Combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean section: a retrospective study with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine

BACKGROUND: We investigated retrospectively the relationship between the intrathecal dose of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and the use of 2% mepivacaine through an epidural catheter. METHODS: Forty-nine patients undergoing cesarean section with combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSEA) were analyzed. They were divided into two groups; with (CSEA group) and without additional epidural injection group (spinal group). RESULTS: In the CSEA group (24 patients received 1.2 +/- 0.4 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine), 5-10 ml of 2% mepivacaine were required to achieve the adequate surgical anesthesia. In the spinal group (25 patients received 1.6 +/- 0.3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine), cesarean section was performed without additional mepivacaine before delivery. The analgesic level and the amount of fluid infusion were similar in the two groups. However, 20% of patients in the spinal group showed hypotension (systolic blood pressure below 80 mmHg), although no patients in the CSEA group developed hypotension. The amount of ephedrine used before delivery was significantly larger in the spinal group (8.9 +/- 7.7 mg) than in the CSEA group (3.9 +/- 4.3 mg). CONCLUSIONS: Spinal anesthesia induced by 1.2 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with sequential epidural block induced by 5-10 ml of 2% mepivacaine caused no hypotension during cesarean section.     

腰硬联合麻醉剖宫产术中布比卡因剂量的临床进展

布比卡因腰硬联合麻醉(combined spinal-epidural anesthesia,CSEA)在剖宫产中的应用较多,但其腰麻用于剖宫产术的最佳剂量较难确定,通过阅读文献发现有4种方法分别为给予小剂量腰麻,把腰麻限制在低位节段,通过硬膜外追加利多卡因来加强麻醉效果;根据身高与体重调节腰麻的剂量;通过硬膜外注射盐水来减少腰麻剂量;通过布比卡因腰麻复合阿片类药物来减少腰麻剂量,可使母体血液动力学相对稳定,副作用发生率低,麻醉效果好,但在这4种给药方法中,究竟哪一种能使剖宫产患者血液动力学最稳定、麻醉效果最好、副作用最少,还有待于进一步研究.     

氯普鲁卡因、布比卡因和罗哌卡因在下肢手术腰-硬联合麻醉中的比较

目的比较氯普鲁卡因、布比卡因和罗哌卡因在下肢手术腰-硬联合麻醉(CSEA)中的应用效果。方法择期行髋关节及以下部位手术患者300例,随机均分成三组:氯普鲁卡因组(C组)、布比卡因组(B组)和罗哌卡因组(R组),蛛网膜下腔分别给予1.5%氯普鲁卡因、0.5%布比卡因和0.5%罗哌卡因各2 ml。记录患者感觉阻滞起效时间、平面固定时间、阻滞平面、腰麻持续时间和运动阻滞效果。结果 C组阻滞平面固定时间、腰麻持续时间明显短于B、R组(P<0.05)。C组感觉阻滞起效时间短于B组,但长于R组(P<0.05)。C组最高阻滞平面明显高于B、R组(P<0.05)。结论与0.5%罗哌卡因和0.5%布比卡因比较,1.5%氯普鲁卡因具有起效快、阻滞完善和运动阻滞效果弱的特点,小剂量氯普鲁卡因可用于手术时间较短的CSEA中的脊麻。     

Combined low-dose spinal-epidural anesthesia versus single-shot spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery

Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia balancing low-dose intrathecal bupivacaine/fentanyl and low-dose epidural bupivacaine may be more useful than single-shot spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in reducing incidences of adverse effects such as hypotension and nausea and in shortening motor recovery. Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (n=50) or spinal anesthesia (n=50) was randomly performed in 100 parturients. Intrathecal bupivacaine 6 mg added by fentanyl 20 mug followed after 5 min by 10 mL of 0.25% epidural bupivacaine were used for combined spinal-epidural and intrathecal bupivacaine 9 mg with fentanyl 20 mug for spinal anesthesia. The initial sensory block level was higher in the spinal group (P<0.001), although the maximum levels were the same (T3). Complete surgical anesthesia was achieved and no patient complained of intraoperative pain in either group. Patients in the spinal group had denser motor block in the extremities and a higher incidence of hypotension (P<0.05) and nausea and vomiting (P<0.05). Motor recovery was faster in the combined spinal-epidural group (P<0.001). We concluded that combined spinal-epidural anesthesia using low-dose local anesthetic-opioid spinal anesthesia and routine epidural supplementation before surgery had some potential advantages over single-shot spinal anesthesia in the lower incidences of adverse effects and quicker recovery.     

Effects of epidural injection on spinal block during combined spinal and epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidural injection has been known to enhance spinal anesthesia in combined spinal and epidural (CSE) anesthesia. Saline and local anesthetics have been reported to have a volume effect, elevating sensory level when supplementing a volume into the epidural space. We evaluated the effects of epidural injection when using the CSE technique for cesarean delivery. METHODS: Sixty-six parturients were allocated randomly into group C (control, n = 21), S (saline, n = 21), or B (bupivacaine, n = 24): epidural injections of 10 mL saline and 0.25% bupivacaine were given in groups S and B, respectively, 10 minutes after they received 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally, and no injection was given in group C. The sensory level at 10 minutes, the maximal level and the time to reach it, and degree of motor block and muscle relaxation were compared. We also investigated intraoperative side effects and postoperative findings in the postanesthesia care unit. RESULTS: Epidural injection raised the sensory level significantly in groups S and B, but the maximal height of sensory block and degree of muscle relaxation did not differ among the groups. Fewer patients complained of intraoperative pain in group B than in the other groups (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: We could not achieve satisfactory surgical analgesia with 8 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine injected into the subarachnoid space using the needle-through-needle technique in cesarean deliveries. An epidural saline injection elevated the sensory level, which did not improve the spinal block, whereas an epidural injection of 10 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine enhanced the spinal block and sustained the block postoperatively.     

氯普鲁卡因腰麻或腰-硬联合麻醉的临床研究

目的 探讨国产氯普鲁卡因用于腰麻或腰一硬联合麻醉的效果和安全性.方法 回顾性分析10 000例下腹部以下手术患者采用国产氯普鲁卡因冻干粉(生理盐水稀释成2.5%或3%溶液)腰麻或腰-硬联合麻醉.结果 腰麻平均起效时间24 s,平面固定时间7.7 min.最高阻滞平面平均为T_5.下肢运动阻滞3级者超过94%.腰麻效果平均满意率99.8%,硬膜外辅助麻醉后满意率提高到99.9%.单次腰麻完全消失平均72 min.产科患者腰麻后低血压和恶性呕吐发生率较高(分别为34%和43%).未见明显神经系统并发症和其他不良反应.结论 国产氯普鲁卡因冻干粉溶解后用于腰麻或腰一硬联合麻醉安全、有效.     

腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉对剖宫产母婴肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响

目的 研究腰麻－硬膜外联合麻醉（CSEA）对剖宫产母婴肾素－血管紧张素－醋固酮系统（RAAS）的影响。方法 将60例ASA Ⅰ级行择期剖宫产的健康产妇随机分为硬膜外麻醉组（EA组，n＝30）和CSEA组（n＝30)。分别于注射局麻药前(T0)、切皮后即刻（T1）、胎儿晚出后即刻（T2）、术毕即刻（T3）和术后24h（T4）取母体静脉血和胎儿娩出后胎儿脐动、静脉血测定血清素活性（PRA）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AT-Ⅱ）和醛固酮（ALD）浓度；评定麻醉效果，记录痛觉阻滞平面达T7水平的时间，注射局麻药至胎儿娩出时间（I－DI）及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分。结果 两组术中SP、DP、HR、SpO2的变化及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分。结果 两组术中SP、DP、HR、SpO2的变化及新生儿娩出1min、5min的Apgar评分差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。同EA组相比，CSEA组麻醉起效时间明显缩短（P＜0.01）。两组母体于T1、T2、T4的PRA、AT－Ⅱ、ALD值均比T0、T3值明显降低（P＜0.01），胎儿脐动、静脉血中三者值差异不明显，但明显低于母体T0、T3值（P＜0.01）。结论 CSEA用于剖宫产手术时，只要运用得当，不会对母婴AAS产生不良影响。     

Cesarean under general or epidural anesthesia: Does it differ in terms of regional cerebral oxygenation?

ObjectiveIt is aimed to evaluate whether there is a difference in regional cerebral saturation of newborns measured by near infrared spectroscopy born either by general anesthesia or combined spinal epidural anesthesia during elective cesarean deliveries.MethodsAfter approval from the ethics committee of our hospital, and informed consents of the parturients were taken, 68 patients were included in the study. The regional cerebral oxygen saturations (RcSO2) of newborns were measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurements at 1st, 5th min after birth. In group I (n=32), general anesthesia was performed for the cesarean operation and in group II (n=36), combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) was the anesthetic management. The age of the mother, gestation, the problems related to the pregnancy, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO2) of the mother had been recorded. The measurements of the newborn were; SpO2 of right hand, RcSO2 measured by NIRS, the delivery time (from incision to the cessation of circulation in the placental cord), Apgar score. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California) and presented as mean +/− SD. Results obtained in different groups were compared using upaired t-test. Differences were statistically significant at p < 0.05.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups related to the mother's age, gestation week and baseline blood pressure. Both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured at 1st and 5th min after induction or start of the spinal block were significantly lower in the mothers who had undergone combined spinal epidural anesthesia. The heart rates of the mothers who had been under CSEA were significantly higher than the general anesthesia group. The Apgar at the 1st min were observed significantly higher in Group II. Oxygen saturation of the newborns were significantly higher in Group II. Regional cerebral oxygenation measured by NIRS were significantly higher in CSEA group.ConclusionCombined spinal epidural anesthesia, besides other known advantages, had been shown to be superior to general anesthesia as a means of regional cerebral oxygenation of the newborns.     

Efficacy of patient-controlled epidural analgesia after initiation with epidural or combined spinal-epidural analgesia

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of patient-controlled epidural analgesia after initiation with either epidural or combined spinal-epidural analgesia. METHODS: Forty ASA I parturients at 37-42 weeks' gestation and cervical dilatation <6 cm were randomly allocated to receive either epidural analgesia (group EA) or combined spinal-epidural analgesia (group CSEA). Analgesia was initiated with a 7-mL epidural bolus 0.1% bupivacaine containing fentanyl 50 mug (group EA, n=20) or with intrathecal fentanyl 20 mug (group CSEA, n=20). In both groups, analgesia was provided by a 5-mL bolus on demand via PCEA with a 10-min lock-out interval and a 15-mL/h limit. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the rate of cervical dilatation, delivery type or duration of delivery between the groups. The time to first analgesic demand was shorter in the CSEA than in the EA group. Total bupivacaine dose was comparable in both groups, but total fentanyl dose in group CSEA was significantly lower than that of group EA because of the initial dose used for the induction of EA and CSEA. The incidence of pruritus in group CSEA was significantly higher than in group EA. CONCLUSION: Both regional analgesia techniques followed by demand-only PCEA provided efficient pain relief for labor without changing the duration of labor or rate of cesarean section.     

Combined spinal epidural anesthesia for emergency cesarean section

BACKGROUND: We performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate the usefulness of combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) in emergency cesarean section compared with conventional spinal anesthesia. METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis of patients who had undergone emergency cesarean section over a 7 year period was performed. We extracted at random 150 patients planned by spinal anesthesia, and 150 patients planned by separate-needle CSEA. Patient's data were gathered and analyzed according to the anesthetic technique used. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, weight, and BMI. Although the time to incision and the time to delivery were significantly faster in spinal anesthesia group than in CSEA group, there was no significant difference in Apgar score between the groups. Moreover, failure of anesthesia and post-dural puncture headache were higher in spinal group than in CSEA group. CONCLUSIONS: CSEA is useful as anesthesia for an emergency cesarean section.     

Cardiac function and sympathoadrenal activity in the newborn after cesarean section under spinal and epidural anesthesia

Left ventricular systolic time intervals, bupivacaine concentrations, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were determined in 19 neonates delivered by elective cesarean section. Ten of the cesarean sections were performed under spinal and nine under epidural anesthesia. Plain bupivacaine 0.5% was used for the epidural anesthesia and bupivacaine 0.5% in glucose 8% for the spinals. The noradrenaline and adrenaline levels were higher in the neonates whose mothers received epidural anesthesia. The differences in catecholamine and bupivacaine concentrations were not associated with differences in left ventricular dynamics, or the timing of postnatal circulatory changes. The significant exposure of the neonate to bupivacaine, at maternal epidural anesthesia, seems to have no negative effect on early neonatal circulation in the healthy term infant.     

Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section following inadequate labor epidural analgesia: a retrospective audit

BACKGROUND: High blocks have been reported when spinal anesthesia is used for cesarean section following inadequate labor epidural analgesia. We have therefore modified the practice at our institution to minimize this risk and conducted a retrospective observational study of outcome following the change of practice. METHOD: The records of 115 women with inadequate epidural labor analgesia who required cesarean section between July 1998 and January 2002 were studied. No epidural boluses were administered in the 30 min preceding spinal anesthesia and a reduced spinal dose, median (range) 9.38 mg (7.5-11.3 mg) of 0.75% hyperbaric bupivacaine and fentanyl 15 microg (10-25 microg) was used. Patients were left sitting for 2 min and then positioned supine with left uterine displacement and were closely monitored for symptoms or signs that would suggest a high block. RESULTS: No parturient developed a high spinal necessitating intubation, and there was no adverse neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION: These findings do not conclusively establish this method as safe, but should spinal anesthesia for cesarean section following suboptimal labor epidural analgesia be considered, avoiding epidural boluses immediately preceding spinal injection, using a lower spinal dose, and delayed supine positioning following spinal injection may be advisable.     

预负荷输液联合小剂量腰硬联合麻醉对产妇在剖宫产手术中心血管系统稳定性的影响

目的 研究预负荷输液联合小剂量腰硬联合麻醉是否可降低剖宫产手术中产妇心血管系统并发症的发生率.方法 剖宫产手术病人随机分为4组,每组30人:晶体液预负荷+腰麻组(CR-SA),胶体液预负荷+腰麻组(CO-SA),晶体液预负荷+小剂量腰硬联合麻醉组(CR-CSEA),胶体液预负荷+小剂量腰硬联合麻醉组(CO-CSEA);预负荷输注乳酸钠林格氏液或琥珀酰明胶注射液500 ml;腰麻为:0.5%布比卡因7.5 mg+芬太尼15μg,小剂量腰硬联合麻醉为:0.5%布比卡因5 mg+芬太尼15μg腰麻,5 min后硬膜外给予0.25%布比卡因10 ml;比较各组术中发生低血压、心律失常、恶心、呕吐、寒战的发生率以及麻黄素的用药量差异;比较各组麻醉感觉最高阻滞平面、Bromage评分、腹肌松弛优等率以及新生儿出生后1 min、5min的Apgar评分和出生即刻的脐动脉血气分析值的差异.结果 CO-CSEA组产妇术中低血压发生率为16.7%,显著低于CR-SA组(46.7%),CO-CSEA组与CO-SA组(20.0%)和CR·CSEA组(26.7%)相比,低血压发生率有降低趋势,但无统计学意义;CO-CSEA组产妇术中心律失常发生率为3.3%,显著低于CR-SA组(33.3%)和CO-SA组(23.3%),但与CR.CSEA组(10.0%)比较无统计学意义;CO-CSEA组与CR-SA组相比,产妇术中麻黄素用药量显著减少;CO-CSEA组和CO-SA组恶心、呕吐的发生率显著低于CR-SA组;各组寒战反应发生率都较低,无统计学差异;各组病人麻醉感觉阻滞平面、Bromage评分、腹肌松弛优等率均无统计学差异,新生儿Apgar评分和脐动脉血气分析值也均在正常范围,无统计学差异.结论 预负荷输注胶体液与小剂量腰硬联合麻醉方法联合应用,可有效增强产妇术中心血管系统的稳定性,降低低血压和心律失常的发生率,并可减少术中恶心、呕吐等副作用的发生.     

Comparison of double-segment technique with single-space technique for cesarean section using combined spinal epidural anesthesia

In patients scheduled for cesarean section (c-section) using combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA), we compared the cephalad spreading speed during double-segment technique (DST) with that of single-space technique (SST) of CSEA. In the patients of SST group (n = 169), a 17-G Tuohy needle was introduced at the L 3-4, and then a long spinal needle was inserted through the Tuohy needle. In the patients of DST group (n = 16), a Tuohy needle was introduced at the T 11-12, and a spinal needle was inserted at the L 3-4. After 0.3% hyperbaric dibucaine 1.0 ml was injected through the spinal needle, 1.5% mepivacaine 10 ml was injected through the epidural catheter in both the groups. The analgesic level was measured at 5-min intervals, and blood pressure and complaints of patients were also recorded. The cephalad spread of analgesia was significantly higher in DST group than in SST group at 5 and 10 min after the administration of local anesthetics. Two patients in SST group, epidural catheterization was not possible. There were no difference in the incidences of hypotension, nausea and dyspnea between the groups. We conclude from these results that DST for CSEA is preferable to SST for c-section.     

钢丝加强聚脲胺酯硬膜外导管减少硬膜外出血发生率

目的 比较钢丝加强聚脲胺酯与聚氯乙烯硬膜外导管对硬膜外腔出血发生率的影响. 方法 150例拟行连续硬膜外或蛛网膜下腔-硬膜外联合阻滞患者,按随机数字表法分为聚氯乙烯硬膜外导管组(A组,n=75)和钢丝加强聚脲胺酯硬膜外导管组(B组,n=75),以阻力消失作为判断硬膜外针到达硬膜外腔的标志,记录放置硬膜外导管遇到阻力和同抽出血情况.追踪术后1周有无硬膜外血肿发生. 结果两组间性别、年龄、体重等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). A组和B组未遇到明显阻力分别为42.7%和78.6%,遇到轻微阻力分别为48.0%和16.0%;遇到阻力较大,放入导管困难分别为9.3%和5.4%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).A组无回血为82.6%,有不连续回血率为10.7%,有连续回血率为6.7%;B组无回血率为100%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组术后均无硬膜外血肿压迫症状的并发症.结论 聚氯乙烯硬膜外导管损伤硬膜外血管引起出血为常见并发症,采用钢丝加强聚脲胺酯硬膜外导管可显著减少硬膜外出血发生率.     

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section

AIM: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, followed by bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% as top-up according to patient request. Sixteen milliliters of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) score 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio, 4.39; P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor and having a higher VAS score in the 2 h before CS are at risk for inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.     

Appropriate dose of isobaric bupivacaine with fentanyl in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section

BACKGROUND: Spinal anesthesia combined with fentanyl is commonly used for cesarean section. We studied the appropriate dose of isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia when combined with a fixed dose of 20 microg fentanyl. METHODS:Forty-seven women scheduled for cesarean section were allocated into four-groups according to the dose of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine with 20 microg fentanyl; 1.0 ml (n=5), 1.5 ml (n=11), 2.0 ml (n=11), and 2.5 ml (n=20). RESULTS: The requirement of epidural anesthesia for pain relief or muscle relaxant was less in the 2.0 ml and 2.5 ml groups than the other groups. However, dyspnea due to high spinal anesthesia developed in 3 subjects out of 20 in the 2.5 ml group. CONCLUSIONS: Two ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine was the most appropriate dose for cesarean section, when combined with 20 microg of fentanyl.     

Risk factors for failure to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for Cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: To identify parturients at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia in whom alternative methods of anesthesia should be considered for Cesarean section (CS). METHODS: For 6 months, we prospectively studied women undergoing a CS with a functioning epidural catheter in place from the delivery ward. All parturients received the same epidural protocol: bolus of bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl, then bupivacaine 0.1% and fentanyl (2 microg/ml) 10-15 ml/h and an additional 5 ml of bupivacaine 0.125% top-ups according to patient request. Sixteen millilitres of lidocaine 2%, 1 ml of bicarbonate, and 100 microg of fentanyl were given for CS. Failed epidural analgesia was defined as the need to convert to general anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the 101 parturients studied, 20 (19.8%) required conversion to general anesthesia. In univariate analysis, the likelihood of failed epidural anesthesia was inversely correlated with parturient's age (P = 0.014) and directly correlated with pre-pregnancy weight (P = 0.019), weight at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) at the end of pregnancy (P = 0.0004), gestational week (P = 0.008), number of top-ups (P = 0.0004) and visual analog scale (VAS) 2 h before CS (P = 0.03). In multivariate analysis, the number of top-ups in the delivery ward was the best predictor of epidural anesthesia failure (odds ratio 4.39, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Younger, more obese parturients at a higher gestational week, requiring more top-ups during labor, having a higher VAS in the 2 h before CS are at risk of inability to extend labor epidural analgesia to epidural anesthesia for CS.     

Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia using epidural volume extension leads to faster motor recovery after elective cesarean delivery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

Epidural volume extension (EVE) via a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique is the enhancement of a small-dose intrathecal block by epidural saline boluses. In this prospective, randomized, double-blind study, we compared the EVE technique with single-shot spinal anesthesia with respect to its sensory and motor block profile and hemodynamic stability. Sixty-two parturients (n = 31 in each group) undergoing elective cesarean deliveries were administered either spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine 9 mg and fentanyl 10 microg or CSE comprising intrathecal hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine 5 mg with fentanyl 10 microg, followed by 0.9% saline 6.0 mL through the epidural catheter 5 min thereafter. In each group, the lowest systolic blood pressure (SBP), sensory block level to loss of pain from pinprick, and modified Bromage scores were recorded at 2.5-min intervals. The visual analog pain score (VAS), peak sensory block height, highest modified Bromage motor score, time for sensory regression to the tenth thoracic dermatome (T10), and motor block recovery were compared between groups. Both groups were comparable in demographic data, VAS scores, peak sensory block height, time for sensory regression to T10, and lowest SBP recorded. Patients in the EVE group demonstrated significantly faster motor recovery to modified Bromage 0 (73 +/- 33 min versus 136 +/- 32 min, P < 0.05). IMPLICATIONS: When compared with conventional, single-shot spinal anesthesia, epidural volume extension of a small-dose spinal block provides satisfactory anesthesia for cesarean delivery with only 55% of the bupivacaine dose required and is associated with faster motor recovery of the lower limbs.     

胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉在开胸手术中的比较

目的 比较胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻与全凭静脉麻醉对开胸手术患者血流动力学、麻醉药维持剂量、术后苏醒、躁动及疼痛的影响.方法 64例择期行剖胸手术患者,ASA Ⅱ级～Ⅲ级,采用完全随机设计的方法分为2组.A组:胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组,患者预先用10 ml 0.25%布比卡因和0.1 mg芬太尼硬膜外给药.术中硬膜外0.25%布比卡因和芬太尼10μg/ml,5 ml/h复合丙泊酚维持.B组:全凭静脉麻醉组,丙泊酚-端芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉.观察并记录不同时间点2组心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、所需麻醉维持药量、术毕清醒及出现疼痛时间.结果 2组患者各观察点血流动力学变化比较,差异无统计学意义;胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻组麻醉维持不需要静脉镇痛药瑞芬太尼和肌松药阿曲库铵,只需复合充分的丙泊酚镇静,就能满足手术需求;术后苏醒早;拔管时间(11±4)min,相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(23±16)min明显缩短(P<0.05):躁动例数显著减少;术后出现疼痛时间(7.4±2.6)min相对于全凭静脉麻醉组(0.5士0.3)min明显延长(P<0.01).结论 胸段硬膜外复合静脉全麻用于开胸手术快通道麻醉是一种安全、经济、有效并有利于患者术后恢复的麻醉方法.