫妻分居以及离婚后单身者情况较严重；随着饮酒量的升高疾病患病率也升高，过量饮酒组患病率明显升高。[结论]过量饮酒严重影响人群健康，应控制酒精的摄人量，防止饮酒过量。     

深圳居民饮酒行为现况调查

目的了解广东省深圳市居民饮酒行为现况,为相关部门开展健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取深圳市3个区647名居民进行调查。结果本次调查显示深圳市居民的现在饮酒率为15.46%(100人),男性现在饮酒率为25.96%(74人),高于女性的7.18%(26人);45～59岁组饮酒率最高为24.44%(33人);现在饮酒者中<18岁开始饮酒者每天或几乎每天饮酒;饮酒主要类型依次为啤酒(37.00%)、白酒(24.00%)、其他酒类(21.00%)和果酒(18.00%);酒类消费中平均每天酒精消费量为18.84 g,其中男性为22.49 g,女性为8.17 g。酒类消费者中过量饮酒比例为22.00%(22人),其中男性为24.32%(18人),女性为15.38%(4人)。结论深圳市居民总体饮酒率不高,但是饮酒行为有年轻化趋势,并且在某些人群中饮酒率较高。     

辽宁省七地区居民饮酒现状及与慢性病关系研究

目的了解辽宁省部分人群饮酒现状及其与慢性病关系,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,对辽宁省7个地区≥15岁居民采用面对面调查获得一般情况及饮酒行为资料,通过体检测得身高、体重、血压、空腹血糖、血脂等。结果调查对象饮酒率为22.4/(标化率为20.7/);男、女性饮酒率分别为46.3/,3.1/(标化率分别为44.3/,2.8/),男性显著高于女性(χ2=2217.89,P<0.01);城市、农村饮酒率分别为22.5/,22.3/,两者差别无统计学意义(P>0.05);有42.4/的饮酒者每天饮酒,45.9/的人饮白酒;居民开始饮酒平均年龄为(25.1±8.1)岁,戒酒平均年龄为(44.3±16.0)岁;经Logistic回归分析,性别、文化程度、职业、婚烟状况是饮酒的影响因素F饮酒者高血压、高甘油三酯患病率高于不饮酒者,肥胖、向心性肥胖和低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症患病率低于不饮酒者。结论辽宁地区应普及饮酒危害的相关知识,以降低由饮酒引发的慢性病患病率。     

桐乡市居民慢性病危险因素流行状况分析

目的：了解桐乡市居民慢性病危险因素流行状况,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法：按照多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,随机抽取18岁以上户籍居民1200人进行调查,分析慢性病相关行为危险因素在不同人群中的分布情况。结果：调查人群吸烟率为31．67％,标化吸烟率为30．62％。男性和女性吸烟率分别为63．96％和2．84％;男性高于女性（P〈0．001）;饮酒率为38．33％,标化饮酒率为38．00％。男性为60．42％,女性为18．61％,男性高于女性（P〈0．001）;成人居民肥胖率为6．00％,标化肥胖率为5．65％。女性高于男性,但两者差别无统计学意义。年龄、BMI、家族史、饮酒、精神状况及睡眠质量是最主要存在的慢性病危险因素。结论：居民慢性病患病率与危险因素均处于高水平,慢性病预防控制策略和措施亟待加强,应积极开展健康行为教育,预防慢性病发生。     

中国居民饮酒行为现况

目的:了解我国居民饮酒行为现状,为国家制定相关政策和措施提供科学依据。方法:使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,分析我国城乡15岁及以上居民159117人的饮酒情况。饮酒信息的收集采用个人健康情况调查表由经过培训的调查员询问获得。结果:我国居民的现在饮酒率为21.0%,男性现在饮酒率为39.6%,明显高于女性的4.5%;城乡居民的现在饮酒率分别为20.9%、21.0%。45～59岁组饮酒率最高。现在饮酒者中18岁之前开始饮酒的比例为8.8%。39.9%的男性和29.5%的女性饮酒者每天或几乎每天饮酒。饮酒主要类型依次为白酒(50.3%)、啤酒和白酒(27.5%)、啤酒(14.1%)。男性现在饮酒者中有58.2%的人平均每次饮用白酒在100～150g,女性中有77.3%的人平均每次饮用白酒在50～100g。结论:我国居民中饮酒是一种普遍的行为,需要进一步探索影响因素,减少饮酒相关问题的发生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.