酶解法与LC-MS-MS相结合研究灯盏乙素在健康人体内的药代动力学

目的建立β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶解法与LC-MS-MS法相结合测定人体血浆中灯盏乙素的苷元,研究健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片的药代动力学。方法血浆样品经β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶水解,甲醇蛋白沉淀,色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB C18(2.1 mm×150 mm,5μm),运用乙腈-甲醇-水洗脱,多反应监测(MRM)灯盏乙素苷元([M-H]-,m/z285.0/136.8)和内标槲皮素([M-H]-,m/z 301.1/120.8)。12名健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片120 mg后,采用该方法测定血浆中灯盏乙素苷元,使用DAS 1.0软件处理数据,计算药代动力学参数。结果灯盏乙素苷元在4.01~513.38μg·L-1范围内线性良好,日内日间精密度小于7.22%,提取回收率大于84.23%。12名健康男性单剂量口服灯盏花素分散片120 mg后,以灯盏乙素苷元为检测对象的主要药动学参数为:Cmax(μg·L-1):159.97±58.14;AUC(0-19)(μg·L-1·h):1151.37±279.80;AUC(0-∞)(μg·L-1·h):1194.13±264.51;Tmax(h):6.33±1.67;T1/2(h):2.83±0.60。结论建立的酶解与LC-MS-MS相结合分析方法准确灵敏,适用于灯盏乙素人体内的药代动力学研究。     

高效液相-质谱联用法(HPLC-MS)测定灯盏乙素血药浓度及其临床药代动力学研究

目的:研究灯盏花素片在中国人体内的药代动力学。方法:2 0名健康志愿者单剂量口服12 0mg灯盏花素片,用高效液相 质谱联用法测定血浆中灯盏乙素总苷元。结果:本实验建立的血药浓度测定方法,血浆中杂质不干扰样品的测定,线性范围为0 .0 12 6～3.2 4mg·L-1;日内和日间精密度均小于12 .0 %。2 0名健康受试者单剂量口服灯盏花素片(12 0mg)后,主要药代动力学参数:Tmax =7.0±2 .3h、Cmax=0 .9±0 .5mg·L-1、AUC0 -tn =5 .6±1.6mg·h·L-1、AUC0 -∞=5 .8±1.6mg·h·L-1、MRT0 -tn=8.0±1.1h、MRT0 -∞=8.6±1.4h。结论:建立的LC MS法适用于灯盏乙素人体药代动力学研究。灯盏花素片口服药代动力学特点是达峰时间较长,约占受试者总人数4 5 %的药时曲线有双峰现象。     

HPLC法测定灯盏花颗粒中灯盏乙素的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法测定灯盏花颗粒中灯盏乙素含量的方法。方法:采用 C_(18)色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),以甲醇一四氢呋喃-0.1%磷酸(15:15:70)为流动相,流速为1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长为335nm。结果:灯盏乙素进样量在0.125-0.875μg 线性范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9993,回收率为98.1%,RSD 为1.3%。结论:本方法为可靠、简便的灯盏花颗粒中灯盏乙素含量测定新方法,且样品前处理比原法简便。     

RP-HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中的灯盏乙素含量

目的:建立大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素的RP-HPLC测定法.方法:RP-HPLC法,采用迪马C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),甲醇-乙腈-0.01 mol/L乙酸铵溶液(pH 3.5)(22:8:70)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长335 nm,柱温30 ℃.结果:线性范围为0.025～20.0 mg/L(r=0.999 9),最低定量浓度为25 ng/ml.结论:建立的大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素的反相液相色谱测定法灵敏、准确,可用于大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素浓度测定.     

灯盏花素制剂中灯盏乙素含量测定

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定灯盏花素片中灯盏乙素的含量.方法 ZORBAX-C18柱(4.6 x 250 mm,5 μm),流动相:甲醇-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钠水溶液(调pH为7.0)(30:70)为流动相;流速:1.2 ml/min;检测波长334 nm;柱温:室温.结果 灯盏乙素在0.327～3.270 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.13%,RSD为0.98%.结论 本法简便、快速、灵敏、准确,可作为灯盏花素片的质量控制标准.     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中灯盏乙素浓度的HPLC-MS/MS法。方法:采用Platisil ODS色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.3%甲酸水溶液-甲醇(40∶60),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,以黄芩苷为内标,经乙酸乙酯萃取后,采用电喷雾电离化(ESI)方式和多反应离子监测(MRM)模式进行负离子检测,用于定量分析离子反应分别为m/z 461.1→285.1(灯盏乙素)和m/z 445.1→269.1(黄芩苷)。结果:线性检测范围为0.20～50.00μg.L-1,最低定量浓度0.20μg.L-1,r=0.999 3。低、中、高3个浓度的提取回收率分别为63.5%,69.5%,66.8%,基质效应分别为105.7%,97.5%,96.5%。结论:本法样品处理简单、快速,专属性强,灵敏度高,可用于灯盏乙素在人体内的药代动力学研究。     

HPLC法测定灯盏花素片含量

目的测定灯盏花素片的含量.方法采用高效液相色谱法.色谱柱为C18柱.(10μm,4.6mm×250mm);流动相为甲醇:水(80∶20);流速0.9ml*min-1,检测波长335nm;柱温:室温. 结果灯盏花素片在20μg～80μg*ml-1范围内,线性关系良好,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为1.53%.结论该法可用于灯盏花素片中灯盏花乙素的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定灯盏乙素血药浓度及其脂质体大鼠药代动力学的评价

目的研究灯盏乙素脂质体及水剂在大鼠体内的血药浓度,考察大鼠灌胃给药后体内药代动力学参数。方法通过大鼠灌胃灯盏乙素水溶液和脂质体后,用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点的血浆药物浓度,用DAS2.0软件对血药浓度数据拟合分析,比较药动学参数。结果灯盏乙素水剂和脂质体大鼠灌胃给药后,Cmax分别是(15.35±1.37)μg/mL和(22.04±1.67)μg/mL,AUC0-∞分别为(50.03±13.45)μg/(h·mL)和(80.96±15.26)μg/(h·mL),灯盏乙素包衣脂质体大鼠口服给药后药动学呈双室模型特征,与灯盏乙素水剂相比,其脂质体的灌胃AUC0-∞显著提高(P<0.01)。结论本高效液相色谱法对大鼠血浆灯盏乙素测定,稳定性、灵敏度及专属性强,灯盏乙素脂质体可显著提高灯盏乙素的生物利用度。     

灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学研究

目的 研究灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的吸收情况.方法 采用反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素质量浓度,比较大鼠口服灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物和灯盏花素市售片的平均药时曲线及药物代谢动力学参数.结果 灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物最高血药浓度为0.338μg/mL,普通片最高血药浓度为0.184 μg/mL,包含物的口服吸收率优于普通市售片.结论 该方法线性范围良好,准确、方便、可靠,取样量少,灵敏度可达0.025 μg/mL,尤其适用于动物体内药物代谢动力学研究.     

灯盏花素在犬体内的药动学和绝对生物利用度研究

采用 RP- HPL C法在 335 nm处测定血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度。双周期自身交叉设计 ,beagle犬随机静注 90 mg或口服 1.8g灯盏乙素 ,6 d后交叉试验。血浆中灯盏乙素的定量限为 0 .0 2 5 μg/ ml;方法回收率大于 93.2 % ,日内、日间 RSD小于 8.31% ;灯盏乙素血浆样品常温下不稳定 ;静注给药药 -时曲线符合三室模型。经剂量校正 ,口服给药的绝对生物利用度为 (0 .4 0± 0 .19) %。灯盏花素静注给药体内消除迅速 ,口服给药几乎不吸收     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.