增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体切割手术后的视力及影响因素

作者分析增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy，PDR)合并严重玻璃体出血、黄斑部视网膜前出血、牵拉性视网膜脱离、牵拉性视网膜脱离并发孔源性视网膜脱离共81只眼进行玻璃体切割手术的结果。83.9%的患眼手术后视力获得不同程度的改善，PDR的严重程度对手术后视力有一定的影响，V期患者手术后出血率较高。虹膜红变的发生率与PDR的严重程度无关，但晶体切割眼的虹膜红变发生率高于有晶体眼。手术后视网膜脱离和出血不吸收均可导致虹膜红变的发生。 （中华眼底病杂志，1995，11：216-218）     

Vitrectomy in the management of diabetic eye disease.

Vitrectomy techniques including endolaser photocoagulation allow visual rehabilitation in many eyes that are otherwise untreatable. Discerning the indications and timing for diabetic vitrectomy is increasingly important as the treatment of complications of diabetic retinopathy continues to undergo modification and redefinition. The most common indications for diabetic vitrectomy include: 1) severe nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage; 2) traction retinal detachment recently involving the macula; 3) combined traction and rhegmatogenous detachment; 4) progressive fibrovascular proliferation; and 5) rubeosis iridis and vitreous hemorrhage for eyes in which the media opacity has prevented adequate laser photocoagulation. Other less common indications in selected cases include dense premacular hemorrhage, ghost cell glaucoma, macular edema with premacular traction, cataract preventing treatment of severe, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, anterior hyaloidal fibrovascular proliferation, and fibrinoid syndrome with retinal detachment. The rationale and surgical objectives are discussed and results are summarized.     

严重PDR玻璃体切割术后雷珠单抗注射的效果观察

目的：对严重增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的患者行玻璃体切割术后行雷珠单抗注射的效果观察。方法：回归性分析。12例严重增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者(12眼)接受睫状体平坦部玻璃体切割术,同时给予硅油、惰性气体或者平衡液的玻璃体腔填充。在手术结束的同时给予雷珠单抗的玻璃体腔注射。结果：随访时间平均为2.75 mo。这12眼中分别包括玻璃体积血(1眼);玻璃体积血伴纤维血管化增生(1眼);玻璃体积血伴牵拉性视网膜脱离(3眼);纤维血管化增生伴牵拉性视网膜脱离(2眼);玻璃体积血伴新生血管性青光眼伴牵拉性视网膜脱离(1眼);玻璃体积血伴纤维血管化增生伴牵拉性视网膜脱离(2眼);玻璃体积血伴纤维血管化增生伴新生血管性青光眼伴牵拉性视网膜脱离(1眼);玻璃体积血伴牵拉性孔源性视网膜脱离(1眼)。12眼中,8眼行玻璃体腔硅油填充,2眼行惰性气体填充,2眼行平衡液填充。所有的患者之前均未接受任何治疗。视网膜脱离复位率为10/10(100%)。1眼术后出现前房积血。9眼术后最佳矫正视力较术前提高,2眼无明显变化,1眼较术前下降。 OCT检查显示8眼术后未见黄斑水肿。结论：玻璃体切割术后雷珠单抗注射对严重增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者有明显的治疗效果：手术成功率明显提高;患者视力显著提高;糖尿病黄斑水肿的发生概率减少;术中及术后并发症的发生率降低。     

Ⅱ型增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者行玻璃体切除地机与术后视力 …

探讨Ⅱ型增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变合并严重玻璃本出血或合并血管纤维增殖引起的视网膜牵拉性视网膜脱离情况下,进行玻璃全切除术的手术时机。     

Vitrektomie bei fortgeschrittenem Morbus Coats

BACKGROUND: Coats disease is a retinal vasculopathy of unknown cause. Untreated cases usually lead to an exudative retinal detachment and rubeosis iridis with secondary glaucoma. Photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy are generally the first interventions in treating the disease. Pars plana vitrectomy may be indicated in cases of vitreous hemorrhage or retinal detachment. METHODS: We performed pars plana vitrectomy in 9 eyes with Coats disease between 1992 and 1999. A retinal detachment was present in 3 cases, and three showed a vitreous hemorrhage. In two cases surgery was indicated because of paramacular localization of the pathological vessels with associated exudations. RESULTS: The two cases with paramacular involvement showed improvement in visual acuity of eight lines. In the remaining cases visual acuity remained within two lines compared to the initial visual acuity. All eyes except one could be saved. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy is a useful option in treating advanced Coats disease, especially in cases associated with vitreous hemorrhage or retinal traction.     

增生性糖尿病视网膜病变手术后视力光感或无光感发生的相关因素分析

目的探讨增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）玻璃体手术后视力光感或无光感发生的相关因素。设计回顾性、非对照病例系列。研究对象242例（288眼）因PDR行玻璃体手术的患者。方法回顾2002～2006年因PDR在同仁医院接受玻璃体手术治疗的住院病例,对术后视力为光感/无光感患者的术前糖尿病视网膜病变程度、有无黄斑病变、术后玻璃体再出血、视网膜脱离、新生血管性青光眼和多次手术等因素进行分析,随访1～60个月。主要指标PDR分期、黄斑病变程度、术后并发症。结果根据最后一次随访时视力分组为无光感／光感组（14眼）、有光感组（274眼）（术后视力≥眼前手动）。两组在术前严重黄斑病变、术前PDR6期、术后玻璃体积血、视网膜脱离、新生血管性青光眼、多次手术等方面差异有统计学意义（P值分别为0．048、0．042、0．000、0．048、0．000、0．000）。结论术前严重的黄斑病变、PDR6期、术后玻璃体再出血、术后视网膜脱离、术后继发新生血管性青光眼和多次手术是糖尿病视网膜病变术后视力光感／无光感的相关因素。正确的术中处理、减少术后并发症可降低术后光感／无光感的发生率。（眼科,2009,18：251—253）     

Long-term results of vitreous surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

In order to study long-term anatomical and functional results the authors evaluated the data from 260 patients who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Indications for surgery were: vitreous hemorrhage, 68 eyes (26.2%); vitreous hemorrhage & tractional retinal detachment, 84 eyes (32.3%); tractional retinal detachment, 82 eyes (31.5%); and combined tractional-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 26 eyes (10%). In 118 eyes vitreoretinal surgery was combined with silicone-oil tamponade.The retina was completely attached posterior to a scleral buckle in 251 eyes (96%) at the time of the last examination. After a follow-up period of at least 12 months in a group of patients with vitreous hemorrhage, visual acuity improved in 88% of the eyes. Visual acuity was better than 0.5 in 31% of eyes. In group of eyes with nonresorbing vitreous hemorrhage & tractional retinal detachment visual acuity improved in 52% of eyes. Visual acuity improved in 76% of eyes with tractional retinal detachment and in 81% of eyes with combined tractional & rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. When comparing the latest postoperative visual acuity to visual acuity after three months postoperatively, visual acuity was unchanged in 88%, in 10% it became worse and in 3 cases (1%) became better. In the postoperative period, recurrent vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 33 (13%) eyes, reproliferation in 12 eyes.Cataract developed in 45 of 168 phakic eyes. If postoperative visual acuity before cataract formation was good, extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed. Otherwise simple intra or extracapsular cataract extraction was performed. In 19 cases cataract operation was performed together with silicone oil extraction. Neovascular glaucoma developed postoperatively in 15 eyes (6%). Retinal detachment occurred postoperatively in 21 eyes (8%). In 15 eyes the retina was successfully reattached after additional operations.     

玻璃体切割术治疗PDR合并黄斑区出血的手术时机

目的：探讨玻璃体切割术治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR）合并黄斑区出血的手术时机。 方法：回顾分析2009-03/2010-12行玻璃体切割术+全视网膜光凝术的PDR合并黄斑区出血患者62例62眼。其中38例38眼先行全视网膜光凝术,2mo后行玻璃体切割术。24例24眼直接行玻璃体切割术,术中行全视网膜光凝术。玻璃体切割术中根据有无合并虹膜虹变、视盘新生血管及有无晶状体等行眼内BSS或硅油充填,使视网膜得到良好复位。 结果：病程＜2mo组术后视力≥0.1者16眼（67%）,病程≥2mo组术后视力≥0.1者9眼（24%）。两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=11.293,P=0.001）。病程＜2mo组与病程≥2mo组术中眼内填充材料比较,差异有统计学意义（χ²=14.078,P＜0.05）。 结论:病程≥2mo的PDR合并黄斑区出血患者术中眼内填充材料宜采用硅油限制出血,使视网膜良好复位。在病变后2mo内手术治疗,术后可获得良好的视功能。     

Vitrectomy with silicone oil infusion in severe diabetic retinopathy

AIMS: To determine the results of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and silicone oil infusion (SOI) in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: The records of 23 eyes (21 patients: 12 males, nine females) with PDR who had undergone PPV and SOI were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Average follow up was 5.4 months (range 1-25). Surgical indications were tractional retinal detachment (TRD) (17.4%), traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (TRRD) (8.7%), TRD with vitreous haemorrhage (VH) (48%), TRD with neovascular glaucoma (NVG) (8.6%), TRD with fibrinoid syndrome (FS) (17.3%). With one operation, the retinal reattachment rate was 17/23 (74%). Among these 23 eyes, 11 (48%) had previously failed vitrectomy, and the retina was attached in 8/11 (73%) with a single procedure. With additional surgery employing PPV and SOI, the final reattachment rate was 20/23 (87%). The only cases with intraocular pressure <5 mm Hg had retinal detachment. Postoperative visual acuity (VA) improved in 10 eyes (44%), was unchanged in three (12%), and decreased in 10 eyes (44%). CONCLUSION: SO tamponade is useful in severely diseased eyes with PDR, even in the presence of rubeosis iridis (RI) and NVG, FS, or in cases with previously failed vitrectomy, especially in the presence of RI.     

Anterior hyaloidal fibrovascular proliferation after diabetic vitrectomy

Vitrectomy was performed to treat 74 consecutive eyes for complications of diabetic retinopathy. Eight (13%) of 61 eyes followed up for an average of 12 months developed anterior hyaloidal fibrovascular proliferation. This was the most common postoperative complication, whose features included recurrent hemorrhages into the vitreous cavity or anterior vitreous, or both; vessels or fibrovascular tissue on the posterior lens capsule; anterior extraretinal vascularization extending toward the lens on the anterior hyaloid; traction detachment of the peripheral retina or ciliary body; and hypotony. Patients who developed this complication tended to be young males with severe retinal neovascularization and extensive retinal ischemia; traction retinal detachment as an indication for surgery; placement of a scleral buckle; postoperative rubeosis iridis, recurrent vitreous hemorrhages, and retinal detachment; and multiple surgeries. Four eyes progressed to atrophia bulbi. Early recognition followed by additional surgery in two patients and extensive additional photocoagulation in two other patients was successful in preserving good visual function.     

康柏西普和雷珠单抗联合玻璃体切除术治疗PDR的疗效比较

目的:比较两种抗VEGF药物康柏西普和雷珠单抗在增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)患者玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)术中和术后的作用.方法:将2016-06/12于我科确诊为PDR伴有玻璃体出血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)和/或牵引性视网膜脱离(tractional retinal detachment,TRD)的62例64眼41~59岁患者纳入研究,于PPV术前3d玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物0.50mg(0.05mL),无明显并发症后行标准23G微创巩膜三通道玻璃体切除术,记录并分析手术时间、术中出血、医源性视网膜裂孔、眼内电凝使用、是否硅油填充等,对术前及术后1mo视力及黄斑厚度进行对比,观察术后并发症情况.结果:两种抗VEGF药物预处理对手术时间、术中出血、医源性视网膜裂孔、眼内电凝使用、是否硅油填充及术后玻璃体二次出血发生率均无明显统计学差异,且二者均可提高PPV术后视力,减低术后黄斑厚度.结论:康柏西普和雷珠单抗二者效果相似,预处理联合PPV可提高患者术后视力,改善黄斑水肿,可根据患者实际情况灵活选择.     

膜分割和膜清除方法对增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者玻璃体手术效果的影响

目的研究增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)合并纤维血管膜患者行膜分割和膜清除两种手术方法的临床效果。方法对1996-2000年行玻璃体手术的276例(296只眼)PDR患者的连续临床资料进行回顾性分析。严格选择术后随访时间超过4个月者,硅油填充眼必须是在取出硅油后超过3个月者。所有患者的视网膜上均有纤维血管膜,201只眼合并不同程度的玻璃体积血,101只眼合并不同程度的牵拉性视网膜脱离。在玻璃体手术中,110只眼采用膜分割方法,186只眼采用膜清除方法。比较“膜分割”与“膜清除”两组患者术中医源性视网膜裂孔、术后玻璃体积血及术后视力>0.1的发生率。并对膜分割和膜清除组中采用同一种填充物眼的疗效进行比较。结果两组患者的性别、年龄及病变分型比较,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。膜分割组患者视网膜裂孔发生率(35.5％)低于膜清除组(54.3％),而术后视网膜再出血率和术后视力的改善率在两种手术方法间差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论膜分割组患者术中形成视网膜裂孔的风险小,术后出血的发生率稍低于膜清除组;两组患者术后视力改善率差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。建议初学者行PDR玻璃体手术时应从膜分割起步。(中华眼科杂志,2004,40:439-442)     

Macular tractional retinal detachment: A rare complication of blunt trauma

Traumatic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after blunt ocular trauma is a known entity. A tractional macular detachment occurring posttrauma without a retinal break is a unique presentation. A 25-year-old gentleman after blunt ocular trauma with a ball presented a week later with a vision of 20/800, large subretinal bleed and resolving vitreous hemorrhage in the right eye. Three weeks later, an extensive glial proliferation at the posterior pole and macular tractional retinal detachment was noted with the worsening of visual acuity. A vitrectomy, membrane peeling, and silicone oil tamponade with a subsequent silicone oil removal at 6 months stabilized the macula, and vision improved to 20/120. A tractional macular detachment post blunt trauma is rare albeit an interesting occurrence, which can be effectively managed with vitrectomy and allied procedures.     

Combined surgery, phacoemulsification, implantation of intraocular lens and pars plana vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness, technical feasibility and incidence of complications after combining pars plana vitrectomy, phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The results of combined vitreoretinal and cataract surgery in 100 eyes of 96 patients were retrospectively and prospectively analyzed. The mean follow-up period was 8.4 months. All patients had clinically significant lens opacities and vitreoretinal pathology requiring pars plana vitrectomy. Indications for vitreoretinal surgery included: persistent vitreous haemorrhage (28 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage combined with tractional retinal detachment (50 eyes), tractional retinal detachment without vitreous haemorrhage caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy (7 eyes), rheumatogenous retinal detachment with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (10 eyes) and dislocated crystalline lens in the vitreous (5 eyes). RESULTS: Postoperatively, best corrected visual acuity improved in 81 eyes (81%)- by two lines or more in 31 eyes (31%) - by less than two lines in 50 eyes (50%). In 14 eyes (14%) visual acuity was unchanged and was worse in 5 cases (5%). Postoperative complications included fibrin reaction, posterior synechias of the iris, vitreous hemorrhage, neovascular glaucoma, posterior capsule opacification, redetachment of retina. CONCLUSIONS: Our cases confirm previous study, that performing phacoemulsification, IOL implantation and vitrectomy in one operation is safe and allows visual recovery with good technical results.     

玻璃体切除联合不同眼内填充物治疗增性糖尿病视网膜病变的效果分析

目的 评估增殖型糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)行玻璃体切割术的治疗效果.对PDR不同分期以及联合不同填充物的视力和并发症情况进行观察和比较,探讨其预后的差别.方法 对因PDR行玻璃体手术的病例300例(384只眼)进行随访,根据玻璃体切割术后不同填充物分为硅油填充组、全氟丙烷填充组和平衡盐水组三组,比较各组间的视力预后及并发症发生情况.结果 (1)术后视力:在观察的384只眼中,随访时视力较术前提高者有271只眼(70.6%);其中保留BSS灌注液患者中有78只眼(84.8%),填充气体患者有58眼(70.7%),填充硅油患者135只眼(64.3%)视力提高.经x2检验,各组间视力提高比例的差别无统计学意义(均P>0.05).(2)术后并发症:玻璃体再出血发生率以填充BSS组最高(23.9%),与硅油填充组(10.5%)比较差异有统计学(P<0.05);并发性白内障以硅油填充组(26.4%)最高,与填充BSS组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);视网膜脱离发生率以硅油填充组最高,与填充BSS组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同填充物各组间虹膜红变发生率未显示统计学差异.结论 (1)玻璃体切割联合不同填充物能有效地控制病情,及时有效的玻璃体手术是挽救严重PDR患者有用视功能的关键.(2)玻璃体出血、视网膜脱离、并发性白内障和青光眼是PDR患者玻璃体切割术后主要的并发症.硅油填充组的玻璃体出血发生率少于其他组,但并发性白内障发生率较其他组高;(3)尽管玻璃体切割术联合硅油填充会引起一些并发症,但硅油有屏障、限制出血扩散和视网膜复位的作用,为进一步完成全视网膜激光光凝创造了条件,巩固了手术治疗的效果,明显提高视网膜复位率及手术治疗成功率     

Intra-silicone oil injection of methotrexate at the end of vitrectomy for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose

To evaluate the role of methotrexate (MTX) injected into the silicone oil at the end of pars plana vitrectomy for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods

In this prospective comparative interventional study, eyes with severe diabetic tractional macular detachment or combined tractional/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were included. Standard 20 gauge pars plana vitrectomy, and retinal reattachment was performed. In the case group, 250 μg MTX was injected into the silicone oil at the end of surgery. The rate of retinal re-detachment associated with fibrovascular proliferation or proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was assessed.

Results

Overall, 38 eyes of 35 patients (19 cases and 19 controls) were studied. The two groups were matched for age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, and the type of surgery (vitrectomy alone vs combined phacoemulsification/vitrectomy). Retinal re-detachment with fibrovascular proliferation or PVR occurred in seven eyes (36.8%) in the MTX group and eight eyes (42.1%) in the control group (P=0.74). Mean change in visual acuity was 0.04±0.71 and 0.39±0.70 logMAR in the MTX and the control group, respectively (P=0.14). The rate of improvement or worsening of visual acuity was similar between the two groups (P=0.51 and P=0.12).

Conclusion

Intra-silicone injection of MTX at the end of vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with severe PDR did not reduce the risk of postoperative retinal detachment due to the fibrous or fibrovascular proliferations.     

A proposed new classification for diabetic retinopathy: the concept of primary and secondary vitreopathy

BACKGROUND: Many eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) require vitreous surgery despite complete regression of new vessels with pan retinal laser photocoagulation (PRP). Changes in the vitreous caused by diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy may continue to progress independent of laser regressed status of retinopathy. Diabetic vitreopathy can be an independent manifestation of the disease process. AIM: To examine this concept by studying the long-term behavior of the vitreous in cases of PDR regressed with PRP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-four eyes with pure PDR (without clinically evident vitreous traction) showing fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) proven regression of new vessels following PRP were retrospectively studied out of a total of 1380 eyes photocoagulated between March 2001 and September 2006 for PDR of varying severity. Follow-up was available from one to four years. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of eyes showing FFA-proven regression of new vessels with laser required to undergo surgery for indications produced by vitreous traction such as recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment, secondary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and tractional macular edema within one to four years. CONCLUSION: Vitreous changes continued to progress despite regression of PDR in many diabetics. We identifies this as "clinical diabetic vitreopathy" and propose an expanded classification for diabetic retinopathy to signify these changes and to redefine the indications for surgery.     

Studies on vitrectomy cases associated with complicated branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To study the preoperative factors leading to vitrectomy, and to demonstrate the postoperative conditions causing the decreased visual acuity that results from branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: In 113 patients (114 eyes) with BRVO, the following data were analyzed: age, general complications, distribution of occluding vessels, location of retinal breaks, classification of vitreoretinal pathology, and the number of cases, period from onset of BRVO to vitreous hemorrhage and from vitreous hemorrhage to vitrectomy, number of operations, relationship between posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and number of operations, preoperative photocoagulations, pre- and postoperative visual acuity, and cases with poor visual outcome. RESULTS: The visual prognosis was much better in cases with vitreous hemorrhage only than in those with proliferative membrane and retinal detachment (P =.0023). Repeated surgeries were needed in the cases where there was only partial PVD (P =.0029). Macular disorders and optic nerve atrophy were the main causes of postoperative visual acuity < 0.1. CONCLUSIONS: Early vitrectomy before development of vitreo retinal proliferation and retinal detachment, especially in cases where there is only partial PVD, seems to be essential for case management and treatment to attain better visual acuity for the patient.     

A long-term follow-up of Eales’ disease

Purpose: To provide long-term follow-up information on Eales’ patients. Methods: Eales’ patients, who had been examined at varying periods between the years 1970 and 1991 with a minimum five-year follow-up, were included in the study. Results: A total of 130 patients were followed up for a minimum of five and a maximum of 26.5 years. The retinal lesions found during the first examination included vascular sheathing, disc and/or retinal neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, branch retinal vein occlusion, retinitis proliferans, and retinal detachment. Visual acuity improved in 37 (20%) of the 185 treated eyes, was maintained in 79 (43%), and worsened in 69 (37%). The complications were tractional detachment, cataract, rubeosis iridis, neovascular glaucoma, and phthisis bulbi. Conclusion: The most important elements in dealing with Eales’ disease are periodic follow-up, a good and adequate laser treatment, pars plana vitrectomy combined with procedures for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal vasoproliferative changes to stabilize the retinal lesions and maintain functional levels of vision.