血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶对惊厥患儿脑损伤的评价

目的 探讨血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶在惊厥患儿中的水平变化及脑损伤的评价.方法 采用化学发光法测定48例惊厥患儿[根据病因分为脑炎组14例,癫(癎)组16例,热性惊厥组18例;根据病情程度,分为短程惊厥组28例(发作次数＜3次,发作时间＜ 10 min),长程惊厥组20例(发作次数＞3次,发作时间＞ 10 min)]和16例性别、年龄相匹配的健康儿童血清中神经元烯醇化酶(NSE).结果 惊厥组血清NSE[ (24.3±8.9) μg/L]明显高于对照组[(7.3±1.8) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),而脑炎组[(22.4±5.4)μg/L]、癫(癎)组[(24.3±8.9) μg/L]与惊厥组比较,血清NSE差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).长程惊厥组血清NSE[ (25.0±7.6) μg/L]高于短程惊厥组[(18.3±4.5) μg/L],而且都高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 小儿惊厥发作后引起血液中NSE水平明显增高,其水平高低与脑损伤程度呈正相关,可作为早期判断惊厥性脑损伤的客观指标.     

儿童热性惊厥血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶变化及其临床意义研究

目的探讨神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在热性惊厥(FS)患儿的变化及其临床意义。方法根据惊厥发作次数、惊厥持续时间等将研究对象分为FS组(单纯FS、发作1次、抽搐时间小于15 min)、FS1组(复杂FS、发作2次、每次抽搐时间小于15 min)、FS2组(复杂FS、发作1次、抽搐时间大于15 min)和对照组,各50例。采用放射免疫分析法检测各组患儿血清NSE水平。结果 FS组患儿发作第1天及第7天血清NSE水平[分别为(15.16±1.68)、(14.96±1.65)ng/m L]与对照组[分别为(15.00±1.88)、(14.82±1.46)ng/m L]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);FS1、FS2组患儿发作第1天血清NSE水平[分别为(19.90±3.63)、(27.44±9.34)ng/m L]明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);FS2组患儿发作第1天血清NSE水平[(27.44±9.34)ng/m L]较FS1组[(19.90±3.63)ng/m L]高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);FS2组患儿发作第7天血清NSE水平[(16.61±3.32)ng/ml]仍高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论单纯FS发作后血清NSE水平正常,但不能完全排除脑神经元损伤,复杂FS发作后有明显脑神经元损伤,长程发作较反复短时间发作神经元损伤更重。     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶在小儿癫痫发作中的诊断价值

目的 探讨神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在小儿癫痫发作中的诊断价值.方法 50例患儿分为癫痫发作(A)组22例及非癫痫发作(B)组28例,采用酶联免疫法测定其发作后24 h内血清NSE水平,并与正常对照(C)组进行比较.结果 A组NSE水平为(22.12±10.22) μg/L,明显高于B组的(9.72±4.06) μg/L和C组的(7.90±1.85) μg/L(P<0.01).结论 癫痫发作后可引起血清NSE水平的显著升高,测定NSE有助于癫痫发作与非癫痫发作的鉴别.     

IL-6和NSE在小儿患者惊厥性脑损伤中的临床意义

目的探讨惊厥性脑损伤患者血清、脑脊液中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)变化的临床意义。方法观察惊厥患者100例,据病情分为惊厥持续状态组38例、多次惊厥组32例,单次惊厥组30例,选择同期无惊厥患者30例为对照组,测定患者惊厥后24、72 h血清、脑脊液IL-6、NSE的质量浓度变化。结果惊厥发作后24 h各惊厥组血清、脑脊液中IL-6、NSE均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);惊厥持续状态组明显高于多次惊厥组,多次惊厥组明显高于单次惊厥组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。72 h后各惊厥组IL-6、NSE明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。直线相关回归分析示:血清IL-6与NSE呈正相关(P<0.05),脑脊液IL-6与NSE呈正相关(P<0.05),血清、脑脊液IL-6呈正相关(P<0.05),血清、脑脊液NSE呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论 IL-6与NSE参与了惊厥性脑损伤的病理损害过程,能反映惊厥性脑损伤病理损害的严重程度,评估惊厥患者预后。     

热性惊厥患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶的检测分析

目的探讨热性惊厥患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)检测对其预后的意义。方法 2012年10月至2013年7月清远市人民医院儿科热性惊厥患儿82例,随机抽取46例作为病例组,并选取20例正常小儿作为对照组,对两组小儿的血清NSE水平进行测定。结果单纯型热性惊厥和复杂型热性惊厥发作后6 h血清NSE水平显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.01);复杂型热性惊厥组患儿发病后6 h血清NSE水平显著高于单纯型热性惊厥组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论热性惊厥患儿血清神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)检测对其预后具有重要意义[1],可作为判断病情严重程度的监测指标。     

左乙拉西坦联合丙戊酸钠治疗癫痫的效果及对神经递质、血清miR-222、miR-542-3p水平的影响

目的：研究左乙拉西坦联合丙戊酸钠对癫痫患者疗效及癫痫发作次数、神经递质、血清微小RNA-222(miR-222)、微小RNA-542-3p(miR-542-3p)水平的影响。方法：选取2019年10月—2021年10月某院收治的180例癫痫患者为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为A组和B组，每组90例。B组采用丙戊酸钠治疗，A组采用左乙拉西坦联合丙戊酸钠治疗。比较2组临床疗效、治疗前、治疗6个月后癫痫发作次数、持续时间、血清神经递质水平[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)]、血清白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、miR-222、miR-542-3p水平、不良反应发生率。结果：A组临床总有效率(94.44%)高于B组(83.33%)。治疗6个月后，A组癫痫发作次数[(1.12±0.26)次/月]少于B组[(2.29±0.38)次/月],发作持续时间[(1.98±0.55)分/次]短于B组[(3.14±0.61)分/次],血清NSE[(31.41±5.21)μg/L]、GFAP[(1.37±0.36)ng/mL]水...     

听源性惊厥致P_(77)PMC大鼠海马内胆囊收缩素mRNA增加(英文)

目的:研究听源性惊厥易感大鼠(P_(77)PMC)单次惊厥发作和多次发作对海马CCK mRNA表达的影响。方法:电铃声(100Db,60s)诱发惊厥发作,原位杂交法显示海马CCK mRNA的表达。结果:1)惊厥未发作大鼠海马本部CCK mRNA阳性神经元数目为34±5;单次和多次惊厥发作后海马本部CCK mRNA阳性神经元数目显著增加(155±7或95±8,P<0.01)。2)多次惊厥发作后CCK mRNA阳性神经元数目较单次发作明显下降(P<0.01)。结论:海马CCK mRNA参与惊厥发作的病理过程。     

左乙拉西坦对海人酸致痫大鼠血清NSE和MBP变化的影响

目的:建立海人酸(KA)致痫大鼠模型并观察癫痫大鼠血清神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)和髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的变化及左乙拉西坦(LEV)对其水平的影响,以探讨左乙拉西坦在癫痫脑损伤中是否具有保护的作用。方法:清结级Wistar雄性4~5周龄幼鼠72只,随机分为对照组24只,立体定向右侧海马注射生理盐水,KA组24只,注射海人酸,LEV治疗组24只,注射KA造模成功前12h胃管内注入LEV200mg/kg,以后未处死大鼠均每日给药一次。分别于致痫后6h、24h、72h处死,采用ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清NSE和MBP含量。结果:(1)大鼠癫痫行为;对照组无大鼠癫痫发作,其余组均有行为学改变。LEV组幼鼠癫痫发作程度与KA组类似,但潜伏期较KA组延长。(2)血清NSE变化:KA组和LEV组血清NSE于在致痫后6h升高,24h达高峰,与对照组相比有差异(P<0.05),LEV组与KA组的NSE比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)MBP变化:KA组和LEV组血清MBP于致痫后6h升高,72h达高峰,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),LEV组与KA组的MBP比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:KA致痫大鼠血清NSE、MBP水平显著增高,提示癫痫发作可造成一过性脑损伤,血清NSE、MBP可能作为判断癫痫脑损伤程度的敏感指标,LEV对KA致痫大鼠血清NSE、MBP水平无影响,提示LEV不能减轻亦不加重癫痫发作引起的脑损伤。     

癫痫形成时大鼠海马喹啉酸浓度的变化(英文)

目的:观察大鼠海马内喹啉酸(QA)浓度在卡英酸(KA)致癫过程的不同时期的动态变化特点.方法:采用气相色谱—质谱联用法分离并测定海马QA浓度.结果:腹腔注射KA后3h的急性惊厥期海马内QA的浓度较对照组相应值无显著变化;注入KA后30d的慢性惊厥期海马内QA的浓度反而较对照组相应值显著减低55±8％;但在注入KA后2及7d,急性惊厥已基本消失而慢性惊厥尚未出现,但同时海马及海马外某些脑区神经元变性及胶质增生反应显著的时候,海马内QA的浓度却分别较对照组相应值显著增高56±13％及156±13％(P<0.01).结论:海马内QA浓度的增高对KA所致惊厥行为的产生可能不起关键作用,但可能通过激活NMDA受体参与神经元变性及胶质增生反应.     

神经肽Y和神经元特异性烯醇化酶在小儿惊厥性疾病中的变化

目的 探讨神经肽Y (NPY)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)在小儿惊厥性疾病中的水平变化及其临床意义.方法 选择惊厥患儿62例,正常对照组20例.采用放射免疫法测定血浆NPY水平,酶联免疫法测定血清NSE水平.结果 惊厥组(病毒性脑炎、癫痫和热性惊厥)惊厥发作后24 h内血液NPY和NSE水平均显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).患儿惊厥发作后24 h内血液NPY和NSE水平均显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).惊厥严重组患儿NSE水平显著高于普通组,而NPY水平显著低于普通组(P＜0.01).惊厥患儿急性期NPY与NSE呈负相关(r＝-0.74,P＜0.01).结论 小儿惊厥性疾病(病毒性脑炎、癫痫和热性惊厥)惊厥发作后可引起血液NPY和NSE水平的显著升高,其水平高低与脑损伤严重程度密切相关,可作为早期判断惊厥性脑损伤的客观指标.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.