依托咪酯乳剂和咪达唑仑麻醉诱导对冠状动脉搭桥病人血流动力学的影响

目的：冠状动脉搭桥病人麻醉诱导期，应用无创胸电生物阻抗法连续心输出量测定仪，观察依托咪酯乳剂和咪达唑仑在麻醉诱导时对患者血流动力学的影响。方法：选择20例冠状动脉搭桥手术的病人，随机分为依托咪酯乳剂组和咪达唑仑组。应用连续心输出量测定仪分别测定依托咪酯乳剂和咪达唑仑在麻醉诱导期间的血流动力学参数。结果：咪达唑仑或依托咪酯对冠状动脉搭桥病人的麻醉诱导期间血流动力学的变化有轻微的影响。结论：在冠状动脉搭桥病人的麻醉诱导期，依托咪酯乳剂和咪达唑仑均为较理想的麻醉诱导药。     

胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的:总结7例胸主动脉瘤病人的外科治疗经验.方法:7例病人中胸降主动脉瘤2例,主动脉根部瘤(马凡综合征)2例,夹层动脉瘤3例,均为Ⅱ型夹层动脉瘤,其中1例合并冠心痛,前降支单支病变.胸降主动脉瘤在低温体外循环下行人工血管置换术.升主动脉瘤和Ⅱ型夹层动脉瘤在低温体外循环下行Bentall手术,其中1例采用带管道无支架生物瓣,同时行冠脉搭桥手术.结果:6例存活,1例死于低心排综合征.结论:在胸主动脉瘤的外科治疗中,Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉瘤较好的手术方法.外科手术技术是手术成功的重要因素.体外循环管理,良好的心肌保护和血液保护是保证手术成功的重要手段.带管道无支架生物瓣对老年人及抗凝有禁忌或主动脉根部较小者更适宜,对合并冠心病的患者宜同期行冠脉搭桥术.     

Pediatric coronary artery bypass grafting for Kawasaki disease: 20-years' outcome

The 20-year clinical outcome is excellent for the children with Kawasaki disease who underwent a bypass operation using the internal thoracic artery. This operation is feasible from 1 year-old children and in our experience with more than 110 patients, the operative and hospital mortality was 0%, and the 20-year survival was 98.4%. The recent patency rate was nearly 95% for the internal thoracic artery graft regardless of the patient's age, and the 20-year patency was 87.1%. Moreover, the wall characteristics of the internal thoracic artery was quite smooth and apparently well adapting to the somatic growth of children over 20 years after the operation. In contrast, vein grafts had a lower patency of 57% at 20 years. In addition, patent vein grafts showed irregularity of the wall and in some, atherosclerotic changes were observed. Pediatric coronary bypass operation utilizing the internal thoracic artery is proved to be a golden standard treatment modality for complicated coronary artery obstructive disease due to Kawasaki disease, based upon the 20-year clinical and angiographic follow-ups.     

Intraoperative application of power Doppler imaging: visualization of myocardial perfusion after anastomosis of left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending coronary artery.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of power Doppler imaging in assessing patency of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) anastomosis. Twelve consecutive patients referred for CABG with the use of anastomosis of the internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were studied. A linear 6.5-MHz wide-band transducer was used during cardioplegic administration and reperfusion. Baseline power Doppler signals were obtained in the LAD in 11 patients, and post-CABG signals were obtained in 11 patients. In one patient the LAD was poorly visualized because of extensive calcification. In another patient the flow after bypass worsened and the graft was revised. Visualization of the LAD and internal thoracic artery grafts by epicardial intraoperative power Doppler imaging is feasible in almost all patients and allows rapid and simple intraoperative assessment of graft patency. In addition, myocardial perfusion is limited by heavily calcified coronaries.     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术在高危老年冠心病患者中的应用

目的总结非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCABG)在高危老年冠心病患者中的应用经验。方法 2005年1月至2009年12月对23例高危老年冠心病患者行OPCABG治疗。手术在常温全麻下进行,采用前胸正中切口显露心脏。2例直接采用大隐静脉(SV)行SV-左前降支(LAD)搭桥;9例取乳内动脉(IMA)和SV,行IMA-LAD、升主动脉-SV序贯搭桥;12例取IMA和SV,行IMA-LAD、升主动脉-IMA搭桥。结果全组手术均顺利完成,无转体外循环完成手术者;总共搭桥74条,平均每例搭桥3.1条;早期死亡1例,出现呼吸衰竭1例,急性左心衰1例,术后出血二次开胸手术2例,胸骨感染1例;术后心绞痛完全缓解20例,明显缓解2例。结论高危老年患者行OPCABG是一种安全、有效的方法 ,特别对一些不能耐受体外循环的患者是一种可行的方法 。     

Hybrid vascular intervention

Hybrid vascular intervention denotes the intentional combination of surgical intervention with endovascular repair. For coronary artery disease, minimally invasive bypass grafting of the left thoracic artery to the left descending artery is combined with stenting of non-LAD stenoses using drug eluting stents. This hybrid therapy is expected to confer the merits of both intervention, that is the less invasiveness of percutaneous coronary intervention and the beneficial effect for long-term survival rate of coronary artery bypass grafting. For aortic aneurysms, extended endovascular aortic repair using stent grafts is performed after bypasses to the aortic branches. This hybrid approach is expected to yield low mortality and morbidity rate by omitting the cardiopulmonary bypass and laborious procedural details of the conventional surgical intervention.     

Assessment of flow velocity in a bypass graft of the gastroepiploic artery by contrast-enhanced transabdominal Doppler echocardiography: a case report.

An 81-year-old man with effort angina pectoris underwent coronary artery bypass grafting operation using the bilateral internal thoracic arteries and the right gastroepiploic artery (GEA). Angiography after operation showed that the bilateral internal thoracic arteries were patent. Abdominal angiography showed severe ostial stenosis in the celiac trunk. The GEA was not opacified by the celiac trunk but by the superior mesenteric artery, by collaterals. GEA flow could be detected from the epigastric lesion by contrast-enhanced Doppler echocardiography, and moreover, the flow velocity reserve of the graft was 2.4. This case suggests that the GEA graft can provide sufficient blood flow to the coronary artery despite ostial stenosis of the celiac trunk.     

Non-invasive assessment of graft patency using transcutaneous Doppler echocardiography for the validation of functional improvement after PTCA of the LAD via internal thoracic artery graft

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) of a native coronary artery via internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft after bypass surgery is a relatively rare procedure. Our current study evaluates the flow velocity patterns of the graft before and after PTCA. After intervention the mean diastolic flow velocity increased under rest and stress conditions. In addition, the graft patency was proved not before control angiography after 6 months. It could be verified that the measurement of flow velocity patterns under rest and stress conditions is a useful non-invasive procedure for monitoring long-term patency and PTCA-results of this vessel.     

Coronary artery spasm of the native right coronary artery during off–pump coronary surgery of the left coronary artery system

Native coronary artery spasm is a very rare complication during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. We report the case of a 74-year-old man who experienced angiographically documentated right coronary artery spasm while undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting on the diseased left coronary system. Despite two episodes of ventricular fibrillation and persistent ST segment elevation of the posterior wall, the off-pump procedure was successfully completed by grafting the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery and a saphenous vein graft to the Ramus intermedius. The immediate postoperatively performed coronary angiography demonstrated patent anastomoses and two areas of significant spasticity within the course of the right coronary artery. Intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion into the ostium of the right coronary artery resolved the spasms of this nondiseased vessel as well as the associated ST segment elevations.     

Long-term internal thoracic artery bypass graft patency and geometry assessed by multidetector computed tomography

The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) undergoes vascular remodelling when used for coronary artery bypass grafting. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the extent of the LITA remodelling late after coronary artery bypass grafting assessed by multidetector computed tomography is related to the severity of stenosis in the native coronary vessel. One hundred and forty-two patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass grafting including implantation of LITA as conduit to the left anterior descending artery were studied 5 years after surgery. Arterial graft patency and geometry was assessed with 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. Quantitative volumetric assessment of the LITA was performed to measure the average vessel lumen area (mm²/m²). The native coronary vessel subtended by the LITA was evaluated by multidetector computed tomography and defined as a high-grade stenosis patient group, when the diameter stenosis was >70% and an intermediate grade stenosis patient group when <70%. Among patients with intermediate-grade stenosis of the native vessel 11 out of 65 patients (17%) had a totally occluded LITA, as opposed to none among the 77 patients with a high-grade stenosis. In patients with intermediate-grade stenosis of the proximal native vessel, the LITA lumen area was 4.9 compared to 5.3 mm²/m² in patients with a high-grade stenosis of the proximal native vessel (P = 0.0043). Lumen area of the LITA when used as a conduit in patients with coronary artery disease seems to be inversely correlated with the severity of disease in the native coronary vessel proximal to the anastomosis. Volumetric vessel multidetector computed tomography appears to be useful for evaluation of coronary bypass remodelling.     

An increase in urinary nitrite/nitrate excretion is associated with the hyperdynamic state after cardiovascular surgery

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypotheses (1) that nitric oxide (NO) production is stimulated after cardiovascular surgery and is related to the hyperdynamic state and (2) that NO production is more prominent in patients with cardiopulmonary bypass. DESIGN: Prospective, clinical study. SETTING: Intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred patients after cardiovascular surgery: coronary artery bypass graft with (n=53) and without (n=17) cardiopulmonary bypass, valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (n=23) and thoracic aortic replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (n=7). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Urinary nitrite/nitrate (NOx) excretion was measured by the high-performance liquid chromatography-Griess system as an index of endogenous NO production during the first 2 postoperative days. Hemodynamic variables, hematologic variables and serum C-reactive protein concentrations were measured after the operation. Urinary NOx concentrations were 146+/-70 and 190+/-93 micro mol/l, and the amounts of NOx excreted in the urine were 23+/-10 and 18+/-8 micro mol/h on the 1st and 2nd days, respectively. Urinary NOx excretions were positively correlated with the cardiac index (P<0.01), but inversely correlated with the systemic vascular resistance index (P<0.01). Urinary NOx concentrations were positively correlated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations (P<0.01), but inversely correlated with the cardiopulmonary bypass time (P<0.01). The urinary NOx concentration was highest in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft without cardiopulmonary bypass. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest, firstly, that NO production is stimulated by a surgical inflammatory response and, secondly, that the endogenous NO contributes to the increase in cardiac output that accompanies the reduced systemic vascular resistance after cardiovascular surgery.     

胸段硬膜外阻滞对冠脉搭桥术预后影响的系统评价

目的系统评价胸段硬膜外阻滞对冠脉搭桥术预后的影响。方法电子检索PubMed、EBSCO、Springer、Ovid、CNKI等数据库,纳入1990～2009年间关于冠脉搭桥手术行胸段硬膜外阻滞联合全麻和传统的单纯全麻预后比较的RCT,按Cochrane系统评价方法对纳入文献进行质量评价和资料提取,采用RevMan软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入16篇RCT,包括1？316例患者。Meta分析结果显示：胸段硬膜外阻滞联合全麻与传统单纯全麻相比,术后拔气管插管时间缩短[MD=–332.43,95%CI（–640.19,–24.68）,P=0.03],术后第一天静息疼痛VAS[MD=？–1.23,95%CI（–2.19,–0.27）,P=0.01]、术后第一天运动疼痛VAS[MD=？–2.52,95%CI（–4.65,–0.39）,P=0.02]和术后第二天运动疼痛VAS[MD=？–1.5,95%CI（–2.56,–0.43）,P=0.006]降低,术后心肌缺血发生率降低[RR=0.53,95%CI（0.29,0.97）,P=0.04];而在术后心梗、房颤发生率、死亡率和肺功能方面两组间差异无统计学意义。结论冠脉搭桥手术行胸段硬膜外阻滞联合全麻较传统的单纯全麻能明显缩短术后拔气管插管时间,明显降低术后疼痛VAS,降低术后心肌缺血发生率。对于术后心梗、房颤发生率,死亡率和肺功能的影响尚需开展更多深入研究来证实。     

初探非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后全身炎症反应

目的 以血清高敏C-反应蛋白为炎症标志物,对比传统体外循环冠脉搭桥术评价非体外循环冠脉搭桥术后全身炎症反应。方法入选36例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者,分体外循环冠脉旁路移植组15例,非体外循环冠脉旁路移植组21例,采用胶乳比浊法测定人选者围术期血清高敏C反应蛋白水平,评价两组术式的对全身的炎症反应情况。结果两组患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白水平术前无明显差异（P〉0．05）,非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植组术中肝素化后1h与术前比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）,12h后开始升高（P〈0．05）,24h达到峰值（P〈0．01）。体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植组体外循环后1h后与术前比较即开始升高（P〈0．05）,体外循环12h后明显升高（P〈0．05）,24h达到峰值（P〈0．01）。两组血清高敏C-反应蛋白水平的总体变化趋势相似,但OPCAB组相对处于低水平（P〈0．05）。结论非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后血清高敏C-反应蛋白水平明显低于体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术;非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术能有效减轻缺血再灌注损伤和全身炎症反应。     

非体外循环冠状动脉搭桥术围手术期护理

目的总结非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCAB）的围手术期护理措施及经验。方法选取2010年1月-2012年12月25例采用OPCAB治疗的冠心病患者为研究对象,总结在OPCAB中的护理管理措施。结果本组25例患者手术均获得成功,无患者死亡。手术时间（209．85±38．41）min,输血量（1311．234±423．70）mL,引流量（491．984±142．46）mL,重症监护病房监护时间（4．224±1．23）d,住院时间（10．104±1．89）d,搭桥根数（4．004±0．51）根。2例患者术后出现体温偏高、咳嗽反应,及时予以药物静脉滴注和雾化吸痰后缓解;2例发生轻微伤口感染,经应用抗生素后逐渐控制;2例疼痛不能耐受者,遵医嘱给予盐酸哌替啶一次止痛;1例因神经刺激而胸疼痛者给予硝酸甘油后缓解。结论OPCAB具有创伤小、出血少、住院时间短、住院费用低等优点,做好术前、术中和术后的护理,是确保手术顺利开展,促进患者早日康复的关键。     

Off-pump strategy in high-risk coronary artery bypass reoperations

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting in the treatment of patients with severe recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass grafting who are not suitable for percutaneous coronary intervention and are considered too high risk for conventional on-pump revascularization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who needed single- or double-vessel revascularization at reoperation with a predicted operative mortality of 10% or higher between March 4, 1994, and December 31, 2002, were studied. Risk stratification was performed using both the Parsonnet risk scoring system and the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation. Active follow-up by questionnaire investigated major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: This study consisted of 84 patients with a median age of 69 years (interquartile range, 62-75 years); 14 (17%) were female. All patients had class III/IV symptoms. Previous operations included multiple coronary artery bypass grafts (15 patients [18%]) and heart transplantation (1 patient [1%]). Internal thoracic artery graft from a previous operation was patent in 43 patients (51%). Perioperative hemodynamic support with inotropes (35%) and intra-aortic balloon pump (14%) or ventricular assist device (2%) was common. The surgical approach varied for each patient. One operative death (1%) occurred. Estimated survival at 5 and 7 years was 77% and 67%, respectively. Late major adverse cardiac events observed during follow-up were cardiac death (n=66), nonoperative reintervention (n=8), and nonfatal myocardial infarction (n=5). CONCLUSION: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can mitigate reoperative risk in patients with an estimated risk of 10% or higher who are undergoing single- or double-vessel revascularization with satisfactory long-term outcome.     

高龄冠心病患者冠状动脉搭桥术

目的；总结高龄冠心病患者冠状动脉搭桥术的术式选择和围术期处理特点。方法：101例高龄冠心病患者，行体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（CCABG组）45例，非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB组）56例，搭桥数目1-5支，平均3．1支。结果：所有病例无死亡，在手术时间、输血量、术后正性肌力药物应用、辅助呼吸时间等指标上OPCAB组高龄患者均优于CCABG组。术后并发症14例，其中CCABG组8例（17．8％），包括低心排出量综合征2例，低氧血症5例，心律失常3例，脑梗塞2例。OPCAB组6例（10．7％），包括低氧血症5例，心律失常3例。结论；根据高龄冠心病患者的特点制定相应的手术方案、选择合适的术式以及恰当的围术期处理，可以有效地降低高龄冠心病患者的手术并发症和死亡率。     

The coronary-subclavian-vertebral steal syndrome (CSVSS)

Summary Objective Reverse flow in the internal thoracic artery (ITA) after coronary bypass surgery due to an occlusion or severe stenosis of the subclavian artery is a rare situation. Symptoms can be recurrent and intermittent angina pectoris in the case of a coronary-subclavian steal (CSSS) or—in addition with cerebral symptoms—in the case of a coronary-subclavian-vertebral steal syndrome (CSVSS). Method We describe the cases of four patients with recurrent angina pectoris 5, 11, and 14 years as well as directly after coronary bypass surgery with LITA grafts to LAD. In two patients there was the additional aspect of vertebral steal symptoms with dizziness and intermittent drop attacks. Results A PTA of the subclavian occlusions in three cases was not feasible, so that three patients were operated on by extrathoracal approach and carotido-subclavian bypass (CSB) in two cases, and local thrombendarteriectomy of the subclavian and vertebral artery (TEA)+ -patchplasty in one case. Patient 4 was treated by PTA and stent placement into the subclavian artery. Antegrade flow in all four LITAs could be achieved resulting in immediate relief from angina pectoris and cerebral symptoms. Patients 1 and 3 showed no further symptoms with equal BP of the upper extremities and anterograde flow in the LITA grafts and vertebral artery at 10-month follow-up. Patient 2 unfortunately died from an unrelated cause (asthmatic state) 4 months after the operation despite an uneventful recovery. Conclusion The occurrence of a CSSS or CSVSS after coronary bypass surgery with retrograde flow in the ITA graft (as described in our four patients) is a rare, but potentially hazardous, situation. If the subclavian occlusion is not amenable to endovascular strategies, the extrathoracal approach by CSB or local TEA and patchplasty provides an excellent means with good midterm and long-term results.     

Multicenter radial artery patency study (RAPS). Study design

The use of an internal thoracic artery rather than a saphenous vein graft for left anterior descending coronary artery bypass is associated with improved long-term outcome. Hence, expanded use of arterial conduits for other coronary targets has been advocated. The radial artery possesses a number of anatomic features that are technically advantageous compared with other arterial conduits. This study will determine the relative patency of the radial artery compared to the saphenous vein for right and circumflex coronary bypass. Patients with graftable multivessel coronary disease and an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction >/= 35% undergoing nonemergent primary isolated coronary bypass surgery are eligible. The right and circumflex vessels must have high-grade lesions (>/= 70% diameter stenosis), with target segments of reasonable quality >/= 1.5 mm in diameter. Patients serve as their own controls. The radial artery is randomly allocated to bypass the right or circumflex territory and a saphenous vein is used for the nonradial site. An internal thoracic artery is used for the left anterior descending coronary artery in all cases. Randomization is stratified by center. The primary study endpoint is graft patency as determined by angiography, 8-12 months postoperatively. The relative patency of the radial artery compared with the saphenous vein will be determined using McNemar's test. A sample size of 464 patients will provide 80% power for a two-tailed test (alpha = 0.05) for a 40% relative reduction in the rate of distal anastomotic occlusion from 12% in the saphenous vein to 7.2% in the radial arteries assuming a 20% within-patient correlation. A single interim analysis will be performed following completion of 232 angiograms. To allow for lack of follow-up angiography in up to 20% of enrolled patients, we plan to randomize a total of 560 patients. It is also our intention to assess the long-term patency (5-10 years) of radial artery relative to saphenous vein grafts in follow-up studies. Three hundred patients were recruited from 12 Canadian, university-affiliated sites from November 1996 until February 1999, of which 128 patients have undergone follow-up angiography. Approximately 80% of those who have been followed for more than 1 year have undergone follow-up angiography. This trial will determine the 8-12 month patency of the radial artery relative to the saphenous vein for non-left anterior descending coronary bypass using a novel study design which helps control for potential bias from individual patient and vessel factors. Positive results would support the use of the radial artery in particular, and multiple arterial grafts in general.     

Evaluation of iloprost to prevent vasospasm in coronary artery bypass grafts

This study assessed the efficacy of iloprost in relieving vasospasm in coronary artery bypass grafts. Radial artery (RA), left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and saphenous vein (SV) grafts were taken from 20 patients (13 men and seven women, mean age 63.8 years [range 48-74 years]) scheduled to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting. Ten 3 mm vascular rings were cut from each graft and kept under tension for at least 60 min. They were kept alive with 37 degrees C oxygenated Krebs solution. Smooth muscle contraction was achieved with phenylephrine before iloprost was administered every 2 min, starting at a concentration of 10(-9) mol/l and increasing in logarithmic increments to a concentration of 10(-5) mol/l. The vasodilation response to iloprost started in all samples at a concentration of 10(-9) mol/l and increased with each incremental increase in iloprost concentration up to 10(-5) mol/l. These data suggest that local administration of iloprost has a role in relieving graft vasospasm during harvesting and preparation for coronary artery bypass grafting.